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全球气候变化不仅给人类社会可持续发展带来严峻挑战,而且严重威胁到生物多样性及生态安全。我国是生物多样性最为丰富的国家之一,气候变化已经在对动物分布、行为和迁移,植物物候、植被和群落结构等方面造成了影响,并增加了珍稀濒危物种的灭绝风险,同时对生态系统的功能方面也造成了明显影响。未来气候变化将成为生物多样性丧失的主要驱动力之一。世界很多国家都在制定生物多样性适应气候变化的策略和采取适应行动,加强生物多样性的保护。本文在分析国外适应策略的基础上,结合中国生物多样性的现状,提出了适应气候变化的策略建议,包括制定生物多样性适应气候变化的国家战略,开展气候变化对生物多样性的影响监测和评估,针对敏感物种的就地保护和迁地保护,针对气候变化将导致退化生态系统开展恢复与重建,重点关注生物多样性适应气候变化优先区的保护,通过科学研究和国际合作,促进生物多样性适应气候变化技术的提高,期望为我国生物多样性保护和应对气候变化提供支持。 相似文献
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应对气候变化和保护生物多样性是2大全球性热点环境问题。气候变化导致物种多样性丧失、生态系统服务降低和区域生态安全屏障功能受损,威胁到中国国土生态安全格局和生态脆弱区域的可持续发展,给生物多样性保护带来新的挑战。做好生物多样性保护适应气候变化的风险管理工作,既是生物多样性应对气候变化风险的必要措施,也是减缓气候变化的重要途径。结合爱知目标10的实现情况,分析了欧盟、澳大利亚、美国等发达国家发布的生物多样性适应气候变化技术政策制定情况、中国生物多样性应对气候变化进展情况,剖析了中国生物多样性保护适应气候变化存在的问题,包括生物多样性应对气候变化的科学认知亟待提高、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设不足、自然保护地之间缺乏适应气候变化的生态廊道网络、生物多样性保护适应气候变化的技术标准缺乏。研究提出了中国生物多样性应对气候变化的适应性管理策略,包括制定《中国生物多样性保护协同应对气候变化的国家方案》、加强生物多样性保护适应气候变化的能力建设、开展自然保护区适应气候变化的风险管理试点、强化生物多样性应对气候变化的科技支撑,以期为推进纳入气候变化风险管理的生物多样性保护工作提供决策依据。 相似文献
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气候变化与生物多样性丧失是人类社会正在经历的两大变化。气候变化影响生物多样性的方方面面, 是导致生物多样性丧失的一个主要驱动因子; 反过来, 生物多样性丧失会加剧气候变化。因此, 阻止甚至扭转气候变化和生物多样性丧失是当前人类社会亟需解决的全球性问题,但我们对气候变化与生物多样性之间的复杂关系和反馈机制尚缺乏清晰认识。本文总结了近年气候变化与生物多样性变化的研究进展, 重点概述了不同组织层次、空间尺度和维度的生物多样性对气候变化的响应和反馈等相关领域的研究进展和存在的主要问题。结果发现多数研究关注气候变化对生物多样性的直接影响, 涉及到生物多样性的不同组织层次、维度和营养级, 但针对气候变化间接影响的研究仍然较少, 机理研究同样需要加强; 生物多样性对生态系统功能影响的环境依赖和尺度推演、生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的作用机理和量化方法是当前研究面临的挑战; 生物多样性对生态系统响应气候变化的作用机制尚无统一的认识; 生物多样性对气候变化的正、负反馈效应是国内外研究的盲点。最后, 本文展望了未来发展方向和需要解决的关键科学问题, 包括多因子气候变化对生物多样性的影响; 减缓和适应气候变化的措施如何惠益于生物多样性保护; 生物多样性与生态系统功能的理论如何应用到现实世界; 生物多样性保护对实现碳中和目标的贡献。 相似文献
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生物多样性主流化已经成为国际共识。为落实\"昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架\"关于推动生物多样性主流化、创新政策工具和解决方案的具体要求, 中国政府2024年更新发布《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》, 将生物多样性主流化设置为首要优先行动领域, 并首次部署企业生物多样性保护这一优先行动, 旨在引导企业发挥积极作用, 共同遏制生物多样性丧失。围绕国内工商业生物多样性保护面临的法规机制缺失、信息披露水平低、技术标准空白、科研支撑薄弱等问题, 采用文献综述、跨国比较研究和典型案例解构方法, 系统梳理全球工商业生物多样性保护战略演变和政策工具发展动态, 重点解析欧盟生物多样性立法、英国生物多样性净收益政策、巴西私人保护区实践经验。在此基础上研究提出四点对策建议: (1)构建统一的企业生物多样性保护行动框架, (2)建立强制性与激励性结合的企业生物多样性信息披露机制, (3)完善基于生态产品价值实现的生物多样性可持续利用机制, (4)培育政府-企业-社区多方合作的协同治理机制, 以期为国家生物多样性现代化治理提供借鉴参考。 相似文献
