甘肃紫斑牡丹品种与中原牡丹品种银带和Giemsa C带的研究

分别对甘肃紫斑牡丹品种和中原牡丹品种进行了核型,Ａｇｇｋｐｈｔ Ｇｉｅｎｓａ Ｃ带的研究。发现紫斑牡丹品种核型组成为２ ＝１０＝８ｍ＋２ｓｔ;中原牡丹品种核型组成为２ｎ＝１０＝６ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ带带型显示,供试品种均能显示染色体端带,但天染色体端带的数目及分布位置上具品种特异性。     

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)核型及染色体带型分析

本文对贻贝染色体进行了核型分析,其结果为：２ｎ＝２８,１２ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ,ＮＦ＝５０,ＴＣＬ＝ １０３．９０μｍ,ＣＬ：２．７３５－４．７７４μｍ。第１、２、４、８、１１、１２对为中部着丝粒染色体（ｍ）;第６、９、１０、１３、１４对 为亚中部着丝粒染色体（ｓｍ）;第 ３、５、７对为亚端部着丝粒染色体（ｓｔ）。对贻贝染色体的Ｇ带、Ｃ带、银 染带进行了分析。银染结果表明,贻贝细胞中有四个银染核仁组织区（Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ）,分布在第 ３、５对染 色体长臂末端。     

芸苔属两种植物的染色体研究

研究了芸苔属两种植物芥蓝和红油菜的核型及带型。结果表明：芥蓝的核型公式为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝１８＝１０ｍ＋８ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,带型公式２ｎ＝１８＝１０Ｃ＋２ＣＴＬ＋＋４ＣＴ＋＋２ＣＮ;红渍菜的核公式是２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２０＝１８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ,带型公式２ｎ＝２０＝８Ｃ＋６ＣＴ＋＋４ＣＴ＋＋２ＣＮ。并在此基础上分析讨论了二者在染色体水平上的差异。     

滇牡丹复合群的GiemsaC—带比较研究

应用ＢＳＧ方法对滇牡丹复合群５个类群的ＧｉｅｍｓａＧ－带进行了比较研究。在５个类群的根尖体细胞有丝分中期观察到１０条染色体,其核型基本一致,均为Ｋ＝２ｎ＝１０＝６ｍ＋２ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ。各类群的１０条染色体都在着丝点附近显示出了ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带,所有染色体的长臂上都没有显示出ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带,。而短臂上的ＧｉｅｍｓａＣ－带的数量和位置在娄各之间表现了一定的差异。除了滇牡丹第一地同源染色体中只有一条     

贻贝核型及染色体带型分析

本文对贻贝染色体进行了核型分析,其结果为：２ｎ＝２８,１２ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ,ＮＦ＝５０,ＴＣＬ＝１０３．９０μｍ,ＣＬ：２．７３５－４．７７４μｍ。第１、２、４、８、１１、１２对为中部着丝粒染色体（ｓｍ）,第３、５、７对亚端部着丝粒染色体（ｓｍ）。对贻贝染色体的Ｇ带,Ｃ带、银染色带进行了分析。银染结果表明,贻贝细胞中有四个银染核仁组织区,分布在第３、５对染色体长臂末端。     

麦积山林区野生百合科药用植物资源(摘要)

天水麦积山林区位于甘肃东南部、秦岭西部北坡,东径１０６°,北纬３４°２０′,海拔１５００～２２００ｍ,为北温带与亚热带的过渡地带,冬无严寒,夏无酷暑,年均温１０～１２℃,极端低温－２０℃,最高温３８℃,年雨量６５０～７５０ｍｍ,年平均相对温度７０％以上,无霜期１８０天左右。林区地貌差异大,植被垂直分布明显,植物种类繁多。本文结合植物学教学实习,对林区野生百合科药用植物资源进行了调查,发现百合科植物５０种,隶属２２属,其中药用价值较高的有天门冬、延龄草、鹿药、铃兰等１３种,并对资源开发和保护作了论述。     

