共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Xuping Feng Yihua Zhan Qi Wang Xufeng Yang Chenliang Yu Haoyu Wang ZhiYu Tang Dean Jiang Cheng Peng Yong He 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,101(6):1448-1461
The rapid selection of salinity‐tolerant crops to increase food production in salinized lands is important for sustainable agriculture. Recently, high‐throughput plant phenotyping technologies have been adopted that use plant morphological and physiological measurements in a non‐destructive manner to accelerate plant breeding processes. Here, a hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique was implemented to monitor the plant phenotypes of 13 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) genotypes after 2 and 7 days of salt treatment. Physiological and biochemical traits, such as fresh weight, SPAD, elemental contents and photosynthesis‐related parameters, which require laborious, time‐consuming measurements, were also investigated. Traditional laboratory‐based methods indicated the diverse performance levels of different okra genotypes in response to salinity stress. We introduced improved plant and leaf segmentation approaches to RGB images extracted from HSI imaging based on deep learning. The state‐of‐the‐art performance of the deep‐learning approach for segmentation resulted in an intersection over union score of 0.94 for plant segmentation and a symmetric best dice score of 85.4 for leaf segmentation. Moreover, deleterious effects of salinity affected the physiological and biochemical processes of okra, which resulted in substantial changes in the spectral information. Four sample predictions were constructed based on the spectral data, with correlation coefficients of 0.835, 0.704, 0.609 and 0.588 for SPAD, sodium concentration, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, respectively. The results confirmed the usefulness of high‐throughput phenotyping for studying plant salinity stress using a combination of HSI and deep‐learning approaches. 相似文献
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Nathan D. Miller Nicholas J. Haase Jonghyun Lee Shawn M. Kaeppler Natalia de Leon Edgar P. Spalding 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2017,89(1):169-178
Grain yield of the maize plant depends on the sizes, shapes, and numbers of ears and the kernels they bear. An automated pipeline that can measure these components of yield from easily‐obtained digital images is needed to advance our understanding of this globally important crop. Here we present three custom algorithms designed to compute such yield components automatically from digital images acquired by a low‐cost platform. One algorithm determines the average space each kernel occupies along the cob axis using a sliding‐window Fourier transform analysis of image intensity features. A second counts individual kernels removed from ears, including those in clusters. A third measures each kernel's major and minor axis after a Bayesian analysis of contour points identifies the kernel tip. Dimensionless ear and kernel shape traits that may interrelate yield components are measured by principal components analysis of contour point sets. Increased objectivity and speed compared to typical manual methods are achieved without loss of accuracy as evidenced by high correlations with ground truth measurements and simulated data. Millimeter‐scale differences among ear, cob, and kernel traits that ranged more than 2.5‐fold across a diverse group of inbred maize lines were resolved. This system for measuring maize ear, cob, and kernel attributes is being used by multiple research groups as an automated Web service running on community high‐throughput computing and distributed data storage infrastructure. Users may create their own workflow using the source code that is staged for download on a public repository. 相似文献
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Nadia Al-Tamimi Patrick Langan Vill&#x; Bernd Jason Walsh Eleni Mangina Snia Negro 《Open biology》2022,12(6)
Farmers and breeders aim to improve crop responses to abiotic stresses and secure yield under adverse environmental conditions. To achieve this goal and select the most resilient genotypes, plant breeders and researchers rely on phenotyping to quantify crop responses to abiotic stress. Recent advances in imaging technologies allow researchers to collect physiological data non-destructively and throughout time, making it possible to dissect complex plant responses into quantifiable traits. The use of image-based technologies enables the quantification of crop responses to stress in both controlled environmental conditions and field trials. This paper summarizes phenotyping imaging technologies (RGB, multispectral and hyperspectral sensors, among others) that have been used to assess different abiotic stresses including salinity, drought and nitrogen deficiency, while discussing their advantages and drawbacks. We present a detailed review of traits involved in abiotic tolerance, which have been quantified by a range of imaging sensors under high-throughput phenotyping facilities or using unmanned aerial vehicles in the field. We also provide an up-to-date compilation of spectral tolerance indices and discuss the progress and challenges in machine learning, including supervised and unsupervised models as well as deep learning. 相似文献
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Marek Radlowski rzej Kalinowski Jozef Adamczyk Zygmunt Krolikowski Slawomir Bartkowiak 《Physiologia plantarum》1996,98(1):172-178
