弱激光对大鼠胃酸分泌的调节及其作用机制的研究

针灸是中国医药学的重要组成部分 ,经络学说是针灸学的理论基础 ,目前其实质还难以定论。电针对胃运动的影响有增加、抑制及双向调整三方面的报道。医用激光照射穴位代替针刺治疗各科疾病 ,对其治疗原理的研究存在不同观点。激光对胃功能的调节近年也有不少报道 ,主要是激光穴位照射对胃电的双向调整作用。本实验从经络理论和现代神经生物学相结合的观点出发 ,分析了弱激光照射足三里穴对胃酸分泌调节的作用途径及其与神经递质之间的关系。1　材料与方法(1)材料　采用健康成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雄性大鼠 ,体重 2 0 0～ 30 0 ｇ ,实验前禁食 2 4～…     

脑室注射组胺抑制大鼠胃酸分泌的外周机制

本文分析了第三脑室注射组胺（HA）抑制胃酸分泌效应的外周过程。雄性SD大鼠,摘除双侧肾上腺,用37℃的生理盐水通过恒流泵进行连续胃灌流。用注射器泵静脉每小时给药,观察其对五肽促胃液素（10μg/kg,iv）诱导的胃酸分泌的影响。结果如下：（1）切除双侧膈下迷走神经可阻断HA（1μg,icv）的中枢抑酸效应;（2）预先静脉注射硫酸阿托品［0.05mg／（kg·100min）］可阻断HA的中枢抑酸效应;（3）预先静脉注射生长抑素拮抗剂[2～4μg/（kg·100min）],可剂量依赖性地拮抗HA的中枢抑酸效应。结果提示：HA的中枢抑酸效应由迷走神经传出,可能通过乙酰胆碱M受体及引起生长抑素释放实现。     

胃溃疡的治疗与胃酸分泌

本文了胃酸分泌的本质，介绍了随着基础医学对胃酸分泌机制认识的不断深入，促进了临床让对胃溃疡治疗方法的不断改进和发展。     

促肾上腺皮质激素的旁分泌调节

腺垂体促肾上腺皮质激素的分泌主要受下丘脑和靶腺激素的调节，近年来发现，不同的ＡＣＴＨ分泌细胞通过产生局部因子，促进或抑制ＡＣＴＨ的分泌。这种旁分泌调节方式，在生理或紧张状态下都起着重要作用。     

异丙肾上腺素对鸡刺激性胃酸分泌的抑制作用及其受体机制

有关副交感神经系统对胃酸分泌的作用已经比较清楚,而交感神经系统对胃酸分泌的作用至今仍然没有定论。据文献报道,β肾上腺素能受体激动剂对胃泌素刺激的胃酸分泌的抑制作用较强,而对组胺引起的胃酸分泌抑制作用较弱。这是对哺乳动物研究的结果。而用家禽研究胃液分泌的文献很少。主要偏重于个别脑肠肽、组织胺和2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖等对鸡胃酸分泌的影响。我们曾观察到麻醉鸡胃酸分泌高于一般常用实验动物,因此鸡是研究胃酸分泌抑制性调节的最佳动物。本工作研究了异丙肾上腺素(ISO)和β受体阻断剂心得安(Pro)、β_1受体阻断剂心得宁(Pra)对鸡胃酸分泌的影响。     

消炎痛对五肽胃泌素引起的大鼠胃酸分泌的影响

本工作进一步证实了消炎痛对胃泌素刺激胃酸分泌作用并无影响。基本应用 Ghosh 和Schild 的方法,用大鼠进行了急性实验,以恒速将接近体温的生理盐水自食道插管灌流胃,从幽门插管收集流出的灌流液作为胃液样品。结果表明,口服消炎痛(20—50mg/kg)对静脉注射五肽胃泌素(10μg/kg)所引起的胃酸分泌并无任何影响,这一结果与我们在狗身上的观察一致。结合前一工作,我们认为,内源性 PG 不影响胃泌素刺激胃酸分泌的作用,但影响胃泌素的合成和释放,因而内源性 PG 可能参与胃液分泌的调节。     

抗胃酸分泌物对胃内菌群的影响

收集４０例内镜确诊为胃十二指汤溃疡病人,随机分成两组,分别予泰胃美、奥美拉唑口服;干服药后分别行胃检查,并抽吸胃液行需氧菌、厌氧菌及真菌培养。结果示：胃液细菌量及硝酸盐还原菌量与胃液ＰＨ值呈正相关。     

