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1.
The in vitro activity of several new imidazoles, cloconazole, sulconazole, butoconazole, isoconazole and fenticonazole, were compared with those of amphothericin B, flucytosine, and three azoles: econazole, miconazole and ketoconazole against isolates of pathogenic Candida. A total of 186 clinical isolates of 10 species of the genus Candida and two culture collection strains were tested by an agar-dilution technique. Isoconazole was the most active azole, followed by butoconazole and sulconazole. Differences between some of the species in their susceptibility to the antifungal agents were noted. Sulconazole and cloconazole had the highest activity in vitro against 106 isolates of C. albicans. Butoconazole and isoconazole were also very active against isolates of C. albicans, and were the most active azole compounds against 80 isolates of Candida spp. 相似文献
2.
Alireza Khodavandi Fahimeh Alizadeh Farzad Aala Zamberi Sekawi Pei Pei Chong 《Mycopathologia》2010,169(4):287-295
Candidiasis is a term describing infections by yeasts from the genus Candida, and the type of infection encompassed by candidiasis ranges from superficial to systemic. Treatment of such infections often
requires antifungals such as the azoles, but increased use of these drugs has led to selection of yeasts with increased resistance
to these drugs. In this study, we used allicin, an allyl sulfur derivative of garlic, to demonstrate both its intrinsic antifungal
activity and its synergy with the azoles, in the treatment of these yeasts in vitro. In this study, the MIC50 and MIC90 of allicin alone against six Candida spp. ranged from 0.05 to 25 μg/ml. However, when allicin was used in combination with fluconazole or ketoconazole, the MICs
were decreased in some isolates. Our results demonstrated the existing synergistic effect between allicin and azoles in some
of the Candida spp. such as C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis, but synergy was not demonstrated in the majority of Candida spp. tested. Nonetheless, In vivo testing needs to be performed to support these findings. 相似文献
3.
Seneviratne CJ Wong SS Yuen KY Meurman JH Pärnänen P Vaara M Samaranayake LP 《Mycopathologia》2011,172(5):389-395
Candida bloodstream infection has dramatically increased in the last decade due to the growing number of immunocompromised populations
worldwide. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal susceptibility profiles and virulence attributes of Candida bloodstream isolates (CBIs) derived from Hong Kong and Finland, information which are vital for devising empirical clinical
strategies. Susceptibility testing of a wide range of antifungals including fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, ketoconazole,
5-fluorocytosine, amphotericin B and caspofungin was performed. Haemolytic activity and secretion of proteinase of CBIs were
also examined. All CBIs derived from Hong Kong were susceptible to all the antifungals tested whilst some CBIs from Finland
were resistant to azoles and caspofungin. C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis showed higher haemolytic activity whereas C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii were non-haemolytic in general. Proteinase activity of the Finland C. albicans isolates was significantly higher than the Hong Kong isolates. Our data provide a glimpse of the possible evolutionary changes
in pathogenic potential of Candida that may be occurring in different regions of the world. Therefore, continuous surveillance and availability of local data
should be taken into consideration when treating candidemia patients. 相似文献
4.
