台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究回顾

台湾海峡位于中国福建和台湾岛之间, 其特殊的海洋环境使得其鱼类物种多样性水平较高并独具特色。本文综述了台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性研究的历程和成果。20世纪以来, 台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究可以划分为早期研究时期、研究起步时期、系统调查时期和综合研究时期4个阶段, 从最初以新种描述为主的零星报道, 到大规模系统性的综合调查和研究; 目前为止, 大陆文献共记录台湾海峡鱼类1390种, 台湾地区文献共记录鱼类1525种, 总计台湾海峡鱼类1697种。这些种类多数为暖水性广布种, 鱼类区系以印度-西太平洋暖水区的印度-马来亚区和中-日亚区过渡海区种为主; 今后台湾海峡鱼类物种多样性的研究应加强两岸合作, 并充分发挥数据库应用的优势地位。     

黄海鱼类组成、区系特征及历史变迁

本文根据中国科学院海洋研究所标本馆馆藏标本、采集记录及相关文献资料,分析了黄海鱼类的种类组成、区系特征和历史变迁.结果表明:黄海海域共出现鱼类113科321种.从适温类型来看,暖温性种类最多,有139种;暖水性种类次之-107种;冷温性种类70种;冷水性种类5种.从栖所类型来看,绝大多数为大陆架浅水底层鱼类,有193种,大陆架岩礁性、大陆架浅水中上层、大陆架浅水中底层、大陆架大洋洞游性中上层和大洋深水底层鱼类分别为41、34、29、15和9种.纵观历史文献资料,发现黄海鱼类群落结构和数量发生了很大变化,目前以鳀鱼占绝对优势,传统经济鱼类如小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)、太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)、太平洋鲱(Clupea pallasii)、蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)、鲐(Scomber japonicus)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)、镰鲳(ampus　echinogaster)、鲆鲽类等在渔获物中所占的比例降低,昔日占优势的大型经济鱼类,逐渐被小黄鱼幼鱼、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belangerii)、六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)、方氏云鳚(Pholis fangi)、玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)等经济价值较低的种类所取代,鱼类物种多样性和资源量呈下降趋势.因此,加强黄海渔业资源管理和多样性保护工作显得尤为重要.     

长江河口湿地鱼类的种类组成及多样性分析

为了解长江河口湿地鱼类种类组成的现状及变化趋势, 作者于2004–2007年间在长江河口湿地设置了33个采样站点, 采用多种调查网具对该水域的鱼类资源状况进行了较为系统的调查。共调查到鱼类123种, 隶属1纲18目46科。结合文献记录, 本地区共有鱼类208种, 隶属2纲22目67科。海鲢(Elops saurus)和印度小公鱼(Sardinella sindensis)为本地区的新记录种。鱼类组成以鲤形目和鲈形目为主; 生态型以淡水鱼类最多。长江南支、北支和口门区水域的种类组成存在一定的差异, 南支常见种以鲤形目鱼类为主, 而北支和口门区以鲈形目鱼类为主。与1990年以前的调查资料相比, 长江河口湿地鱼类物种数有所减少, 其中软骨鱼类和鲀科鱼类下降相对较多。一些重要经济种逐渐变为偶见种, 甚至成为濒危物种, 如鲥(Tenualosa reevesii)、前颌间银鱼(Hemisalanx prognathus)和暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)等。导致河口湿地鱼类物种多样性下降的主要原因可能是过度捕捞、水域污染和栖息地丧失等。     

黑龙江中游底层鱼类群落结构及多样性

2010—2011年采用定置网具和底层挂网对黑龙江中游底层鱼类进行调查。结果表明:采捕底层鱼类7目12科33属47种,其中外来移植鱼类1种,为湖拟鲤,列入《中国濒危动物红皮书.鱼类》的鱼类为施氏鲟、鳇、日本七鳃鳗和雷氏七鳃鳗4种;鲤形目种类最多,为31种,占调查物种总数的65.96%;黑龙江中游底层鱼类平均密度为139.00ind.m-3,平均生物量为344.58g.m-3;鱼类生态类型以河湖性和杂食性种类为主,群落优势种为兴凯鱊、光泽黄颡鱼、麦穗鱼、纵带鮠和银鲴等鱼类,优势种类中除鲇外,其他种类平均体重均小于30g;黑龙江底层鱼类群落的物种丰富度(D)、多样性指数(H’)和均匀度(J’)各断面均偏低,并存在一定程度的差异;黑龙江中游水质优良,大部分时期处于Ⅱ类水质以上水平,各断面鱼类种群多样性与营养盐及透明度等环境特征相关关系不明显,仅发现HW’与铵态氮和总氮呈显著正相关。     