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生物多样性丧失和气候变化是全球面临的共同挑战。生物多样性丧失加剧了气候变暖进程,同时,气候变化也加剧生物多样性丧失,二者之间是耦合关系,应当将应对气候变化和保护生物多样性视为相辅相成的两个目标,实现生物多样性与气候变化的协同治理。《联合国气候变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)和联合国《生物多样性公约》(Convention on Biological Diversity, CBD)都注意到生物多样性和气候变化之间的重要联系,二者存在相互交叉的议题。故本文从国际公约的角度出发,梳理了UNFCCC中生物多样性相关议题的谈判焦点与发展、CBD中气候变化相关议题的谈判焦点与发展以及二者履约机制的协同现状;总结出国际法视野下生物多样性与气候变化协同治理所面临的困难:(1) UNFCCC对生物多样性议题的回应不足;(2) CBD对气候变化议题单向回应;(3) UNFCCC与CBD履约机制分割显著;(4)防范生物多样性丧失与应对气候变化的制度措施之间的冲突。基于此,本文以整体系统观为理论基石,提... 相似文献
6.
IPBES框架下的生物多样性和生态系统服务区域评估及政策经验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物多样性和生态系统服务为人类的生计和良好的生活质量奠定了重要基础。然而, 越来越多的研究表明, 生物多样性和生态系统服务在全球范围内的持续下降使自然对人类的贡献大幅降低。多尺度评估能够说明不同尺度下生物多样性的现状, 有利于制定适合区域特点、符合国情的决策建议。2013年12月, 生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, IPBES)通过第一轮工作方案, 决定开展“区域/次区域生物多样性和生态系统服务评估”(简称“区域评估”), 即评估亚洲-太平洋(简称亚太)、美洲、非洲以及欧洲-中亚四大地理区域的生物多样性和生态系统服务。区域评估报告及其决策者摘要已在IPBES第六次全体会议上(2018年3月, 哥伦比亚麦德林)审议通过。本文概述了四大地理区域的生物多样性的重要性、生物多样性保护领域取得的进展、面临的主要危机和机遇, 探讨了评估对其他国际进程的影响, 综合分析了各区域生物多样性和生态系统服务的特点以及各区域评估结果的差别, 总结了评估的政策经验, 以期为中国的生物多样性保护提供科学参考。 相似文献
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生物多样性与人类生活密切相关.近年来不断加剧的人类活动,对生物多样性造成了严重破坏.已有研究表明,地球上的物种正以前所未有的速度丧失.为了遏止这种状况,目前,世界上许多国际组织和国家都对生物多样性及其相关问题展开研究,并制定了与生物多样性保护相关的法规和战略计划,也采取了许多保护生物多样性的行动.DIVERSITAS是国际全球环境变化(GEC)四大研究计划之一,也是生物多样性领域最大的国际科学计划, DIVERSITAS于2001年开始启动了第Ⅱ阶段研究并确定了新的核心研究计划和跨学科交叉网络计划.世界自然保护联盟(The World Conservation Union,IUCN)在2008年发布了<塑造可持续的未来:IUCN 2009～2012年计划>,提出了5个优先主题领域.欧盟于2006年通过了一项保护生物多样性的新战略--<2010年及未来阻止生物多样性丧失:人类福祉的可持续生态服务>.此外,很多国际/国家基金组织还发起了一些全球性的生物多样性计划,如国际海洋生物普查计划、生命之树计划、国际生命条码计划等.本文对上述生物多样性保护和研究的国际计划予以概要介绍和评述,并指出当前国际上生物多样性研究的主要热点,即:生物多样性变化与生态系统功能;生物多样性和生态系统服务的价值评估;生物多样性与气候变化;生物多样性长期动态监测;生物多样性的评价指标等. 相似文献
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人类健康和生物多样性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1 人类健康和生物多样性之间的关系当前 ,科学家们开始关注人类健康和其他物种健康之间关系。本文拟介绍植物、动物和微生物支持人类健康的一些方式 ,以及生物多样性提供的“生态系统服务”,这一“生态系统服务”使所有生命 ,包括人类能够生存于地球上。随着物种的继续灭绝 ,在今后几十年里了解它们之间的联系对任何关注健康的人将变得越来越重要。1.1 潜在的医药 正在失去的植物、动物和微生物 ,可能大多数还没有被发现但却可以作为有价值的新医药。只有约 15 0万种物种已被记录 ,但科学家认为物种数目应是已做记录物种数目的 10倍甚至… 相似文献
10.