Synthetic antimicrobial β‐peptide in dual‐treatment with fluconazole or ketoconazole enhances the in vitro inhibition of planktonic and biofilm Candida albicans
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Camilo Mora‐Navarro Jean Caraballo‐León Madeline Torres‐Lugo Patricia Ortiz‐Bermúdez 《Journal of peptide science》2015,21(12):853-861
Fungal infections are a pressing concern for human health worldwide, particularly for immunocompromised individuals. Current challenges such as the elevated toxicity of common antifungal drugs and the emerging resistance towards these could be overcome by multidrug therapy. Natural antimicrobial peptides, AMPs, in combination with other antifungal agents are a promising avenue to address the prevailing challenges. However, they possess limited biostability and susceptibility to proteases, which has significantly hampered their development as antifungal therapies. β‐peptides are synthetic materials designed to mimic AMPs while allowing high tunability and increased biostability. In this work, we report for the first time the inhibition achieved in Candida albicans when treated with a mixture of a β‐peptide model and fluconazole or ketoconazole. This combination treatment enhanced the biological activity of these azoles in planktonic and biofilm Candida, and also in a fluconazole‐resistant strain. Furthermore, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the dual treatment was evaluated towards the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, a widely used model derived from liver tissue, which is primarily affected by azoles. Analyses based on the LA‐based method and the mass‐action law principle, using a microtiter checkerboard approach, revealed synergism of the combination treatment in the inhibition of planktonic C. albicans. The dual treatment proved to be fungicidal at 48 and 72 h. Interestingly, it was also found that the viability of HepG2 was not significantly affected by the dual treatments. Finally, a remarkable enhancement in the inhibition of the highly azole‐resistant biofilms and fluconazole resistant C. albicans strain was obtained. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
5.
Marta Dąbrowska Hanna Zielińska-Bliźniewska Paweł Kwiatkowski Łukasz Łopusiewicz Agata Pruss Mateusz Kostek Ewa Kochan Monika Sienkiewicz 《化学与生物多样性》2021,18(5):e2000843
One of the most common pathogens among yeasts is Candida albicans, which presents a serious health threat. The study aimed to check the antifungal properties of trans-anethole and eugenol with selected antifungal medicines (AMs) against C. albicans clinical isolates. The checkerboard method was used to tests of interactions between these compounds. Achieved results indicated that eugenol showed synergistic and additive activities with miconazole and econazole against investigated clinical isolates, respectively. Moreover, the combination – trans-anethole – miconazole also showed an additive effect against two clinical isolate. We tried to relate the results to changes in C. albicans cell sheaths under the influence of essential oils compounds (EOCs) performing the Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis to confirm the presence of particular chemical moieties in C. albicans cells. Nevertheless, no strong relationships was observed between synergistic and additive actions of used EOC-AMs combinations and chemical moieties in C. albicans cells. 相似文献
6.
Jia XM Ma ZP Jia Y Gao PH Zhang JD Wang Y Xu YG Wang L Cao YY Cao YB Zhang LX Jiang YY 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2008,373(4):631-636
Widespread and repeated use of azoles, particularly fluconazole, has led to the rapid development of azole resistance in Candida albicans. Overexpression of CDR1, CDR2, and CaMDR1 has been reported contributing to azole resistance in C. albicans. In this study, hyper-resistant C. albicans mutant, with the above three genes deleted, was obtained by exposure to fluconazole and fluphenezine for 28 passages. Thirty-five differentially expressed genes were identified in the hyper-resistant mutant by microarray analysis; among the 13 up-regulated genes, we successfully constructed the rta2 and ipf14030 null mutants in C. albicans strain with deletions of CDR1, CDR2 and CaMDR1. Using spot dilution assay, we demonstrated that the disruption of RTA2 increased the susceptibility of C. albicans to azoles while the disruption of IPF14030 did not influence the sensitivity of C. albicans to azoles. Meanwhile, we found that ectopic overexpression of RTA2 in C. albicans strain with deletions of CDR1, CDR2 and CaMDR1 conferred resistance to azoles. RTA2 expression was found elevated in clinical azole-resistant isolates of C. albicans. In conclusion, our findings suggest that RTA2 is involved in the development of azole resistance in C. albicans. 相似文献
7.
Zafer Asim Kaplancikli Gülhan Turan-Zitouni Ahmet Özdemr Gilbert Revial 《Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry》2013,28(6):866-870
New hydrazide derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine have been synthesized and evaluated for anticandidal activity. The reaction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazides with various benzaldehydes gave N-(benzylidene)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives. Their anticandidal activities against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata (isolates obtained from Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Candida utilis (NRLL Y-900), Candida tropicalis (NRLL Y-12968), Candida krusei (NRLL Y-7179), Candida zeylanoides (NRLL Y-1774), and Candida parapsilosis (NRLL Y-12696) were investigated. 相似文献
8.