三个家猪品种和rob易位杂色体分带多态性的比较

对家猪不同品种及家系间的染色体组型、Ｃ－带、Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ多态性进行的研究表明：杜洛克猪：约克夏猪、长白猪体细胞染色体数２ｎ－３８、核型２ｎ＝１０ｓｍ＋１２ｍ＋４ｓｔ＋１２ｔ,而１３／１７易位纯合子猪（３６,ｒｏｂ．１３／１７）的体细胞染色体数２ｎ＝３６。核型２ｎ＝１０ｓｍ＋１２ｍ＋６ｓｔ＋８ｔ;１３／１７易位杂合子猪（３７,ｒｏｂ．１３／１７）的体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝３７,核型为２ｎ＝１０ｓｍ     

重离子束对酵母细胞的失活与突变

双倍体酵母细胞Ｄ７经单核能为１１．４ＭｅＶ／ｕ的Ａｎ和Ｕ离子辐照后,测定了细胞随剂量的存活率和突变率。获得细胞对Ａｕ和Ｕ离子的失活截面分别为２．５４μｍ２和１．９２μｍ２。在存活率为３７％的条件下,Ａｕ、Ｕ离子的ＲＢＥ分别为０．２８和０．１９。在突变实验中,研究了ＤＮＡ断链后的重组与倒位,它们对Ａｕ和Ｕ离子的截面为：８．３×１０－２μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｃ（Ａｕ）］,９．５×１０－５μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｃ（Ｕ）］和６．１×１０－４μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｖ（Ａｕ）］和３．８×１０－５μｍ２［σｍ－ｒｅｖ（Ｕ）］．最后,对所获结果进行了讨论。     

人参寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞生长的效应

从人参培养细胞的细胞壁中分离纯化到不同分子量的单体人参寡糖素。试验结果表明命名为人参寡糖素Ⅶ和人参寡糖素Ⅷ的两种寡糖素对三七悬浮培养细胞的生长具有明显的促进作用,其增长率分别为１９．３４％和１０．５８％,人参寡糖素Ⅶ的适宜浓度为５—１０ｍｇ／ｌ。在高浓度下（大于２５ｍｇ／ｌ）稍抑制培养细胞生长。在细胞培养２２天（指数生长期）后．加入１０ｍｇ／ｌ的人参寡糖素Ⅶ．然后再培养２天。其生长速率即提高,加入人参寡糖素Ⅷ后．缩短了三七细胞悬浮培养生长的延缓期．提前进入对数生长期和指数生长期,并在对数生长期和指数生长期作用最明显,因而最终收获时培养细胞的产率增加。     

芒果生长发育过程中若干生理参数的变化

研究结果表明：芒果植（苗）株过氧化物酶同工酶基本酶谱共不１０条,酶带面度２．６７ｃｍ,同一器官生育期不同,酶谱、Ｒｆ值、酶活性和酶带分布均有明显差异;果实不同成熟阶段,呼吸跃变与乙烯产生相关密切。     

宁夏毛乌素沙地不同恢复措施对物种结构及多样性的影响

以宁夏毛乌素沙地退化草原区为研究对象,对荒地(对照)和种植不同密度的柠条林的恢复措施条件下群落结构及多样性进行研究。结果表明,种植柠条林对退化草原的植被恢复有积极的作用,随着柠条林带间距的增加群落结构更趋稳定。由对照的不稳定一年生植物虫实、猪毛菜逐步向稳定的多年生植物白草、赖草、草木犀状黄芪演替。植物群落盖度表现为柠条10m带间距>7m带间距>对照>4m带间距。群落多样性指数表现为柠条10m带间距>4m带间距>对照>7m带间距。群落的均匀度指数变化趋势与群落多样性指数呈正相关,而生态优势度指数与多样性指数呈相负相关     

岷江上游花椒地/林地边界土壤水分影响域的定量判定

在岷江上游干旱河谷区,选取典型的花椒地/林地边界,利用TDR仪测定干旱条件下、雨后和每月0～15 cm土层水分含量,并用移动窗口法判定土壤水分的边界影响域.结果表明,若用移动窗口法对土壤水分的边界影响域进行判定,当窗口宽度为8～12时,边界影响域较易判定.年内土壤水分随时间变化而变化.这种变化可分为土壤水分上升期、高峰期和消退期3个时期.干旱条件下土壤水分的边界影响域较小,其宽度约从花椒地6 m到林地2 m;雨后土壤水分的边界影响域有较大增加,其宽度约从花椒地12 m到林地2 m;年内土壤水分的边界影响域宽度约从花椒地10 m到林地2 m之间变化.不同季节土壤水分的边界影响域不同,并随着季节的变化呈动态变化.从生态学意义上讲,岷江上游地区目前进行的将花椒地退耕成林地、栽植树苗的措施是不可取的,该区退耕还林的最好方法应该是退耕,使其灌木林或草本植物自然生长.     