A new protease from maize ( Zea mays L.) pollen is described. It was purified using gel filtration, ion exchange and high performance liquid chromatography. SDS-PAGE and HPLC showed that the enzyme has a dimeric structure of M, ca 60,000. Inhibitor investigations indicated an aspartic acid residue in its active site. The optimum pH for maize pollen aspartic proteinase activity was 5.6, and the optimum temperature was 45°C. The enzyme is easily eluted from the pollen grains and, as confirmed by enzymoblotting after isoelectric focusing, it is located in the pollen wall. Similar to metallo-proteinases, its activity is inhibited by Zn2+ . The pL value for purified aspartic proteinase, as estimated after IEF, was 5.0. Two-dimensional electrophoresis analysis of proteins eluted from maize pistils suggests that the enzyme digests the proteins and may be involved in pollen-tube germination. The properties of serine and aspartic proteinases from maize pollen are compared. 相似文献
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Janlo M. Robil Ke Gao Claire M. Neighbors Michael Boeding Francine M. Carland Filiz Bunyak Paula McSteen 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2021,107(2):629-648
Beyond facilitating transport and providing mechanical support to the leaf, veins have important roles in the performance and productivity of plants and the ecosystem. In recent decades, computational image analysis has accelerated the extraction and quantification of vein traits, benefiting fields of research from agriculture to climatology. However, most of the existing leaf vein image analysis programs have been developed for the reticulate venation found in dicots. Despite the agroeconomic importance of cereal grass crops, like Oryza sativa (rice) and Zea mays (maize), a dedicated image analysis program for the parallel venation found in monocots has yet to be developed. To address the need for an image-based vein phenotyping tool for model and agronomic grass species, we developed the grass vein image quantification (grasviq ) framework. Designed specifically for parallel venation, this framework automatically segments and quantifies vein patterns from images of cleared leaf pieces using classical computer vision techniques. Using image data sets from maize inbred lines and auxin biosynthesis and transport mutants in maize, we demonstrate the utility of grasviq for quantifying important vein traits, including vein density, vein width and interveinal distance. Furthermore, we show that the framework can resolve quantitative differences and identify vein patterning defects, which is advantageous for genetic experiments and mutant screens. We report that grasviq can perform high-throughput vein quantification, with precision on a par with that of manual quantification. Therefore, we envision that grasviq will be adopted for vein phenomics in maize and other grass species. 相似文献
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Vesna Djukanovic Jeff Smith Keith Lowe Meizhu Yang Huirong Gao Spencer Jones Michael G. Nicholson Ande West Janel Lape Dennis Bidney Saverio Carl Falco Derek Jantz Leszek Alexander Lyznik 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,76(5):888-899
The I–CreI homing endonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardti has been used as a molecular tool for creating DNA double‐strand breaks and enhancing DNA recombination reactions in maize cells. The DNA‐binding properties of this protein were re‐designed to recognize a 22 bp target sequence in the 5th exon of MS26, a maize fertility gene. Three versions of a single‐chain endonuclease, called Ems26, Ems26+ and Ems26++, cleaved their intended DNA site within the context of a reporter assay in a mammalian cell line. When the Ems26++ version was delivered to maize Black Mexican Sweet cells by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation, the cleavage resulted in mutations at a co‐delivered extra‐chromosomal ms26‐site in up to 8.9% of the recovered clones. Delivery of the same version of Ems26 to immature embryos resulted in mutations at the predicted genomic ms26‐site in 5.8% of transgenic T0 plants. This targeted mutagenesis procedure yielded small deletions and insertions at the Ems26 target site consistent with products of double‐strand break repair generated by non‐homologous end joining. One of 21 mutagenized T0 plants carried two mutated alleles of the MS26 gene. As expected, the bi‐allelic mutant T0 plant and the T1 progeny homozygous for the ms26 mutant alleles were male‐sterile. This paper described the second maize chromosomal locus (liguless‐1 being the first one) mutagenized by a re‐designed I–CreI–based endonuclease, demonstrating the general utility of these molecules for targeted mutagenesis in plants. 相似文献
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Eun‐Cheon Lim Jaeil Kim Jihye Park Eun‐Jung Kim Juhyun Kim Yeong Mi Park Hyun Seob Cho Dohwan Byun Ian R. Henderson Gregory P. Copenhaver Ildoo Hwang Kyuha Choi 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,101(2):473-483
Meiotic crossovers facilitate chromosome segregation and create new combinations of alleles in gametes. Crossover frequency varies along chromosomes and crossover interference limits the coincidence of closely spaced crossovers. Crossovers can be measured by observing the inheritance of linked transgenes expressing different colors of fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis pollen tetrads. Here we establish DeepTetrad, a deep learning‐based image recognition package for pollen tetrad analysis that enables high‐throughput measurements of crossover frequency and interference in individual plants. DeepTetrad will accelerate the genetic dissection of mechanisms that control meiotic recombination. 相似文献
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Jose A. Fernandez‐Gallego Peter Lootens Irene Borra‐Serrano Veerle Derycke Geert Haesaert Isabel Roldn‐Ruiz Jose L. Araus Shawn C. Kefauver 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(4):1603-1613
In wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and other cereals, the number of ears per unit area is one of the main yield‐determining components. An automatic evaluation of this parameter may contribute to the advance of wheat phenotyping and monitoring. There is no standard protocol for wheat ear counting in the field, and moreover it is time consuming. An automatic ear‐counting system is proposed using machine learning techniques based on RGB (red, green, blue) images acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Evaluation was performed on a set of 12 winter wheat cultivars with three nitrogen treatments during the 2017–2018 crop season. The automatic system uses a frequency filter, segmentation and feature extraction, with different classification techniques, to discriminate wheat ears in micro‐plot images. The relationship between the image‐based manual counting and the algorithm counting exhibited high levels of accuracy and efficiency. In addition, manual ear counting was conducted in the field for secondary validation. The correlations between the automatic and the manual in‐situ ear counting with grain yield were also compared. Correlations between the automatic ear counting and grain yield were stronger than those between manual in‐situ counting and GY, particularly for the lower nitrogen treatment. Methodological requirements and limitations are discussed. 相似文献
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The effects of environmental conditions on ear-shoot initiation have been investigated in three inbred genotypes of Zea mays L. which are used for seed production. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and binocular examination during the vegetative phase showed that axillary meristems are initiated at the same rate as the leaf primordia on the apical meristem, but with a delay of 5.6–7.0 plastochrons, depending on the genotype. Furthermore, the topmost axillary meristem is initiated on the same day as the tassel, whatever the genotype. One of the inbreds (B22) used in this study has been reported to exhibit, in field conditions, a reproductive failure affecting car initiation, causing the topmost car to be replaced at maturity by a sterile, leaf-like, structure. Scanning electron microscopic study of the formation of the abnormal axillary buds indicated that ear failure resulted from the early collapse of the axillary meristem followed by elongation of the prophyll or of the meristem itself. Using controlled environments, ear abortion was mimicked by a chilling treatment (10°C), given just before tassel initiation. Other factors, such as high irradiance and flooding, enhanced the abortive response. The critical stage for the main car was just before the initiation of the topmost axillary meristem which also corresponded to tassel initiation. Chilling the plants before or after tassel initiation either induced an acclimation response or had no effect. The three inbreds showed differential responses to the stress treatment, indicating that a genetic factor is implicated as well. It is suggested that chilling causes a perturbation of apical dominance which, in the responsive genotypes, represses axillary meristem development. The use of a stress-sensitive inbred such as B22 as a model system could yield some interesting clues to the mechanism of endogenous control of ear initiation in maize. 相似文献
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Hameed Gul Mengya Qian Mohammad G. Arabzai Tianhui Huang Qiannan Ma Fangyu Xing Wan Cao Tingting Liu Hong Duan Qianlin Xiao Zhizhai Liu 《Phyton》2022,91(7):1429-1443
Kernel size-related traits, including kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness, are critical components in determining yield and kernel quality in maize (Zea mays L.). Dissecting the phenotypic characteristics of these traits, and discovering the candidate chromosomal regions for these traits, are of potential importance for maize yield and quality improvement. In this study, a total of 139 F2:3 family lines derived from EHel and B73, a distinct line with extremely low ear height (EHel), was used for phenotyping and QTL mapping of three kernel size-related traits, including 10-kernel length (KL), 10-kernel width (KWid), and 10-kernel thickness (KT). The results showed that only one QTL for KWid, i.e., qKWid9 on Chr9, with a phenotypic variation explained (PVE) of 13.4% was detected between SNPs of AX-86298371 and AX-86298372, while no QTLs were detected for KL and KT across all 10 chromosomes. Four bulked groups of family lines, i.e., Groups I to IV, were constructed with F2:3 family lines according to the phenotypic comparisons of KWid between EHel and B73. Among these four groups, Group I possessed a significantly lower KWid than EHel (P = 0.0455), Group II was similar to EHel (P = 0.34), while both Group III and Group IV were statistically higher than EHel (P < 0.05). Besides, except Group IV exhibited a similar KWid to B73 (P = 0.11), KWid of Groups I to III were statistically lower than B73 (P < 0.00). By comparing the bulked genotypes of the four groups to EHel and B73, a stable chromosomal region on Chr9 between SNPs of AX-86298372 to AX-86263154, entirely covered by qKWid9, was identified to link KWid with the positive allele of increasing phenotypic effect to KWid from B73, similar to that of qKWid9. A large amount of enzyme activity and macromolecule binding-related genes were annotated within this chromosomal region, suggesting qKWid9 as a potential QTL for KWid in maize. 相似文献