中国是生物多样性最丰富、受威胁最严重的国家之一, 需要投入大量资金来保护生物多样性, 仅依靠国内资金开展生物多样性工作将对国家造成一定经济负担。依托全球环境基金(Global Environment Facility, GEF)管理的昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架基金(简称“框架基金”), 将为包括中国在内的发展中国家提供更多资金支持。本文梳理了全球环境基金管理政策和项目审批流程, 比较分析了框架基金与全球环境基金的异同, 并结合以往中国全球环境基金生物多样性领域资金使用情况, 从3个层面提出了具体建议。在国际层面, 提出延长框架基金运行期限、加强框架基金与昆明生物多样性基金协同, 在政府层面, 提出加强指导与宣传、研究确定国内支持领域, 在项目申报策略层面, 提出研判项目申报方向和额度、加强与重要利益相关方沟通, 以期为利益相关方开展管理和申报工作提供参考。 相似文献
11.
Delong Li Shuyao Wu Laibao Liu Yatong Zhang Shuangcheng Li 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(9):4095-4106
Climate change has far‐reaching impacts on ecosystems. Recent attempts to quantify such impacts focus on measuring exposure to climate change but largely ignore ecosystem resistance and resilience, which may also affect the vulnerability outcomes. In this study, the relative vulnerability of global terrestrial ecosystems to short‐term climate variability was assessed by simultaneously integrating exposure, sensitivity, and resilience at a high spatial resolution (0.05°). The results show that vulnerable areas are currently distributed primarily in plains. Responses to climate change vary among ecosystems and deserts and xeric shrublands are the most vulnerable biomes. Global vulnerability patterns are determined largely by exposure, while ecosystem sensitivity and resilience may exacerbate or alleviate external climate pressures at local scales; there is a highly significant negative correlation between exposure and sensitivity. Globally, 61.31% of the terrestrial vegetated area is capable of mitigating climate change impacts and those areas are concentrated in polar regions, boreal forests, tropical rainforests, and intact forests. Under current sensitivity and resilience conditions, vulnerable areas are projected to develop in high Northern Hemisphere latitudes in the future. The results suggest that integrating all three aspects of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity, and resilience) may offer more comprehensive and spatially explicit adaptation strategies to reduce the impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. 相似文献
12.
Julia L. Michalak Joshua J. Lawler John E. Gross Michelle C. Agne Robert L. Emmet Hsin-Wu Hsu Vivian Griffey 《Conservation Science and Practice》2022,4(7):e12703
Climate change poses significant challenges to protected area management globally. Anticipatory climate adaptation planning relies on vulnerability assessments that identify parks and resources at risk from climate change and associated vulnerability drivers. However, there is currently little understanding of where and how protected area assessments have been conducted and what assessment approaches best inform park management. To address this knowledge gap, we systematically evaluated climate-change vulnerability assessments of natural resources in U.S. National Parks. We categorized the spatial scale, resources, methods, and handling of uncertainty for each assessment and mapped which parks have assessments and for what resources. We found that a few broad-scale assessments provide baseline information—primarily regarding physical climate change exposure—for all parks and can support regional to national decisions. However, finer-scale assessments are required to inform decisions for individual or small groups of parks. Only 10% of parks had park-specific assessments describing key climate impacts and identifying priority resource vulnerabilities, and 37% lacked any regional or park-specific assessments. We identify assessment approaches that match the scale and objectives of different protected area management decisions and recommend a multi-scaled approach to implementing assessments to meet the information needs of a large, protected area network like the National Park system. 相似文献
13.