不同宽度林带对国道两侧农田水稻叶片和糙米中重金属含量的影响

以205国道淮安段具有5 m和20 m宽林带的路段为研究区域,对国道东西两侧200 m范围内农田水稻(Oryza sativa L.)叶片和糙米中Al、Fe、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni和Pb含量及其与路侧距离的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:具5 m宽林带路段两侧稻叶和糙米中大多数重金属元素的含量呈现随路侧距离增加而减少的趋势,且峰值多出现在距路侧5～10m或20 m附近;其中,东侧稻叶中Cu、Cr和Ni含量及糙米中Al、Fe、Cu、Zn和Ni含量以及西侧稻叶中Cu和Pb含量及糙米中Cd和Pb含量与路侧距离呈显著或极显著负相关.具20m宽林带路段两侧稻叶和糙米中大多数重金属元素的含量并没有呈现随路侧距离增加而减少的趋势,且峰值多出现在距路侧20 m以外;只有东侧稻叶中Cr和Ni含量及糙米中Fe和Ni含量以及西侧糙米中Al和Cu含量与路侧距离呈显著或极显著负相关.具5m宽林带路段两侧稻叶和糙米中的重金属含量分布特征与无林带路段十分相似,而具20m宽林带路段两侧稻叶和糙米中的重金属含量较低,说明20 m宽林带对公路大气污染物有较明显的阻滞作用.根据研究结果,建议在公路两侧10～20 m范围内设置乔灌草结构模式的防护林带,并适当提高防护林中灌木的比例,保持乔木疏密适度.     

人参不同栽培群体遗传关系的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）标记法对４个人参（Ｐａｎａｘ ｇｉｎｓｅｇ Ｃ．Ａ．Ｍｅｙｅｒ）栽培群体中存在较丰富的遗传多样性。分析一路参、三路参、系选品系５９号、北京参等４个人参栽培群体和１个西洋参（Ｐ．ｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｆｏｌｉｕｍ Ｌ．）群体的遗传分化指数值表明,三路参变异量最大（０．４１６９）,一路参降为０．２５６５,边条参系选品系５９号最低为０．１８８１,表明选择方式和选择代数的纯化作用十分     

北京市3种配置模式绿化带降噪效果的空间变化规律

为明确不同配置模式绿化带对噪声衰减效果的空间变化规律,以北京市的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.)纯林(代表阔叶纯林)、刺槐-小花溲疏(Deutzia parviflora Bunge)混交林(代表阔叶混交林)和侧柏〔Platycladus orientalis(Linn.)Franco〕-圆柏〔Sabina chinensis(Linn.)Ant.〕混交林(代表针叶混交林)3类绿化带为研究对象,设置不同高度、距噪声源不同水平距离和不同噪声频率3组变量,对3类绿化带的降噪值进行比较分析.结果表明:3类绿化带的降噪效果由高至低依次为针叶混交林、阔叶混交林、阔叶纯林.在不同高度和距噪声源不同水平距离处,3类绿化带对不同频率噪声有各自的降噪优势;其中,在高度0.5和1.5 m处,阔叶混交林对250~1000 Hz噪声的衰减效果总体上优于阔叶纯林,而阔叶纯林对4000 Hz的噪声衰减效果却优于阔叶混交林,并且,针叶混交林对250、500、1000和8000 Hz噪声的衰减效果总体上优于阔叶纯林;整体上看,在距噪声源水平距离超过10 m处,3类绿化带对125~1000 Hz噪声的衰减效果最优.相关性分析结果表明:3类绿化带的降噪率与噪声频率呈负相关,与距噪声源水平距离和单位面积三维绿量总体上呈正相关.其中,在高度0.5、1.5和2.5 m处,3类绿化带的降噪率与噪声频率和距噪声源水平距离总体上显著相关;而在高度0.5和1.5 m处,3类绿化带的降噪率与单位面积三维绿量总体上显著相关.从3类绿化带的降噪规律看,在距噪声源水平距离相同的位置,高度越低,绿化带的降噪值越大,其中高度2.5 m以下绿化带的降噪值均较大;在相同高度上,距噪声源水平距离10和15 m处3类绿化带的降噪值总体上较大,但在距噪声源水平距离15和20 m处针叶混交林的降噪值明显大于其他2类绿化带.根据上述研究结果,建议绿化带宽度应在10 m以上,在配置绿化带时,应选择分枝点低、枝叶密度大的树种,且在不影响树木生长的条件下尽量密植并适度配置灌木.     