舟山沿海软体动物的分布及其区系特点

舟山沿海软体动物223种。区系分析结果表明,以起源于亚热带、热带的暖水性种类占优势,有少数温带性种类渗入;外侧海域则有大量热带性较强的种类分布:构成了舟山沿海复杂的软体动物区系,它属于印度—西太平洋软体动物区系的北部边缘带。     

云南省西双版纳州南拉河鱼类组成及其现状

分别于2008年1月和5—6月对位于中国西南边陲的中缅界河——南拉河进行了鱼类资源调查。从野外调查结果及文献资料得知,南拉河共有鱼类42种,隶属4目14科34属。鲤形目的鱼类最多,共有27种,占总种数的64.3%;鲇形目和鲈形目均为6种,占总种数的14.3%;合鳃鱼目2种,占总种数的4.8%。其中,丝尾鳠（Hemibagrus wyckioides）被列入《中国物种红色名录》。疑似分布种类——长丝鱼芒(Pangasius sanitwangsei)被列入《中国濒危动物红皮书》和《中国物种红色名录》。南拉河鱼类区系是以喜温的“老第三纪类群”中的热带河平原鱼类为主要成分的,为典型的东南亚热带鱼类区系类型;以底栖鱼类和杂食性鱼类居多。导致南拉河鱼类现状的原因主要为水质污染、过度捕捞、外来种的影响。     

北部湾洋浦海域鱼类群落结构

洋浦位于海南省儋州市西部,洋浦海域是北部湾良好的近岸产卵场。本研究根据2014年6月和12月对该海域的渔业底拖网与环境调查数据,分析了其鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明:洋浦海域鱼类资源丰富,生物多样性较高,两个航次共捕获68种鱼类,隶属于10目37科49属,主要由暖水种和暖温种组成,其中鲈形目种类最多(39种),其次为鲽形目(9种)、鲉形目(6种);渔获物以底层和近底层鱼类为主,占鱼类总种数的93.7%;鱼类群落呈现出小型化、低龄化和季节间种类更替明显的特征,6月和12月共有鱼种11种,种类相似性仅为21.8%;6月的优势种为褐篮子鱼(Siganus fuscescens)、印度舌鳎(Cynoglossus arel)和四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus),12月优势种包括龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、少鳞舌鳎(Cynoglossus oligolepis)、黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus);6月鱼类平均生物量密度为137.66 kg·km-2,平均丰度密度为11.38×103ind·km-2;12月鱼类平均生物量密度为84.67 kg·km-2,平均丰度密度为3.21×103ind·km-2;聚类分析、单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)及相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明,该水域鱼类群落存在一定程度的时空异质性;生物-环境分析(BIOENV)表明,两个月份该海域鱼类群落组成的变化与底层水温和底层盐度的相关性较好,不同月份水深对鱼类群落的影响也存在差异。     

黄河流域鱼类食性同资源种团的时空变化

鱼类资源保护是黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的重要环节.通过历史资料整理和野外调查发现,1960-2019年,黄河流域共分布鱼类16目35科201种.其中,鲤形目物种数最多,占比60.7％;鲈形目次之,占比10.0％.1960-1980年分布鱼类15目28科182种;1980-2019年分布鱼类10目23科112种.源区...     

云南云龙天池自然保护区及邻近地区鱼类

云南省云龙天池自然保护区及其邻近地区共有鱼类26种,分别隶属于4目6科9亚科19属.鱼类区系以鲤形目的种数最多,其次是鲇形目.科级水平上,以鲤科鱼类比例最高,鮡科次之.鱼类区系组成相对简单,以华南区种类最多.本区急流性鱼类多,特有及经济种类丰富.天池保护区及其周边森林和水域环境保护较好,成为当地野生鱼类的"避难所".多种鱼的模式标本产地或副模标本产地散布在云龙县的邻近地区,加强保护区建设,间接地可起到保护临近模式标本产地及其种类的作用.天池保护区及其邻近地区的多种经济鱼类,均是一些优良的种质资源.同时,云龙位于三江并流地区,其中的鱼类种类,尤其是特有种类的分布格局,对研究横断山区鱼类的起源、分化,以及青藏高原的隆升均有极高的科学价值.     