酸化胃窦对组织胺性胃酸分泌的抑制作用

用具有胃窦小胃、胃体小胃和胃肠吻合制备的狗做慢性实验,观察酸化胃窦粘膜对胃体小胃组织胺性胃酸分泌的抑制作用。一次皮下注射磷酸组织胺0.04mg/kg 体重,可使胃体小胃的胃酸分泌达到最大分泌量;在3—4h 内,每隔15分钟皮下注射磷酸组织胺0.01mg/kg体重,从第四次注射以后,即可使胃体小胃的酸分泌持续稳定在高水平。用0.1mol/L 盐酸灌注胃窦小胃,上述两种组织胺性胃酸分泌均受到抑制,而用生理盐水灌注则无影响。由此得出结论:酸化幽门部粘膜能抑制组织胺性胃酸分泌。由于这种抑制现象出现的潜伏期较长(15min 以上),作用持续时间较久(超过2h),提示酸化幽门部粘膜对组织胺性胃酸分泌的抑制作用,可能是通过某种抑制性体液因素实现的。     

分泌胃酸的质子泵克隆化

日本大阪大学二井将光教授和前田正知副教授等研究组克隆了分泌胃酸质子泵、(H~++K~+)ATP酶的人染色体基因,在世界上首次在分子水平上弄清了胃酸质子泵的状态。这项研究将解开主要因胃酸分泌过多引起的胃溃疡之谜。目前,这种酶是正在日本进行临床开发的抗溃疡剂即质子泵抑制剂的目标酶。在上述研究成果的基础上正在研究其作用机制。因为是膜蛋白,故结晶困难,但今后立体结构研究清楚后,也许就能从理论上设计出质子泵抑制剂。     

胰岛素分泌及调节的分子机制

胰岛素是机体最重要的激素之一,它调节机体的血糖稳定、促进同化代谢、调节细胞的分裂分化和生长发育.胰岛β细胞的胰岛素分泌受到营养物质、神经递质和激素的精确调控.它们的作用部位可分为改变胞内第二信使物质水平的近端调节步骤（钙依赖性）,和直接作用于胞吐分子构件的末端调节步骤（钙非依赖性）.胰岛素的胞吐过程与神经递质的释放机制类似.葡萄糖等营养物质主要通过升高胞内的ATP/ADP比率,导致ATP敏感钾通道关闭、细胞膜去极化、钙内流这一途径增加胰岛素的分泌.神经递质和部分激素通过其G蛋白偶联受体-G蛋白系统的跨膜信号转换后,影响胞内IP₃、DAG、Ca²⁺等第二信使物质水平,主要通过PKA、PKC等蛋白激酶途径,调节胰岛素的分泌.胞内单体G蛋白参与了对囊泡运输和胞吐过程的调控,G蛋白也可能直接作用于胞吐过程,在分泌过程中发挥了重要的调节作用.     

Intraventricular calcitonin gene-related peptide inhibits gastric acid secretion

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37 amino acid peptide recently demonstrated to be a peptide expressed by the calcitonin gene in the rat central nervous system. Intracerebroventricular administration of CGRP in pylorus ligated rats resulted in a dose dependent suppression of gastric acid secretion. This effect was also present in acutely vagotomized rats. In addition, CGRP inhibited the stimulation of gastric acid secretion by thyrotropin releasing hormone. CGRP was considerably less potent in its effect on gastric acid than calcitonin, a well known central inhibitor of gastric acid secretion in the rat. This study suggests that CGRP may be a factor in the central regulation of gastric acid secretion in the rat.     

Synergistic action of gastrin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in rats

Gastrin and ghrelin are secreted from G cells and X/A-like cells in the stomach, respectively, and respective hormones stimulate gastric acid secretion by acting through histamine and the vagus nerve. In this study, we examined the relationship between gastrin, ghrelin and gastric acid secretion in rats. Intravenous (iv) administration of 3 and 10 nmol of gastrin induced transient increases of ghrelin levels within 10 min in a dose-dependent manner. Double immunostaining for ghrelin and gastrin receptor revealed that a proportion of ghrelin cells possess gastrin receptors. Although (iv) administration of gastrin or ghrelin induced significant gastric acid secretion, simultaneous treatment with both hormones resulted in a synergistic, rather than additive, increase of gastric acid secretion. This synergistic increase was not observed in vagotomized rats.These results suggest that gastrin may directly stimulate ghrelin release from the stomach, and that both hormones may increase gastric acid secretion synergistically.     