J. Jin N. Guo J. Zhang Y. Ding X. Tang J. Liang L. Li X. Deng L. Yu 《Letters in applied microbiology》2010,51(3):351-357
Aims: To evaluate the interaction of fluconazole (FLC) and honokiol (HNK) in vitro and vivo against azole‐resistant (azole‐R) clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Methods and Results: A checkerboard microdilution method was used to study the in vitro interaction of FLC and HNK in 24 azole‐R clinical isolates of C. albicans. In vivo antifungal activity was performed to further analyse the interaction between FLC and HNK. In the in vitro study, synergism was observed in all 24 FLC‐resistant strains tested as determined by fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), and in 22 strains by ΔE models. No antagonistic activity was observed in any of the strains tested. These positive interactions were also confirmed by using the time‐killing test for the selected strain C. albicans YL371, which shows strong susceptible to the combination of HNK and FLC. In the in vivo study, the mice with candidiasis were treated successfully by a combination therapy of HNK with FLC, the results showed a decrease of the colony forming unit in infected and treated animals compared to the controls, at the conditions of the treatment used in this study. Conclusions: Synergistic activity of HNK and FLC against clinical isolates of FLC‐resistant C. albicans was observed in vitro and in vivo. Significance and Impact of the Study: This report might provide a potential therapeutic method to overcome the problem of drug‐resistance in C. albicans. 相似文献
9.
Bay n 7133 and Bay L 9139 (Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Fed. Rep. Germany) are new, orally absorbable, antifungal imidazole derivatives. In vitro, Bay n 7133 was comparable to ketoconazole and miconazole when tested against isolates of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Bay L 9139 also was active against these organisms but to a lesser degree than the other imidazoles. LY 121019, an analog of echinocandin B, was also tested. It proved to be the most active antimycotic against C. albicans but the least active against C. neoformans. Optimal results were obtained in tests employing Kimmig's agar, a medium previously described for use in susceptibility tests with antifungal agents. 相似文献
10.
In Vitro susceptibility of 137 Candida sp. Isolates from HIV positive patients to several antifungal drugs 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by various species of Candida is one of the most common infections in HIV seropositive or AIDS patients. Drug resistance among these yeasts is an increasing
problem. We studied the frequency of resistance profile to fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine
of 137 isolates of Candida sp. From HIV positive or AIDS patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis at Instituto de Inmunología, U.C.V. and the Hospital
“Jose Ignacio Baldó”, Caracas Venezuela, using the well diffusion susceptibility test (Magaldi et al.). We found that nearly
10% of C. albicans isolates were primarily fluconazole resistant, 45% of C. albicans isolates from patients with previous treatment were resistant to fluconazole, of which 93% showed cross-resistance to itraconazole,
and even about 30% of C. tropicalis (n = 13) were resistant to fluconazole and/or itraconazole. To this respect, several recent reports have been described antifungal
cross-resistance among azoles. Therefore, we consider that C. tropicalis should be added to the growing list of yeast in which antifungal drug resistance is common. This report could be useful for
therapeutic aspect in AIDS patients with oral candidiasis.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Susana Johann Daniele L. Silva Cleide V. B. Martins Carlos L. Zani Moacir G. Pizzolatti Maria A. Resende 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(11):2459-2464
Plants are known to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites which are recognized as a useful source of new drugs or drug
leads. Extracts and fractions of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), Piper regnellii C.D.C. (Piperaceae), Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae), and Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) were assessed for their antifungal activity against eight clinical isolates of C. albicans. They were also evaluated for their effect on the adhesion of these C. albicans isolates to buccal epithelial cells (BECs). The ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of S. terebinthifolius showed promising activity, inhibiting the growth of three C. albicans isolates at 7.8 μg ml−1 and significantly inhibiting their adhesion to BEC at 15 μg ml−1
. In addition, this fraction did not show cytotoxic activity against murine macrophages. The results show the potential of
the plant extracts studied as a source of new antifungal compounds. Further studies are necessary for isolation and characterization
of the active compounds of these plants. 相似文献
12.