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Raphaël P.A. Perez Christian Fournier Lloren Cabrera‐Bosquet Simon Artzet Christophe Pradal Nicolas Brichet Tsu‐Wei Chen Romain Chapuis Claude Welcker Franois Tardieu 《Plant, cell & environment》2019,42(7):2105-2119
Breeders select for yield, thereby indirectly selecting for traits that contribute to it. We tested if breeding has affected a range of traits involved in plant architecture and light interception, via the analysis of a panel of 60 maize hybrids released from 1950 to 2015. This was based on novel traits calculated from reconstructions derived from a phenotyping platform. The contribution of these traits to light interception was assessed in virtual field canopies composed of 3D plant reconstructions, with a model tested in a real field. Two categories of traits had different contributions to genetic progress. (a) The vertical distribution of leaf area had a high heritability and showed a marked trend over generations of selection. Leaf area tended to be located at lower positions in the canopy, thereby improving light penetration and distribution in the canopy. This potentially increased the carbon availability to ears, via the amount of light absorbed by the intermediate canopy layer. (b) Neither the horizontal distribution of leaves in the relation to plant rows nor the response of light interception to plant density showed appreciable trends with generations. Hence, among many architectural traits, the vertical distribution of leaf area was the main indirect target of selection. 相似文献
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C.R. Smith B.L. Vasilas W.L. Banwart D.B. Peters W.M. Walker 《Environmental and Experimental Botany》1990,30(4):435-442
Simulated acid rain has been reported to cause physiological changes in various plant species. Studies were conducted in 1983, 1984 and 1985 to determine the effect of acid rain on some physiological parameters in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Simulated rain of pH 3.0, 4.2, and 5.6 was applied throughout the growing season onto plots protected from ambient rain and grown on a Flanagan silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Aquic Argiudoll). Individual plants were evaluated for change in leaf CO2 fixation, water potentials, chlorophyll content, and in vitro pollen germination. Rain pH did not affect any of these parameters. Within the limits of experimental error, it must be concluded that simulated acid rain of pH 3.0 did not affect the physiological parameters measured in this study. 相似文献
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Extracts from pollen grains of maize ( Zea mays L.) show a low activity of aminoacyltRNA synthetases (EC 6. 1. 1). They also contain a specific factor inhibiting the activity of these enzymes. The molecular mass of this factor, which may be a short peptide, is about 3000 Da as determined by column chromatography on Sephadex G-25 Fine. The Michaelis constant (Km ), determined for the amino acid in the presence of this factor, suggests its allosteric influence on the affinity of the enzyme. Short-term incubation of the factor with pronase R resulted in conversion of the inhibiting action into a stimulating one. Kinetics of aminoacylation reactions confirm inhibitory and stimulative influences of the effector on the enzyme activity. High performance liquid chromatography shows that inhibition of the activity of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases is affected by a group of compounds of similar molecular masses. 相似文献
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在玉米散粉期,收集花粉进行UV-B辐射增强处理后进行人工授粉研究,结果表明,随着UV-B辐射时间的增加,玉米花粉的SOD、POD和CAT活性都呈明显下降的趋势,而MDA含量则呈相应上升的趋势;玉米每穗粒数与花粉抗氧化酶活性呈正相关、与MDA含量呈负相关关系,并随UV-B辐射时间延长呈下降趋势,且辐射超过2h后下降达到显著水平;玉米百粒重随UV-B辐射时间的延长明显下降,但辐射花粉1~2h对其无显著影响;UV-B辐射花粉对籽粒的可溶性糖、淀粉、脂肪及粗蛋白含量等营养成分无显著影响。 相似文献
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Stijn Dhondt Nathalie Gonzalez Jonas Blomme Liesbeth De Milde Twiggy Van Daele Dirk Van Akoleyen Veronique Storme Frederik Coppens Gerrit T.S. Beemster Dirk Inzé 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2014,80(1):172-184
Although quantitative characterization of growth phenotypes is of key importance for the understanding of essential networks driving plant growth, the majority of growth‐related genes are still being identified based on qualitative visual observations and/or single‐endpoint quantitative measurements. We developed an in vitro growth imaging system (IGIS) to perform time‐resolved analysis of rosette growth. In this system, Arabidopsis plants are grown in Petri dishes mounted on a rotating disk, and images of each plate are taken on an hourly basis. Automated image analysis was developed in order to obtain several growth‐related parameters, such as projected rosette area, rosette relative growth rate, compactness and stockiness, over time. To illustrate the use of the platform and the resulting data, we present the results for the growth response of Col–0 plants subjected to three mild stress conditions. Although the reduction in rosette area was relatively similar at 19 days after stratification, the time‐lapse analysis demonstrated that plants react differently to salt, osmotic and oxidative stress. The rosette area was altered at various time points during development, and leaf movement and shape parameters were also affected differently. We also used the IGIS to analyze in detail the growth behavior of mutants with enhanced leaf size. Analysis of several growth‐related parameters over time in these mutants revealed several specificities in growth behavior, underlining the high complexity of leaf growth coordination. These results demonstrate that time‐resolved imaging of in vitro rosette growth generates a better understanding of growth phenotypes than endpoint measurements. 相似文献