Pharmacological analysis of wine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in dogs

Wine apparently stimulates gastric acid secretion both in man and animals, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study was attempted to clarify the pharmacological properties involved in gastric acid secretion stimulated by wine in beagle dogs. Commercially available red or white wine, 14% ethanol, or 10% peptone meal was intragastrically administered to dogs with vagally denervated Heidenhain pouches. Gastric acid secretion was stimulated by both red and white wines (25-50 ml) for 45-60 min. While S-0509 only tended to inhibit wine-stimulated gastric acid secretion, both atropine and famotidine significantly inhibited wine-stimulated gastric acid secretion. Plasma gastrin level was not significantly increased by administration of red and white wines. Administration of 14% ethanol also stimulated gastric acid secretion, but the effect was about half of that of wine. Combined administration of wine and peptone resulted in a biphasic stimulation of gastric acid secretion. S-0509, atropine and famotidine significantly inhibited wine+peptone meal stimulation, yet the order of inhibition of cumulative acid secretion was in the order, famotidine>atropine>S-0509. It was concluded that wine stimulated gastric acid secretion in denervated dogs via acethylcholine- and histamine-dependent mechanisms, but nearly independent from the intervention of gastrin.     

Stimulatory effects of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats

We previously reported the stimulatory effect of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on gastric acid secretion in the isolated mouse whole stomach and histamine release from gastric histamine-containing cells. In the present study, we investigated the effects of endogenous and exogenous NO on gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats. Acid secretion was studied in gastric-cannulated rats stimulated with several secretagogues under urethane anesthesia. The acid secretory response to the muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol (2 mg/kg, s.c.), the cholecystokinin(2) receptor agonist pentagastrin (20 microg/kg, s.c.) or the centrally acting secretagogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (200 mg/kg, i.v.) was dose-dependently inhibited by the NO synthase inhibitor N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 10 or 50 mg/kg, i.v.). This inhibitory effect of L-NNA was reversed by a substrate of NO synthase, L-arginine (200 mg/kg, i.v.), but not by D-arginine. The histamine H(2) receptor antagonist famotidine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) completely inhibited the acid secretory response to bethanechol, pentagastrin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose, showing that all of these secretagogues induced gastric acid secretion mainly through histamine release from gastric enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells). On the other hand, histamine (10 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced gastric acid secretion was not inhibited by pretreatment with L-NNA. The NO donor sodium nitroprusside (0.3-3 mg/kg, i.v.) also dose-dependently induced an increase in acid secretion. The sodium nitroprusside-induced gastric acid secretion was significantly inhibited by famotidine or by the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue (50 mg/kg, i.v.). These results suggest that NO is involved in the gastric acid secretion mediated by histamine release from gastric ECL cells.     

Ghrelin stimulates gastric emptying but is without effect on acid secretion and gastric endocrine cells

Ghrelin, a recently discovered peptide hormone, is produced by endocrine cells in the stomach, the so-called A-like cells. Ghrelin binds to the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor and releases GH. It is claimed to be orexigenic and to control gastric acid secretion and gastric motility. In this study, we examined the effects of ghrelin, des-Gln¹⁴-ghrelin, des-octanoyl ghrelin, ghrelin-18, -10 and -5 (and motilin) on gastric emptying in mice and on gastric acid secretion in chronic fistula rats and pylorus-ligated rats. We also examined whether ghrelin affected the activity of the predominant gastric endocrine cell populations, G cells, ECL cells and D cells. Ghrelin and des-Gln¹⁴-ghrelin stimulated gastric emptying in a dose-dependent manner while des-octanoyl ghrelin and motilin were without effect. The C-terminally truncated ghrelin fragments were effective but much less potent than ghrelin itself. Ghrelin, des-Gln¹⁴-ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin neither stimulated nor inhibited gastric acid secretion, and ghrelin, finally, did not affect secretion from either G cells, ECL cells or D cells.     