Dr. R. Scott Pore 《Current microbiology》1991,23(1):45-50
The flow cytofluorometric susceptibility test (FCST) was extended fromCandida albicans to additional clinically relevant yeasts.Candida tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. lusitaniae, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, Torulopsis glabrata, andRhodotorula rubra were also amenable to the FCST. Of the most frequently encountered yeasts,C. albicans andC. tropicalis exhibited the Emax response, which is believed to be an in vitro indicator of ketoconazole susceptibility with potential clinical relevance.Torulopsis glabrata, for which ketoconazole therapy is less effective, did not exhibit the Emax response; rather it exhibited an MIC effect, but usually at ketoconazole concentrations greater than those therapeutically achievable. 相似文献
13.
Metin DY Hilmioglu-Polat S Samlioglu P Doganay-Oflazoglu B Inci R Tumbay E 《Mycopathologia》2011,172(3):187-199
Candida species that show an increasing number of clinical and/or microbiological resistance to several antifungals and are the most
common agents of invasive fungal infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of Candida blood isolates to antifungal agents (amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole) by comparative use of the
CLSI reference microdilution method and Etest. Four hundred Candida blood isolates (215 Candida
albicans, 185 non-albicans
Candida strains) were included in the study. The broth microdilution test was performed according to the CLSI M27 A2 document. Etest
was carried out according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The MIC results obtained with reference microdilution were compared
with those obtained with the Etest by using percent and categorical agreements. According to MIK90 values, voriconazole was the most active and itraconazole was the least active drug in vitro against all Candida species. Other than voriconazole, statistically significant differences were found when the susceptibility of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida spp. to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole were compared. These antifungal agents were found to be more active
to C. albicans. Among the non-albicans
Candida species, the lowest MIC values were obtained for Candida parapsilosis isolates. When the standard method was compared with Etest, the total agreement was higher for C. albicans than for non-albicans species, especially for fluconazole and voriconazole. In view of the findings, it was concluded that itraconazole showed
the lowest activity against all Candida species. Etest could be an alternative method in assessing the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp., but it is more convenient to use the microdilution method for studying in vitro susceptibility of non-albicans species, in particular for those possessing high MIC values against azoles. 相似文献
14.
A total of 200 samples of Candida spp. that are responsible for fingernail infections were isolated in Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil from April 2004 to May 2005.
The samples were identified by routine microbiological techniques and had the following distribution: Candida parapsilosis (40.5%), C. albicans (31.5%), C. tropicalis (26%), and C. guilliermondii (2%). We performed in vitro susceptibility tests with ciclopiroxolamine, terbinafine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole
using the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) and EUCAST (European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing)
methodologies. The percentages of agreement between the two methodologies varied from 48 to 100% (the percentage increased
to more than 60% for the majority of the samples). Percentages of agreement between the methodologies lower than 60% were
seen with ketoconazole (57%) and itraconazole (48%) for samples of C. albicans and with fluconazole (54%) for samples of C. tropicalis. In general, we observed higher agreement between the values of the MICs obtained with both methodologies for ciclopiroxolamine
and terbinafine for all tested species. With azoles, lower percentages of agreement between the methodologies were observed
for samples C. albicans and C. tropicalis. 相似文献
15.
