生物多样性数据论文发表趋势分析

近年来有关科学数据共享的呼声越来越高, 基于同行评审的生物多样性数据论文也受到越来越多的关注, 并出现了一些专门发表数据论文的数据期刊。本文总结了近年来生物多样性数据发表方面的进展, 选择两本代表性数据期刊(Biodiversity Data Journal和Scientific Data), 分析了它们自创刊以来的发文数量、涉及生物类群、文章浏览量和被引次数等指标。结果显示两本数据期刊的发文量都呈稳步增长趋势, 其生物多样性数据论文覆盖了包括动物界、植物界、真菌界在内的众多生物类群, 文章浏览量和被引次数方面也有可喜的表现, 说明数据论文正在被越来越多的研究者所接受。对文章作者国别的分析则显示了不同地区的研究者在发表生物多样性数据论文或数据共享方面的不均衡。建议相关领域的中国研究者和期刊关注生物多样性数据论文和数据共享政策, 更多地践行数据共享。     

2006—2009年《动物学研究》发表论文被SCI期刊引用情况

近期,本所图书馆通过Web of Knowledge中的Web of Science,在SCI-e上检索到2006—2009年《动物学研究》发表论文共有65篇被SCI期刊引用,其引用的SCI期刊有71种(见附录1),总引次数为109     

Scratchpads 2.0:互联网时代的生物多样性虚拟研究环境

Scratchpads 2.0系统是支持在线环境下生物多样性基础数据的创建、管理和高效利用的虚拟研究平台。本文对该系统的研发背景和现状、系统使用的关键特征(包括个人数据和在线资源的动态整合机制、多语言内容的创建和管理、系统使用授权、动态数据追踪、团队协作,以及数据论文的发表机制),以及系统开发和管理者关心的主要技术问题(包括系统安装和高效维护管理、分布式系统架构、模块化开发和管理机制、相关的技术标准)进行了介绍。并针对与Scratchpads 2.0相关的生物多样性信息工具研发和应用的问题进行了讨论。Scratchpads准确的角色定位、学科业务需求的深度挖掘和优越的技术实现,决定了它是网络时代分类学研究的重要基础设施之一,将为世界在线植物志的实现提供重要的技术基础。     

微生物群落结构和多样性研究

当前,由于基因组研究技术的发展,微生物学作为生命科学的一门经典学科面临着学科大发展的历史机遇.权威的美国<科学>杂志在2005年年底的1期杂志中预测,微生物学将是2006年有可能取得重要进展的科学领域之一.该杂志表示,随着从诸如土壤、人肠道黏膜这样的复杂样品中提取DNA方法的优化,微生物的难以置信的多样性正在逐渐被人们所认识.2006年,将有大量的有关论文发表,内容将涉及微生物群落进化和分子机制、各种有益或致病性的微生物与其宿主间的关系、微生物种间横向基因转移的细节,甚至有可能形成1个统一的微生物进化树,并对真核细胞产生的过程有更加清晰的认识[链接1].事实上,2006年新年伊始,就有一批有关论文在权威杂志发表.     

生物多样性与传染性疾病的关系: 进展、挑战与展望

在全球生物多样性快速丧失的背景下, 理解生物多样性如何影响传染性疾病风险具有重要意义。大量研究表明, 宿主多样性对传染性疾病可能存在稀释效应(即疾病风险随宿主生物多样性的增加而降低), 但是也有放大效应或者没有影响的证据。本文首先介绍了关于生物多样性与传染性疾病关系的研究进展, 以及该领域的热点研究问题, 包括宿主多样性-疾病关系的格局和空间依赖性、稀释效应的体系依赖性和系统发育稀释效应等。随后,介绍了相关研究伴随的争议和批判, 主要集中在: 稀释效应发生的普遍性、生物多样性-疾病关系实验研究的发表偏好性以及部分疾病生态学家对生物多样性和传染性疾病之间简单数字关系的过分关注。最后指出稀释效应与物种共存、全球变化对稀释效应的影响、进化与稀释效应、稀释效应在政策制定中的应用等领域可能是今后的主要研究方向。     