Dual mode regulation of migration by lysophosphatidic acid in human gastric cancer cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which interacts with at least three G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), LPA1/Edg-2, LPA2/Edg-4, and LPA3/Edg-7, is a lipid mediator with diverse effects on various cells. Here, we investigated the expression profiles of LPA receptors and patterns of LPA-induced migration in gastric cancer cells. Northern blot analysis revealed that various gastric cancer cells expressed variable levels of LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 without a consistent pattern. Using a Boyden chamber assay, LPA markedly increased cell migration of LPA1-expressing cells, the effects of which were almost totally abrogated by Ki16425, an LPA antagonist against LPA1 and LPA3. In contrast, LPA by itself did not significantly induce migration in MKN28 and MKN74 cells, which exclusively expressed LPA2. However, when hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was placed with LPA in the lower chamber, LPA induced migration of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that LPA induced transient tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Met in LPA2-expressing cells, which suggests that the transactivation of c-Met by LPA causes a cooperative migratory response with HGF to these cells. Our results indicate that LPA regulates the migration of gastric cancer cells in a receptor-specific manner and suggest that the expression pattern of LPA receptors may affect the metastatic behavior of gastric cancer.     

A model for the study of Helicobacter pylori interaction with human gastric acid secretion

We present a comprehensive mathematical model describing Helicobacter pylori interaction with the human gastric acid secretion system. We use the model to explore host and bacterial conditions that allow persistent infection to develop and be maintained. Our results show that upon colonization, there is a transient period (day 1-20 post-infection) prior to the establishment of persistence. During this period, changes to host gastric physiology occur including elevations in positive effectors of acid secretion (such as gastrin and histamine). This is promoted by reduced somatostatin levels, an inhibitor of acid release. We suggest that these changes comprise compensatory mechanisms aimed at restoring acid to pre-infection levels. We also show that ammonia produced by bacteria sufficiently buffers acid promoting bacteria survival and growth.     

Coordinated regulation of gastric chloride secretion with both acid and alkali secretion

Gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid requires protons and chloride, yet the mechanisms and regulation of gastric chloride secretion remain unclear. We developed an in vivo technique to simultaneously measure acid/base and chloride secretion into the gastric lumen of anesthetized rats. The cannulated stomach lumen was perfused with weakly pH-buffered chloride-free solution containing a chloride-sensitive fluorophore [5 microM N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE)]. Gastric acid and chloride secretion was detected in gastric effluents by 1) flow-through pH electrode and 2) MQAE fluorescence. Gastric effluent was also collected at 1-min intervals for independent determination of chloride amount by chloridometer. In all conditions, both optical and chemical determinations of chloride report similar amounts of secreted chloride. During luminal perfusion with pH 5 solution, net acid and chloride secretion into the lumen was observed. Pentagastrin stimulated both secretions. In contrast, proton pump inhibition (omeprazole) caused alkalinization of the gastric effluent, but chloride secretion was not diminished. During luminal pH 3 perfusion, net alkali secretion was observed, and chloride secretion at luminal pH 3 was greater than pH 5. When tissue is pretreated with omeprazole at luminal pH 3, the addition of prostaglandin E2 synchronously stimulates both alkali and chloride secretion. Results suggest that both acid and alkali secretions are separately coupled with chloride secretion.     

Structure-activity studies with cholecystokinin on gastric secretion in the cat

The influence of the position of the sulphate group in CCK on its gastric acid and pepsin stimulating activities was investigated in conscious cats with gastric fistulae. In Boc-CCK7, substitution of tyrosine-SO₃H by ε-hydroxynorleucine-SO₃H, an aliphatic amino acid approximating the length of tyrosine, enhanced acid secretory potency, whilst similar substitution by serine-SO₃H reduced potency, possibly due to the serine residue holding the sulphate group closer to the peptide backbone. Desulphation of Ser-CCK6 reduced acid secretory potency indicating that the known loss of potency upon desulphation of CCK-like peptides is not wholly dependent upon the presence of tyrosine residue in position 7. Sulphated CCK-like peptides are partial agonists of pepsin secretion, and desulphation confers full agonist activity. Analogues of CCK with serine or ε-hydroxynorleucine substituting for tyrosine, whether sulphated or not, showed full agonist activity in stimulating pepsin secretion. These data suggest the presence of the aromatic tyrosine residue, as well as sulphation, to be a necessary prerequisite for pepsin partial agonist activity in CCK-like peptides.