Pires RH Montanari LB Martins CH Zaia JE Almeida AM Matsumoto MT Mendes-Giannini MJ 《Mycopathologia》2011,172(6):453-464
Candida parapsilosis is yeast capable of forming biofilms on medical devices. Novel approaches for the prevention and eradication of the biofilms
are desired. This study investigated the anticandidal activity of sixteen essential oils on planktonic and biofilm cultures
of C. parapsilosis complex. We used molecular tools, enumeration of colony-forming units, the colourimetric MTT assay, scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) and a chequerboard assay coupled with software analyses to evaluate the growth kinetics, architecture, inhibition and
reduction in biofilms formed from environmental isolates of the Candida parapsilosis complex; further, we also evaluated whether essential oils would interact synergistically with amphotericin B to increase
their anticandidal activities. Of the environmental C. parapsilosis isolates examined, C.
parapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis were identified. Biofilm growth on polystyrene substrates peaked within 48 h, after which growth remained relatively stable
up to 72 h, when it began to decline. Details of the architectural analysis assessed by SEM showed that C. parapsilosis complex formed less complex biofilms compared with C. albicans biofilms. The most active essential oil was cinnamon oil (CO), which showed anticandidal activity against C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis in both suspension (minimum inhibitory concentration—MIC—250 and 500 μg/ml) and biofilm (minimum biofilm reduction concentration—MBRC—1,000
and 2,000 μg/ml) cultures. CO also inhibited biofilm formation (MBIC) at concentrations above 250 μg/ml for both species tested.
However, synergism with amphotericin B was not observed. Thus, CO is a natural anticandidal agent that can be effectively
utilised for the control of the yeasts tested. 相似文献
16.
Yaya Rukayadi Kwanhyoung Lee Myoung-su Lee Dongeun Yong & Jae-Kwan Hwang 《FEMS yeast research》2009,9(8):1302-1311
Candida species are responsible for the fourth most common nosocominal bloodstream infection. Xanthorrhizol, a sesquiterpene compound isolated from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. has been reported to have anticandidal activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the synergistic anticandidal effect of xanthorrhizol in combination with ketoconazole or amphotericin B against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guilliermondii, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis , and Candida tropicalis . Mostly, xanthorrhizol in combination with ketoconazole or amphotericin B exhibited the synergistic anticandidal effects against all species of Candida tested. In combination with xanthorrhizol, the concentration of ketoconazole or amphotericin B for inhibiting the growth of the tested Candida species could be reduced by ≥50%. Time–kill curves showed that 1/2 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) dose of xanthorrhizol, amphotericin B, or ketoconazole alone against each of the six Candida species did not inhibit the growth of all Candida species tested. However, 1/2 MIC dose of xanthorrhizol in combination with 1/2 MIC dose of ketoconazole or 1/2 MIC dose of amphotericin B exhibited growth inhibition of all Candida species tested and reduced viable cells by several logs within 4 h. These results support the potential use of xanthorrhizol as an anticandidal agent, and it can be used complementarily with other conventional antifungal agents. 相似文献
17.
Recent studies have clearly defined the vaginopathic Candida albicans strains that cause severe vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Therefore, genotyping C. albicans isolates may predict the success of and assist in choosing the appropriate antifungal therapy. The purpose of this study was to compare the genotypes of C. albicans isolates causing VVC with those found in asymptomatic healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women in Adana, Turkey, as well as the antifungal susceptibility profiles of these isolates. A total of 216 independent C. albicans isolates were genotyped by allelic combination based on the microsatellite marker analysis of one such microsatellite, present in the promoter region of the elongation factor 3-encoding gene (CEF3) of C. albicans. The susceptibility testing profiles of all of the isolates against five antifungals and boric acid were obtained retrospectively from our laboratory records. We identified 20 genotypes on the basis of different allelic combinations at the CEF3 locus with a discriminatory power of 0.85. Genotypes 136–144 and 126–135 were present in 50 % of the isolates. No differences existed in the genotypic profiles of fungal isolates between pregnant and non-pregnant women. Remarkably, we did not find a single vaginopathic genotype. All of the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine, and the fluconazole and ketoconazole resistance rates were 0.9 and 3.7 %, respectively. Therefore, we did not find any correlation between genotype, severity of VVC, and antifungal resistance (P > 0.05). Even so, additional molecular data may provide new insights into the management of VVC. 相似文献
18.