Jos�� M. Montoya Dave Raffaelli 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2010,365(1549):2013-2018
Climate change is real. The wrangling debates are over, and we now need to move onto a predictive ecology that will allow managers of landscapes and policy makers to adapt to the likely changes in biodiversity over the coming decades. There is ample evidence that ecological responses are already occurring at the individual species (population) level. The challenge is how to synthesize the growing list of such observations with a coherent body of theory that will enable us to predict where and when changes will occur, what the consequences might be for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and what we might do practically in order to maintain those systems in as good condition as possible. It is thus necessary to investigate the effects of climate change at the ecosystem level and to consider novel emergent ecosystems composed of new species assemblages arising from differential rates of range shifts of species. Here, we present current knowledge on the effects of climate change on biotic interactions and ecosystem services supply, and summarize the papers included in this volume. We discuss how resilient ecosystems are in the face of the multiple components that characterize climate change, and suggest which current ecological theories may be used as a starting point to predict ecosystem-level effects of climate change. 相似文献
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Stefan Gößling‐Reisemann Jakob Wachsmuth Sönke Stührmann Arnim von Gleich 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2013,17(6):846-858
In this article, we present methodology and results of a vulnerability assessment of the energy system of the metropolitan region Bremen‐Oldenburg in Northwest Germany. This work is part of the regional climate adaptation project “nordwest2050” aiming at innovative solutions toward a climate‐proof and resilient region. Methodologically, we extended the established vulnerability assessment based on climate change impacts by a structural analysis, highlighting general weaknesses of the metropolitan energy system. Our findings indicate that the structural vulnerabilities of the energy system around Bremen‐Oldenburg pose a greater threat to maintaining the system's services than climate change itself. Climate‐change–based vulnerabilities, however, aggravate many of the structural vulnerabilities and therefore demand attention in their own right. The structural vulnerabilities mainly originate from political and regulatory uncertainties, turbulent market conditions, conflicts along the supply chains, and the current dynamics in the energy sector induced by increased climate mitigation efforts. One of our main conclusions is thus that the metropolitan energy system's capabilities to handle turbulence, perturbations, and surprises must be improved. This will also help in reducing the climate‐change vulnerabilities, because such a system is better equipped when facing currently hard‐to‐predict changes in climate parameters. The results of the assessment described here will be used as the starting point to find options for innovations toward a climate‐proof and resilient energy system for the region in the course of the remaining project. 相似文献
16.
Siobhan McDonnell 《Anthropological Forum》2020,30(1-2):55-72
ABSTRACT Oceanic people and places are increasingly labelled as either ‘resilient’ or ‘vulnerable’ to disasters and climate change. Resilience is often described in disaster discourse as a strategy designed to overcome vulnerability by helping communities to ‘bounce back’ in the wake of ‘natural’ disasters. Using ethnographic research conducted with Community Disaster and Climate Change Committees (CDCs) in Vanuatu in the wake of Tropical Cyclone Pam, this paper seeks to problematise disaster responses that see the ‘community’ as a space to be acted upon by outsiders, or where people will respond in a unified way to the challenges of rebuilding after disaster. Using political ecology framings this paper critiques the ideas of resilience that appear entrenched in community-based disaster and climate change adaptation discourse and practice in Oceania. Rather than presupposing resilience or vulnerability, this paper details the dispersal and distribution power and agency amongst individual actors and groups that either supported or manipulated, the distribution of goods by Community Disaster Committees. In this way, it moves beyond the limitations of conceptual framings of resilience in disaster management and climate change into a more considered appraisal of power, by exploring what James Ferguson has termed ‘the politics of distribution’ in the context of disaster. 相似文献
17.