IPBES: 生物多样性领域的IPCC

<正>2012年4月23日对于全球生物多样性保护而言是个特别值得纪念的日子。经过六年的艰苦磋商和谈判,生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台     

“基于自然的解决方案”应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化:进展、挑战和建议

“基于自然的解决方案”(nature-based solutions, NbS)是协同应对生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球环境挑战的热点途径之一,但在国际环境条约谈判中尚存在争议。本文系统梳理了世界自然保护大会(WCC)、联合国环境大会(UNEA)、《生物多样性公约》(CBD)缔约方大会和《联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)缔约方大会关于NbS的相关决议和决定,以及主要缔约方的立场发言,旨在分析NbS的国际进展和挑战,并结合我国国情提出应对建议。在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)等国际组织和欧盟及其成员国的积极推动下, WCC和UNEA就NbS定义和标准制定取得积极进展。而在CBD和UNFCCC相关谈判进程中,缔约方对NbS意见不一。除了缺乏各方一致认可的NbS定义、实施路径等技术原因外,可能的因素包括发展中大国担忧发达国家通过界定Nb S路径范围限制其自然资源开发和生物产业发展;或将“减缓”责任从UNFCCC过渡到CBD,并转嫁给生物多样性丰富的发展中国家;以及模糊气候与生物多样性行动和资金的边界,减少发展中国家争取生物多样性领域国际公共资金的机会。我国是NbS的积极践行者,已将Nb...     

中国生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估方法

我国高度重视生物多样性保护,而开展本底调查是生物多样性保护的基础。但以往研究对苔藓、生物多样性相关传统知识等关注不够,而且调查大部分集中在生物多样性丰富区域。随着我国社会经济的快速发展,全国土地利用格局和生态环境发生了巨大变化,已有的部分调查成果数据与实际情况不符,难以满足我国生物多样性保护管理需求,因此亟待组织开展全国生物多样性调查与评估工作。在整理历史和现有生物多样性调查技术的基础上,推荐采用网格法开展全国生物多样性调查,按照10 km×10 km分辨率,将全国划分为97109个调查网格;制定了陆生高等植物、植被、陆生哺乳动物、鸟类、两栖类和爬行类、昆虫、大型真菌、内陆鱼类、内陆浮游生物、内陆大型底栖无脊椎动物、内陆周丛藻类以及生物多样性相关传统知识12个类群县域生物多样性调查评估技术规定;建立了全国统一、动态更新、信息共享的生物多样性数据库和信息化管理平台。从调查内容规范、评估指标体系和技术要求等方面探讨了陆域生态系统与物种调查、重点河流水生生物调查、重点物种调查、生物多样性相关传统知识调查技术方法,并构建生物多样性综合评估指标体系,规范了生物多样性保护优先区域生物多样性调查和评估。技术方法在横断山南、武陵山、太行山、西双版纳等生物多样性保护优先区域得到应用,同时北京、江苏、浙江和湖北等省份和祁连山、武夷山等区域也采用该技术体系开展调查,网格法得到逐步推广,并获得大量的生物多样性基础数据,为我国生物多样性保护和可持续利用、生物多样性公约履约等提供了基础数据。     

英文刊物科技论文撰写与发表技巧系列研讨会

为了促进我国生态与环境科学研究者撰写英语研究论文的水平,同时进一步提高我国科技期刊的质量,从多层面为中国生态环境科学研究和科技期刊编辑出版提供更开阔的思路,增强科研人员和科技期刊主编及编委在国际和我国科技前沿的学术交流能力,中国科学院植物研究所、美国生态学会亚洲分会和Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment杂志联合主办,     

《微生物学免疫学进展》关于稿件优先数字出版的启事

为缩短学术论文发表周期,提高学术论文的时效性和影响力,争取创新性科研成果的首发权,《微生物学免疫学进展》于2012年1月与中国知网(CNKI)签订了《学术期刊优先数字出版合作协议》。“优先数字出版”是以印刷版期刊录用稿件为出版内容,先于印刷版期刊出版日期的数字出版方式,属于正式出版范畴。本刊采用单篇发表模式,即将录用论文在正式印刷出版前以数字出版。自稿件优先数字出版之日起,即可在CNKI全文数据库全文检索并下载该稿件。     

Changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation: from species protection to regional sustainability

Biodiversity is the basis for ecosystem goods and services that provide for human survival and prosperity. With a rapidly increasing human population and its demands for natural resources, landscapes are being fragmented, habitats are being destroyed, and biodiversity is declining. How can biodiversity be effectively conserved in the face of increasing human pressures? In this paper, Ⅰ review changing perspectives on biodiversity conservation, and discuss their relevance to the practice of biodiversity conservation. The major points include The notion of balance of nature is a myth rather than a scientific concept; the theory of island biogeography is useful heuristically but flawed practically; the SLOSS debate is intriguing in theory but irrelevant in reality; the concept of minimum viable population and population viability analysis are useful, but technically inefficient and conceptually inadequate; metapopulation theory is mathematically elegant but ecologically oversimplistic; and integrative perspectives and approaches for biodiversity conservation are needed that incorporate insights from landscape ecology and sustainability science. Ⅰ further discuss some key principles for regional conservation planning, and argue that the long-term success of biodiversity conservation in any region will ultimately depend on the economic and social sustainability of that region. Both research and practice in biodiversity conservation, therefore, need to adopt a broader perspective of sustainability.     

Climate change and freshwater biodiversity: detected patterns, future trends and adaptations in northern regions

Current rates of climate change are unprecedented, and biological responses to these changes have also been rapid at the levels of ecosystems, communities, and species. Most research on climate change effects on biodiversity has concentrated on the terrestrial realm, and considerable changes in terrestrial biodiversity and species’ distributions have already been detected in response to climate change. The studies that have considered organisms in the freshwater realm have also shown that freshwater biodiversity is highly vulnerable to climate change, with extinction rates and extirpations of freshwater species matching or exceeding those suggested for better‐known terrestrial taxa. There is some evidence that freshwater species have exhibited range shifts in response to climate change in the last millennia, centuries, and decades. However, the effects are typically species‐specific, with cold‐water organisms being generally negatively affected and warm‐water organisms positively affected. However, detected range shifts are based on findings from a relatively low number of taxonomic groups, samples from few freshwater ecosystems, and few regions. The lack of a wider knowledge hinders predictions of the responses of much of freshwater biodiversity to climate change and other major anthropogenic stressors. Due to the lack of detailed distributional information for most freshwater taxonomic groups and the absence of distribution‐climate models, future studies should aim at furthering our knowledge about these aspects of the ecology of freshwater organisms. Such information is not only important with regard to the basic ecological issue of predicting the responses of freshwater species to climate variables, but also when assessing the applied issue of the capacity of protected areas to accommodate future changes in the distributions of freshwater species. This is a huge challenge, because most current protected areas have not been delineated based on the requirements of freshwater organisms. Thus, the requirements of freshwater organisms should be taken into account in the future delineation of protected areas and in the estimation of the degree to which protected areas accommodate freshwater biodiversity in the changing climate and associated environmental changes.     

Born‐digital biodiversity data: Millions and billions

Given the dramatic pace of change of our planet, we need rapid collection of environmental data to document how species are coping and to evaluate the impact of our conservation interventions. To address this need, new classes of “born digital” biodiversity records are now being collected and curated many orders of magnitude faster than traditional data. In addition to the millions of citizen science observations of species that have been accumulating over the last decade, the last few years have seen a surge of sensor data, with eMammal's camera trap archive passing 1 million photo‐vouchered specimens and Movebank's animal tracking database recently passing 1.5 billion animal locations. Data from digital sensors have other advantages over visual citizen science observation in that the level of survey effort is intrinsically documented and they can preserve digital vouchers that can be used to verify species identity. These novel digital specimens are leading spatial ecology into the era of Big Data and will require a big tent of collaborating organizations to make these databases sustainable and durable. We urge institutions to recognize the future of born‐digital records and invest in proper curation and standards so we can make the most of these records to inform management, inspire conservation action and tell natural history stories about life on the planet.     