黄渤海甲壳类的分类多样性

为了解黄渤海甲壳类的分类多样性特征, 我们统计了2010-2015年中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所调查捕获的黄渤海甲壳类(软甲纲: 十足目与口足目)物种名录。结合历史文献, 进一步系统整理得到黄渤海甲壳类物种总名录。基于这2个名录, 应用分类阶元包含指数(the inclusion index at taxonomic level, TINCL_i)、平均分类差异指数(average taxonomic distinctness index, Δ⁺)和分类差异变异指数(variation in taxonomic distinctness index, Λ⁺)研究了其分类多样性特征。结果显示: 2010-2015年调查名录中, 甲壳类共93种, 隶属于2目39科66属, 其中10种为新分布种; 对虾科、藻虾科、长臂虾科、梭子蟹科和弓蟹科的物种数最多, 合计占总物种数的38.71%; TINCL_i分别为1.41种/属和2.38种/科; Δ⁺和Λ⁺分别为50.25和35.20。总名录中, 甲壳类共228种, 隶属于2目53科123属, 其中藻虾科、豆蟹科、对虾科、弓蟹科和鼓虾科的物种数最多, 合计占总物种数的30.70%; TINCL_i分别为1.85种/属和4.30种/科, Δ⁺和Λ⁺分别为50.18和30.87。对虾科的相对丰富度指数(the relative richness index, R_r)最高(100), 其次是梭子蟹科(71.43)和长臂虾科(62.50), 豆蟹科最低(6.25)。黄渤海甲壳类的平均分类差异指数(Δ⁺)明显小于鱼类(P < 0.05)。2010-2015年调查的Δ⁺计算值高于理论值, 且在理论值的95%置信区间内, 说明黄渤海甲壳类群落正处在中等程度的干扰中。     

中国海洋浮游端足类的物种多样性

中国海域已发现浮游端足类122种,呈现从北部往南部海区、从近海往外海区种数逐渐增加,且暖水性也逐渐增强的分布特征。渤海、黄海北部和西南部的浮游端足类同属暖温带分布,黄海东南部和东海西北部为暖温带分布和热带分布的过渡带,东海东部和东海西南部以及台湾海峡、南海均属热带分布,其中东海东部和南海中、南部热带大洋分布的特征显著。     

福建平潭岛海域底栖贝类物种多样性及其地理分布

海洋底栖贝类是海洋底栖无脊椎动物的重要代表。福建平潭岛地处台湾海峡西岸北部, 是中国大陆距台湾岛最近之处, 其海域内的底栖贝类区系对了解台湾海峡及其附近海域的生态环境和底栖生物地理格局具有重要意义。本文基于对2015-2018年间中山大学国土资源与环境系在平潭岛海域采集的3,346号底栖贝类标本的鉴定, 结合已发表文献整理出了平潭岛海域底栖贝类名录, 并梳理了各物种在中国近海的地理分布类型。结果显示, 本研究所采标本分属58科122属161种, 其中47种为平潭岛海域新记录。结合历史文献记录, 平潭岛海域共有底栖贝类98科244属395种。其中93.7%的种类在南海亦有分布, 82.0%的种类在东海有分布, 31.1%的种类在黄渤海有分布, 42.3%的种类在台湾岛东部海域有分布。南海-东海分布型种类占区系总种数的49.9%; 其次为南海-黄渤海分布型(27.6%)和南海-台湾海峡分布型(16.2%)。分布限于台湾海峡及其以北的种类仅占总种数的6.3%。研究结果表明, 平潭岛海域底栖贝类区系具典型的亚热带性质, 暖水性种类和广温性种类占主要优势, 与南海北部和东海大陆沿岸地区的关系密切, 与台湾岛周边海域的联系相对较弱。     