The fragmented Atlantic rain forest of Brazil: size, shape and distribution of forest fragments

The geographical characteristics of a total of 1839 forest fragments surrounded by sugar cane fields were studied in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest region of the northeastern state of Pernambuco. The size and shape of the fragments as well as inter-fragment distances and the effects of varying edge width were examined using a geographical information system. The analyses show that the fragments are relatively small and close to each other. Approximately 48% of the rain forest fragments are <10 hectares, while only about 7% are >100 hectares. Forest fragments are close to each other, as fragments located 50m or less apart formed groups that included ca. 50% of the total forest area. At 350m inter-fragment distance, 98% of the rain forest area was included in groups of fragments. Due to the small size and irregular shape of the fragments, the total area of edge zone exceeds that of the interior habitat when the edge width is ca. 60m. At an edge width of 300m ca. 94% of the total fragment area is edge zone. For conservation purposes, ways of establishing networks of forest fragments connected by corridors and stepping stone fragments are demonstrated using GIS. Simulations using these techniques show that reforestation of sugar cane fields between the forest fragments would considerably increase the area of interior forest habitat and connectivity between fragments.     

玉米株型和幅宽对套作大豆初花期形态建成及产量的影响

在“麦/玉/豆”套作模式下研究了不同幅宽和玉米株型对大豆生长前期形态建成和产量的影响.结果表明：不同株型玉米下大豆生长带的温度、湿度和透光率是导致大豆茎叶形态和组织解剖结构出现差异的直接原因.较大幅宽和紧凑型玉米下大豆的植株较矮,主茎较粗、干物质积累量较大,叶面积指数和比叶质量较高,产量较高;而较小幅宽和松散型玉米下大豆的茎叶生长不良,株高增长过快,主茎柔弱,容易倒伏,产量较低.在1.17 m/0.83 m(大豆/玉米)幅宽下对不同株型玉米影响下的大豆初花期茎、叶组织切片观察发现,随着荫蔽程度的加重,大豆的叶片变薄,表皮细胞体积变大,角质层变薄,栅栏组织和海绵组织分化不明显,细胞间隙增大;茎的表皮和次生木质部也变薄,薄壁细胞排列疏松,导管分化较迟,韧皮纤维不发达.套作模式下保证全年高产、高效的田间最优配置为：与紧凑型玉米套作,大豆幅宽1.17 m,玉米幅宽0.83 m.     