应用生态学的研究与发展趋势

国际上应用生态学于25－40年前诞生,是为了适应、服务于缓解西方发达国家当时日益恶化的环境污染与生态破坏问题的需要,随着学科的发展,应用生态学一直都把应用生态学原理致力于解决自然资源不断退化与严重的环境问题作为其研究的重点,21世纪的到来,人类步入了应用生态学时代,国际应用生态学主要发展特点表现为：更注重其应用性,屿工程学的相互交,特别注意与基础生态学的衔接性,全方位采用新方法与新技术,微观机理与宏观调控并行发展,中国应用生态学今后的学科建设,特别是在21世纪的发展,在注意与国际接轨并从中涉及精华的同时,要特别强调我国环境污染与生态破坏仍在恶化这一基本国情而开展研究和应用。     

Large expansion of oil industry in the Ecuadorian Amazon: biodiversity vulnerability and conservation alternatives

Ecuador will experience a significant expansion of the oil industry in its Amazonian region, one of the most biodiverse areas of the world. In view of the changes that are about to come, we explore the conflicts between oil extraction interests and biodiversity protection and apply systematic conservation planning to identify priority areas that should be protected in different oil exploitation scenarios. First, we quantified the current extent of oil blocks and protected zones and their overlap with two biodiversity indicators: 25 ecosystems and 745 species (whose distributions were estimated via species distribution models). With the new scheme of oil exploitation, oil blocks cover 68% (68,196 km²) of the Ecuadorian Amazon; half of it occupied by new blocks open for bids in the southern Amazon. This region is especially vulnerable to biodiversity losses, because peaks of species diversity, 19 ecosystems, and a third of its protected zones coincide spatially with oil blocks. Under these circumstances, we used Marxan software to identify priority areas for conservation outside oil blocks, but their coverage was insufficient to completely represent biodiversity. Instead, priority areas that include southern oil blocks provide a higher representation of biodiversity indicators. Therefore, preserving the southern Amazon becomes essential to improve the protection of Amazonian biodiversity in Ecuador, and avoiding oil exploitation in these areas (33% of the extent of southern oil blocks) should be considered a conservation alternative. Also, it is highly recommended to improve current oil exploitation technology to reduce environmental impacts in the region, especially within five oil blocks that we identified as most valuable for the conservation of biodiversity. The application of these and other recommendations depends heavily on the Ecuadorian government, which needs to find a better balance between the use of the Amazon resources and biodiversity conservation.     

Coastal-marine discontinuities and synergisms: implications for biodiversity conservation

Coastal-marine biodiversity conservation must focus increasingly at the level of the land- and seascape. Five cases illustrate discontinuities and synergisms and how system changes may take place. For Caribbean coral reefs, the result of overfishing and disease has been a shrinkage in the entire system, the effects of which may cascade through the coastal seascape. For Beringia, patterns of benthic diversity are best understood in a manner that matches the multiscale, integrated dynamics of weather, ice, marine mammal feeding, and community structure. In the case of US East Coast estuaries, oyster reefs may be keystone elements, with important effects on functional diversity. Large-scale coastal systems depend upon the connectivity of fresh and marine waters in the coastal zone, having implications for the apparent stochasticity of coastal fisheries. And, for a coastal barrier-lagoon site, a state change may be described in terms of a combination of succession, the attainment of a quasi-equilibrium state, and disturbance. A profound problem for conservation is that there is very little information about the relationship between species diversity and ecological function. Coastal-marine biodiversity conservation is best addressed at the level of the land- and seascape.     

Food security and marine capture fisheries: characteristics, trends, drivers and future perspectives

World population is expected to grow from the present 6.8 billion people to about 9 billion by 2050. The growing need for nutritious and healthy food will increase the demand for fisheries products from marine sources, whose productivity is already highly stressed by excessive fishing pressure, growing organic pollution, toxic contamination, coastal degradation and climate change. Looking towards 2050, the question is how fisheries governance, and the national and international policy and legal frameworks within which it is nested, will ensure a sustainable harvest, maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and adapt to climate change. This paper looks at global fisheries production, the state of resources, contribution to food security and governance. It describes the main changes affecting the sector, including geographical expansion, fishing capacity-building, natural variability, environmental degradation and climate change. It identifies drivers and future challenges, while suggesting how new science, policies and interventions could best address those challenges.