Biogeographic patterns in the Australian chondrichthyan fauna

The major biogeographic structure and affinities of the Australian chondrichthyan fauna were investigated at both interregional and intraregional scales and comparisons made with adjacent bioregions. Faunal lists were compiled from six geographical regions with species from these regions assigned to distributional classes and broad habitat categories. Australian species were further classified on provincial and bathomic structure following bioregionalization outputs from regional marine planning. About 40% of the world's chondrichthyan fauna occurs in Indo-Australasia (482 species) of which 323 species are found in Australian seas. The tropical Australian component, of which c. 46% of taxa are regional endemics, is most similar to faunas of Indonesia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. The temperate Australian component is most similar to New Zealand and Antarctica with about half of its species endemic. Highest levels of Australian endemism exist in bathomes of the outer continental shelf and upper slope. A relatively high proportion of regional endemism (57% of species) on the slope in the poorly surveyed but species-rich Solanderian unit is probably due to high levels of large-scale habitat complexity in the Coral Sea. The richness of demersal assemblages on the continental shelf and slope appears to be largely related to the spatial complexity of the region and the level of exploration. Much lower diversity off Antarctica is consistent with the pattern in teleosts. The complex chondrichthyan fauna of Australia is confirmed as being amongst the richest of the mega-diverse Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Species-level compositions of regional faunas across Indo-Australasia differ markedly because of moderate to high levels of intraregional speciation. Faunal assemblages in Australian marine provinces and bathomes differ from each other, supporting a broader pattern for fishes that underpins a marine planning framework for the region.     

Australian barnacles (cirripedia: thoracica), distributions and biogeographical affinities

Currently, 279 barnacle species are recognized in Australia waters. The barnacle fauna of tropical Australia exhibits high species diversity (221), with a high incidence of tropical species (87 Indo-west Pacific [IWP], 16 West Pacific and 65 Indo-Malayan), a low species endemicity (8), and 44 cosmopolitan and 1 Australasian species. Conversely, that of temperate Australia shows lower species diversity (129), with a lower incidence of tropical species (26 IWP, 10 West Pacific and 25 Indo-Malayan), higher species endemicity (23), 37 cosmopolitan, 6 Australasian species, and 3 Australasian/Antarctic species. Distributions corroborate the general patterns demonstrated by the shallow-water biota of northern tropical and southern temperate Australian biogeographic provinces. Tropical and temperate provinces grade into each other in a broad overlap zone along both the western and eastern Australian coasts. This overlap zone is essentially a transitional region, with the gradual replacement of a tropical barnacle fauna in the north by a predominantly temperate barnacle fauna in the south. Both western and eastern Australian coasts are bounded by major poleward-flowing warm currents that have considerable influence on the marine flora and fauna, distributing tropical species of many taxa much farther south than could be predicted by latitude. Currently, 16 barnacle species introduced into Australian waters are identified, although this number may increase in the future due to new port developments and increased shipping arrivals.     

New records of ahermatypic scleractinian corals from the Kuril Islands

Four species of caryophyllid scleractinians, Caryophylla ambrosia, C. scobinosa, C. alaskensis, and Polymyces montereyensis, were recorded for the first time in the Sea of Okhotsk off the Kuril Islands. These findings extend the range for the species, of which three had previously been considered to be restricted to the tropical and warm Indopacific waters. These data will supplement regional reports on the bottom fauna of the most fertile and extensively commercially exploited continental shelf region of the North Pacific.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Biologiya Morya, Latypov.     