Structure and function of wildfire and mountain pine beetle forest boundaries

Landscape boundaries, in particular those created by natural disturbances, are fundamental structures in landscape functioning. At the stand scale, forest boundaries show a wide range of characteristics varying from sharp to diffuse, wavy to straight, enclosed areas (patches) to open ones; all of these have different effects of forest vegetation. The objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the structure of forest boundaries (width, steepness, heterogeneity) and 2) to investigate forest vegetation functional response in the boundary zones created by wildfires and mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks. We studied 11 mountain pine beetle and 7 wildfire boundary zones (4–7 y since disturbance) using field‐based two‐dimensional grids in southern central British Columbia (Canada). Boundary zone delineation was determined through spatially constrained clustering algorithms at three sampling unit resolutions (5×5 m, 10×10 m, and 20×20 m). Then, to characterize boundary width and shape, we developed two new boundary indexes (maximized and minimized boundary zones). The identified boundary widths ranged from 0 to 127 m with a mean width of 51 m at the 20×20 m resolution for both fire and MPB. Although the widths were comparable between disturbance types, fires generally had steeper boundaries (more pronounced) than MPB, largely due to higher peak tree mortality within the disturbances (89 vs 43%). Most of the forest vegetation response variables (understory vegetation diversity, plot‐level species richness, evenness, and multivariate community measures) in the boundary zones tended not to be intermediate in value between the intact forest and disturbance area, in spite of intermediate tree mortality. Tree mortality heterogeneity in the boundary zones was often highest in fires and was equal to the internal heterogeneity in MPB disturbances. Using historical natural disturbance patterns as a conservation strategy, this study proposes that forest management should create boundary complexity (width and shape), thereby creating landscape heterogeneity similar to landscapes influenced primarily by natural disturbances.     

Ginseng: Cardiotonic in adult rat cardiomyocytes, cardiotoxic in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes

Ginsengs are widely used to improve cardiac health and circulation. Loosely termed as ginsengs, Asian (Panax), Siberian and Ashwagandha (Indian Ginseng) Indian ginsengs are prepared from different plants. We tested the popular belief of cardiotonic effects of ginsengs using both neonatal and adult rat cardiomyocytes, comparing extracts from the three ginsengs. Addition of 10% v/v of extract (100 microl of extract/ml of culture medium) of each of the ginsengs resulted in a rapid (<10 s) cessation of beating in neonatal cardiomyocytes due to calcium overload, while sequential dilutions revealed that treatment with a low dose (0.01% v/v, 0.1 microl/ml of the medium) resulted in constant, regular beats (transients), and a slight elevation of diastolic calcium without overload. Addition of extracts to sparking, calcium-tolerant adult cardiomyocytes resulted in initiation of calcium transients, and adult cells were able to tolerate exposure to high concentrations of extract. Cardiotonic effects in adult cells (cardiotoxicity in neonatal cells) were most profound with Asian ginseng (2.6 times that of Siberian ginseng, 1.6 times that of Indian ginseng) probably due to the active ingredients (ginsenosides in Asian, eleutherosides in Siberian and withanolides in Indian) being structurally different. We conclude that fully developed cardiomyocytes are able to accommodate higher doses of ginseng than neonatal cells, and that the effects of ginseng on newly formed, developing myocytes, could be extremely deleterious to the fetus. However, for adults, ginseng might well be a 'tonic' in its ability to increase beating and intramyocytic calcium levels.     

Predictions of stream nutrient and sediment yield changes following restoration of forested riparian buffers

Riparian tree planting is widely recognised as a means to improve water quality and stream habitat. However, shading of riparian pasture grasses can lead to channel widening, and riparian shade may limit the growth of macrophytes and algae that assimilate dissolved nutrients from the water column. We investigated concerns that riparian management could lead to increased yields of nutrients and sediments through a conceptual modelling exercise. A simple model of the trade-off between interception of nutrients in runoff by forest buffers versus reduction of in-stream uptake due to shade, predicted that a buffer strip alongside a small headwater stream would reduce nutrient export, while a buffer strip instigated as an isolated patch alongside a larger stream (c. >2.5 km² upstream catchment size) would increase nutrient export, as the relative amount of nutrients trapped by the buffer decreases as the nutrient load present in the stream water increases. However, in these larger streams with width exceeding approximately 6 m, sufficient light may reach the streambed for plant and algal growth, which in turn would promote instream nutrient processing. At the peak of streambank erosion after planting, predicted total sediment yield (hillslope plus bank sources) was appreciably higher than the hillslope pasture yield, but sediment yield stabilised c. 35–40 years after planting. When planting was extended over 40 years in the model, the sediment yield never exceeded that in pasture before planting. This conceptual modelling exercise shows that riparian tree planting programmes should commence in the headwaters and progress downstream to avoid nutrient yield increases. Significant sediment yield from bank stored sediment of small streams can be expected until the channel reaches the more stable, original forested width, but progressive planting may decrease the peak loads of sediment.