Brooke L. Bateman Lotem Taylor Chad Wilsey Joanna Wu Geoffrey S. LeBaron Gary Langham 《Conservation Science and Practice》2020,2(8):e243
Climate change is a significant threat to biodiversity globally. Here, we assessed the risk to 544 birds in the United States from future climate change-related threats under a mitigation-dependent global warming scenario of 1.5°C and an unmitigated scenario of 3.0°C. Threats considered included sea level rise, human land cover conversion, and extreme weather events. We identified potential impacts to individual species by overlaying future bird ranges with threats to calculate the proportion of species' ranges affected, and mapped a place-based index of risk based on hazard (coincident threats), exposure (potential species richness), and vulnerability (potential richness of vulnerable species). Extreme weather events had the most extensive spatial coverage and contribution to risk, but urbanization and sea level rise also had disproportionate impacts on species relative to their coverage. With unmitigated climate change, multiple coincident threats affected over 88% of the area of the conterminous United States, and 97% of species could be affected by two or more climate-related threats. Some habitat groups will see up to 96% of species facing three or more threats. Species of conservation concern also faced more threats regardless of climate change scenario. However, climate change mitigation would reduce risk to birds from climate change-related threats across over 90% of the US. 相似文献
18.
Danijela Markovic Savrina F. Carrizo Oskar Kärcher Ariane Walz Jonathan N. W. David 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(9):3567-3580
Climate change is expected to exacerbate the current threats to freshwater ecosystems, yet multifaceted studies on the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater biodiversity at scales that inform management planning are lacking. The aim of this study was to fill this void through the development of a novel framework for assessing climate change vulnerability tailored to freshwater ecosystems. The three dimensions of climate change vulnerability are as follows: (i) exposure to climate change, (ii) sensitivity to altered environmental conditions and (iii) resilience potential. Our vulnerability framework includes 1685 freshwater species of plants, fishes, molluscs, odonates, amphibians, crayfish and turtles alongside key features within and between catchments, such as topography and connectivity. Several methodologies were used to combine these dimensions across a variety of future climate change models and scenarios. The resulting indices were overlaid to assess the vulnerability of European freshwater ecosystems at the catchment scale (18 783 catchments). The Balkan Lakes Ohrid and Prespa and Mediterranean islands emerge as most vulnerable to climate change. For the 2030s, we showed a consensus among the applied methods whereby up to 573 lake and river catchments are highly vulnerable to climate change. The anthropogenic disruption of hydrological habitat connectivity by dams is the major factor reducing climate change resilience. A gap analysis demonstrated that the current European protected area network covers <25% of the most vulnerable catchments. Practical steps need to be taken to ensure the persistence of freshwater biodiversity under climate change. Priority should be placed on enhancing stakeholder cooperation at the major basin scale towards preventing further degradation of freshwater ecosystems and maintaining connectivity among catchments. The catchments identified as most vulnerable to climate change provide preliminary targets for development of climate change conservation management and mitigation strategies. 相似文献
19.
Heather M. Yocum Deanna Metivier Sassorossi Andrea J. Ray 《Conservation Science and Practice》2022,4(3):e608
Assessing how climate change information is used in conservation planning is an important part of meeting long-term conservation and climate adaptation goals. In the United States, state agencies responsible for fish and wildlife management create State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAPs) to identify conservation goals, prioritize actions, and establish plans for managing and monitoring target species and habitats. We created a rubric to assess and compare the use of climate change information in SWAPs for 10 states in the Intermountain West and Great Plains. Interviews with SWAP authors identified institutional factors influencing applications of climate change information. Access to professional networks and climate scientists, funding support for climate change vulnerability analysis, Congressional mandates to include climate change, and supportive agency leadership facilitate using climate change information. Political climate could either support or limit options for using this information. Together, the rubric and the interview results can be used to identify opportunities to improve the use of climate information, and to identify entry points to support conservation planning and natural resource managers in successful adaptation to climate change. This research is directly relevant to future SWAP revisions, which most states will complete by 2025, and more broadly to other conservation planning processes. 相似文献
20.
Terrestrial models and global change: challenges for the future 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
George C. Hurtt PauL. R. Moorcroft Stephen W. Pacala and Simon A. Levin 《Global Change Biology》1998,4(5):581-590
A wide variety of models have illustrated the potential importance of terrestrial biological feedbacks on climate and climate change; yet our ability to make precise predictions is severely limited, due to a high degree of uncertainty. In this paper, after briefly reviewing current models, we present challenges for new terrestrial models and introduce a simple mechanistic approach that may complement existing approaches. 相似文献