Tropical Fishes Dominate Temperate Reef Fish Communities within Western Japan

Climate change is resulting in rapid poleward shifts in the geographical distribution of tropical and subtropical fish species. We can expect that such range shifts are likely to be limited by species-specific resource requirements, with temperate rocky reefs potentially lacking a range of settlement substrates or specific dietary components important in structuring the settlement and success of tropical and subtropical fish species. We examined the importance of resource use in structuring the distribution patterns of range shifting tropical and subtropical fishes, comparing this with resident temperate fish species within western Japan (Tosa Bay); the abundance, diversity, size class, functional structure and latitudinal range of reef fishes utilizing both coral reef and adjacent rocky reef habitat were quantified over a 2 year period (2008–2010). This region has undergone rapid poleward expansion of reef-building corals in response to increasing coastal water temperatures, and forms one of the global hotspots for rapid coastal changes. Despite the temperate latitude surveyed (33°N, 133°E) the fish assemblage was both numerically, and in terms of richness, dominated by tropical fishes. Such tropical faunal dominance was apparent within both coral, and rocky reef habitats. The size structure of the assemblage suggested that a relatively large number of tropical species are overwintering within both coral and rocky habitats, with a subset of these species being potentially reproductively active. The relatively high abundance and richness of tropical species with obligate associations with live coral resources (i.e., obligate corallivores) shows that this region holds the most well developed temperate-located tropical fish fauna globally. We argue that future tropicalisation of the fish fauna in western Japan, associated with increasing coral habitat development and reported increasing shifts in coastal water temperatures, may have considerable positive economic impacts to the local tourism industry and bring qualitative changes to both local and regional fisheries resources.     

A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fish distributions

Marine provinces, founded on contrasting floras or faunas, have been recognized for more than 150 years but were not consistently defined by endemism until 1974. At that time, provinces were based on at least a 10% endemism and nested within biogeographic regions that covered large geographic areas with contrasting biotic characteristics. Over time, some minor adjustments were made but the overall arrangement remained essentially unaltered. In many provinces, data on endemism were still not available, or were available only for the most widely studied vertebrates (fishes), a problem that is ongoing. In this report we propose a realignment for three reasons. First, recent works have provided new information to modify or redefine the various divisions and to describe new ones, including the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Southern Ocean, Tropical East Pacific and Northeast Pacific. Second, phylogeographic studies have demonstrated genetic subdivisions within and between species that generally corroborated provinces based on taxonomic partitions, with a notable exception at the Indian–Pacific oceanic boundary. Third, the original separation of the warm‐temperate provinces from the adjoining tropical ones has distracted from their close phylogenetic relationships. Here we propose uniting warm‐temperate and tropical regions into a single warm region within each ocean basin, while still recognizing provinces within the warm‐temperate and tropical zones. These biogeographic subdivisions are based primarily on fish distribution but utilize other marine groups for comparison. They are intended to demonstrate the evolutionary relationships of the living marine biota, and to serve as a framework for the establishment of smaller ecological units in a conservation context.     

Status of Marine Biodiversity of the China Seas

China''s seas cover nearly 5 million square kilometers extending from the tropical to the temperate climate zones and bordering on 32,000 km of coastline, including islands. Comprehensive systematic study of the marine biodiversity within this region began in the early 1950s with the establishment of the Qingdao Marine Biological Laboratory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Since that time scientists have carried out intensive multidisciplinary research on marine life in the China seas and have recorded 22,629 species belonging to 46 phyla. The marine flora and fauna of the China seas are characterized by high biodiversity, including tropical and subtropical elements of the Indo-West Pacific warm-water fauna in the South and East China seas, and temperate elements of North Pacific temperate fauna mainly in the Yellow Sea. The southern South China Sea fauna is characterized by typical tropical elements paralleled with the Philippine-New Guinea-Indonesia Coral triangle typical tropical faunal center.This paper summarizes advances in studies of marine biodiversity in China''s seas and discusses current research mainly on characteristics and changes in marine biodiversity, including the monitoring, assessment, and conservation of endangered species and particularly the strengthening of effective management. Studies of (1) a tidal flat in a semi-enclosed embayment, (2) the impact of global climate change on a cold-water ecosystem, (3) coral reefs of Hainan Island and Xisha-Nansha atolls, (4) mangrove forests of the South China Sea, (5) a threatened seagrass field, and (6) an example of stock enhancement practices of the Chinese shrimp fishery are briefly introduced. Besides the overexploitation of living resources (more than 12.4 million tons yielded in 2007), the major threat to the biodiversity of the China seas is environmental deterioration (pollution, coastal construction), particularly in the brackish waters of estuarine environments, which are characterized by high productivity and represent spawning and nursery areas for several economically important species. In the long term, climate change is also a major threat. Finally, challenges in marine biodiversity studies are briefly discussed along with suggestions to strengthen the field. Since 2004, China has participated in the Census of Marine Life, through which advances in the study of zooplankton and zoobenthos biodiversity were finally summarized.