中华蜜蜂细胞色素P450基因及其全长转录本的鉴定及分析

【目的】利用纳米孔(nanopore)测序技术鉴定中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂幼虫肠道中细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450, CYP450)基因及其全长转录本,为后续功能研究提供参考信息和基础。【方法】通过Nanopore PromethION平台对中华蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道进行转录组测序。利用Guppy软件对原始读段(raw reads)进行质控以得到有效读段(clean reads)。通过识别两端引物鉴定全长转录本序列。使用BLAST工具将上述全长转录本的序列比对到Nr和GO数据库以鉴定CYP450基因及其全长转录本。采用Astalavista软件鉴定基因的可变剪接(alternative splicing, AS)事件。通过RT PCR验证不同类型AS事件的可靠性。【结果】在中华蜜蜂工蜂4-6日龄幼虫肠道中分别测得7 338 627, 7 003 419和7 434 233条原始读段,经质控得到的有效读段数分别为7 289 494, 6 959 880和7 387 756条。鉴定到的非冗余全长转录本总数为48 200条。共鉴定到47个CYP450基因和265条CYP450基因全长转录本。共鉴定到CYP450基因的90次AS事件,包括36次外显子跳跃事件、20次可变5′端剪接位点事件、17次内含子保留事件、9次可变3′端剪接位点事件及8次外显子互斥事件。RT PCR结果证实随机选取的3种AS事件类型真实可靠。【结论】鉴定了中华蜜蜂的CYP450基因及其全长转录本,补充了东方蜜蜂参考基因组的相关注释,并揭示中华蜜蜂CYP450基因可通过多种AS类型产生丰富的剪接体。     

Two‐tier morpho‐chemical defence tactic in Aethionema via fruit morph plasticity and glucosinolates allocation in diaspores

Fruit dimorphism and the production of glucosinolates (GSLs) are two specific life history traits found in the members of Brassicales, which aid to optimize seed dispersal and defence against antagonists, respectively. We hypothesized that the bipartite dispersal strategy demands a tight control over the production of fruit morphs with expectedly differential allocation of defensive anticipins (GSLs). In dimorphic Aethionema, herbivory by Plutella xylostella at a young stage triggered the production of more dehiscent (seeds released from fruit) than indehiscent fruit morphs (seeds enclosed within persistent pericarp) on the same plant upon maturity. Total GSL concentrations were highest in the mature seeds of dehiscent fruits from Aethionema arabicum and Aethionema saxatile among the different ontogenetic stages of the diaspores. Multivariate analyses of GSL profiles indicated significantly higher concentrations of specific indole GSLs in the diaspores, which require optimal defence after dispersal (i.e., seeds of dehiscent and fruit/pericarp of indehiscent fruit). Bioassays with a potentially coinhabitant fungus, Aspergillus quadrilineatus, support the distinct defensive potential of the diaspores corresponding to their GSL allocation. These findings indicate a two‐tier morpho‐chemical defence tactic of Aethionema via better protected fruit morphs and strategic provision of GSLs that optimize protection to the progeny for survival in nature.     

S-Nitrosoglutathion Reductase Activity Modulates the Thermotolerance of Seeds Germination by Controlling ABI5 Stability under High Temperature

Seed germination or dormancy status is strictly controlled by endogenous phytohormone and exogenous environment signals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the important phytohormone to suppress seed germination. Ambient high temperature (HT) also suppressed seed germination, or called as secondary seed dormancy, through upregulating ABI5, the essential component of ABA signal pathway. Previous result shows that appropriate nitric oxide (NO) breaks seed dormancy through triggering S-nitrosoglutathion reductase (GSNOR1)-dependent S-nitrosylation modification of ABI5 protein, subsequently inducing the degradation of ABI5. Here we found that HT induced the degradation of GSNOR1 protein and reduced its activity, thus accumulated more reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to damage seeds viability. Furthermore, HT increased the S-nitrosylation modification of GSNOR1 protein, and triggered the degradation of GSNOR1, therefore stabilizing ABI5 to suppress seed germination. Consistently, the ABI5 protein abundance was lower in the transgenic line overexpressing GSNOR1, but higher in the gsnor mutant after HT stress. Genetic analysis showed that GSNOR1 affected seeds germination through ABI5 under HT. Taken together, our data reveals a new mechanism by which HT triggers the degradation of GSNOR1, and thus stabilizing ABI5 to suppress seed germination, such mechanism provides the possibility to enhance seed germination tolerance to HT through genetic modification of GNSOR1.