Susceptibility of Candida albicans isolated from mouthrinse specimens during episodes of acute pseudomembranous candidiasis in patients with haematological malignancies was tested by the broth dilution and disc diffusion methods using 24 and 48 h of incubation. The time factor did not significantly affect the results with 5-fluorocytosine. With amphotericin B, prolonged incubation doubled the geometric mean MIC of C. albicans as well as the number of isolates with intermediate sensitivity. With the shorter incubation in the disc diffusion assay, few isolates showed lowered sensitivity to clotrimazole; at 48 h, however, this figure was as high as 54%. The yeasts were highly sensitive to ketoconazole at 24 h, whereas at 48 h the results were bizarre. At 24 h, correlations between disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were satisfactory, with clotrimazole and ketoconazole accounting for most of the discordancies. Accordingly, the disc diffusion results should be recorded at 24 h. 相似文献
19.
Patrícia G. Lima Pedro F.N. Souza Cleverson D.T. Freitas Jose T.A. Oliveira Lucas P. Dias Joo X.S. Neto Ilka M. Vasconcelos Jos L.S. Lopes Daniele O.B. Sousa 《Journal of peptide science》2020,26(6)
Candida albicans has emerged as a major public health problem in recent decades. The most important contributing factor is the rapid increase in resistance to conventional drugs worldwide. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs) have attracted substantial attention as alternatives and/or adjuvants in therapeutic treatments due to their strong activity at low concentrations without apparent toxicity. Here, two SAMPs, named Mo‐CBP3‐PepI (CPAIQRCC) and Mo‐CBP3‐PepII (NIQPPCRCC), are described, bioinspired by Mo‐CBP3, which is an antifungal chitin‐binding protein from Moringa oleifera seeds. Furthermore, the mechanism of anticandidal activity was evaluated as well as their synergistic effects with nystatin. Both peptides induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell wall degradation, and large pores in the C. albicans cell membrane. In addition, the peptides exhibited high potential as adjuvants because of their synergistic effects, by increasing almost 50‐fold the anticandidal activity of the conventional antifungal drug nystatin. These peptides have excellent potential as new drugs and/or adjuvants to conventional drugs for treatment of clinical infections caused by C. albicans. 相似文献
20.
Denture stomatitis is often treated with antifungal agents but recurrences or new episodes are common, and certain episodes
can be resistant. New triazoles, such as posaconazole and voriconazole, may represent useful alternatives for management.
In vitro activities of amphotericin B, nystatin, miconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole against
150 oral Candida (101 C. albicans, 18 C. tropicalis, 12 C. glabrata, 11 C. guilliermondii, 4 C. parapsilosis, 2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1 C. dubliniensis and 1 C. krusei) from 100 denture wearers were tested by the CLSI M27-A3 method. Resistant isolates were retested by Sensititre YeastOne
and Etest. Most antifungal agents were very active. However, 4 C. glabrata (33.3%), 2 C. tropicalis (11.1%), 6 C. albicans (5.6%) and 1 C. krusei were resistant to itraconazole. Posaconazole was active against 143 yeast isolates (95.3%): 6 C. albicans (5.9%) and 1 C. tropicalis (5.6%) were resistant. Geometric mean MICs were 0.036 μg/ml for C. parapsilosis, 0.062 μg/ml for C. albicans, 0.085 μg/ml for C. tropicalis, 0.387 μg/ml for C. guilliermondii and 0.498 μg/ml for C. glabrata. Voriconazole was active against 148 isolates (98.7%) with geometric mean MICs ranging from 0.030 μg/ml for C. parapsilosis, 0.042 μg/ml for C. albicans, 0.048 μg/ml for C. tropicalis, 0.082 μg/ml for C. guilliermondii, to 0.137 μg/ml for C. glabrata. Only 2 C.
albicans (2%) were resistant to voriconazole showing cross-resistance to other azoles. Posaconazole and voriconazole have excellent
in vitro activities against all Candida isolates and could represent useful alternatives for recalcitrant or recurrent candidiasis. 相似文献