共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
Adam M. Goldstein 《Evolution》2009,2(3):548-559
A weblog (“blog”) is an publication on the WorldWideWeb in which brief entries are displayed in date order, much like a diary
or journal. I describe the general characteristics of blogs, contrasting blogs with other of WWW formats for self-publishing.
I describe four categories for blogs about evolutionary biology: “professional,” “amateur,” “apostolic,” and “imaginative.”
I also discuss blog networks. I identify paradigms of each category. Throughout, I aim to illuminate blogs about evolutionary
biology from the point of view of a user looking for information about the topic. I conclude that blogs are not the best type
of source for systematic and authoritative information about evolution, and that they are best used by the information-seeker
as a way of identifying what issues are of interest in the community of evolutionists and for generating research leads or
fresh insights on one’s own work.
相似文献
Adam M. GoldsteinEmail: |
3.
Christine A. James 《Biosemiotics》2009,2(2):151-167
Williams Syndrome provides a striking test case for discourses on disability, because the characteristics associated with
Williams Syndrome involve a combination of “abilities” and “disabilities”. For example, Williams Syndrome is associated with
disabilities in mathematics and spatial cognition. However, Williams Syndrome individuals also tend to “have a unique strength
in their expressive language skills”, and are socially outgoing and unselfconscious when meeting new people. Children with
Williams are said to be “typically unafraid of strangers and show a greater interest in contact with adults than with their
peers.” This apparently keen social knowledge is a counterexample to the discussion of disability among academic philosophers,
especially philosophers in the early modern period. Locke infamously used the example of disability to claim that Descartes’
arguments in favor of innate ideas were incorrect. On the contrary, Williams Syndrome may stand as an example of innate social
knowledge; something that could benefit current discourse in philosophy, disability theory, and medical ethics.
相似文献
Christine A. JamesEmail: |
4.
5.
Derick A. Fay 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(1):81-95
With the rise of joint management of protected areas, community representatives are increasingly involved in formal negotiations
with state officials, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other actors. Policy recommendations have commonly idealized
“win-win” scenarios. Theoretical work on negotiation from psychology and management studies, however, points to identifiable
circumstances under which the goal of a mutually beneficial “win-win” situation may limit the strategies, and ultimately the
benefits, available to communities. Instead, an antagonistic, “distributive” approach to negotiations may be more compatible
with the pressures on and strategies available to community representatives. The tensions between a “mutual gains” and “distributive”
approach to negotiations are evident in two land claims on protected areas in South Africa: the Dwesa-Cwebe Nature Reserves,
and the Pafuri Triangle, a portion of Kruger National Park. In each, NGOs that operated with a “mutual gains” strategy, espousing
a “win-win” scenario, came to be perceived as collaborating with conservation agencies. Meanwhile, as negotiation theory would
suggest, community representatives inclined towards a “distributive” strategy and allied with a second set of explicitly advocatory
NGOs. Expecting that communities should embrace a “win-win” scenario from the outset is unrealistic and likely to reduce communities’
power in negotiations.
相似文献
Derick A. FayEmail: |
6.
Jay Odenbaugh 《Biology & philosophy》2006,21(5):607-621
In this essay, I argue for four related claims. First, Richard Levins’ classic “The Strategy of Model Building in Population
Biology” was a statement and defense of theoretical population biology growing out of collaborations between Robert MacArthur,
Richard Lewontin, E. O. Wilson, and others. Second, I argue that the essay served as a response to the rise of systems ecology
especially as pioneered by Kenneth Watt. Third, the arguments offered by Levins against systems ecology and in favor of his
own methodological program are best construed as “pragmatic”. Fourth, I consider limitations of Levins’ arguments given contemporary
population biology.
相似文献
Jay OdenbaughEmail: |
7.
In this work we address key phenomena observed with classical set shifting tasks as the “Wisconsin Card Sorting Test” or the
“Stroop” task: Different types of errors and increased response times reflecting decreased attention. A component of major
importance in these tasks is referred to as the “attentional control” thought to be implemented by the prefrontal cortex which
acts primarily by an amplification of task relevant information. This mode of operation is illustrated by a neurodynamical
model developed for a new kind of set shifting experiment: The Wisconsin-Delayed-Match-to-Sample task combines uninstructed
shifts as investigated in Wisconsin-like tasks with a Delayed-Match-to-Sample paradigm. These newly developed WDMS experiments
in conjunction with the neurodynamical simulations are able to explain the reason for decreased attention in set shifting
experiments as well the different consequences of decreased attention in tasks requiring bivalent yes/no responses compared
to tasks requiring multivalent responses.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: ) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Gustavo DecoEmail: |
8.
Since the early 1970s, the French public health system has been accorded considerable responsibility for immigrants identified
by the educational, judicial or social service authorities as psychologically distressed or socially disruptive. In this paper
we discuss three models of healing embedded in constructs of “cultural difference” and addressed at specialized mental health-care
centers catering to immigrants in Paris: “cultural mediation,” transcultural psychiatry/ethnopsychiatry and clinical medical
anthropology. Based on observations and interviews at three specialized mental health centers in Paris, we explore how these
clinical approaches address migrant wellbeing and seek to resolve crises in migrant families, especially those of West African
origin. We suggest that the prevalent approaches to therapy creatively blend concepts and practices of anthropology, psychiatry
and psychology but, at the same time, confront challenges inherent in the use of a generic “African” healing modality. Cases
studies demonstrate that in order for such interventions to be perceived as effective by patients, “cultural difference” must
be acknowledged but also situated in broader social, political and economic contexts.
相似文献
Carolyn SargentEmail: |
9.
A workshop in June 2005 (“Preventing Organ and Tissue Allograft-Transmitted Infection: Priorities for Public Health Intervention”)
identified gaps in organ and tissue safety in the US. Participants developed a series of allograft safety initiatives. “The
Organ and Tissue Safety Workshop 2007: Advances and Challenges” assessed progress and identified priorities for future interventions.
Awareness of the challenges of allograft-associated disease transmission has increased. The Transplantation Transmission Sentinel
Network will enhance communication surrounding allograft-associated disease transmission. Other patient safety initiatives
have focused on adverse event reporting and microbiologic screening technologies. Despite progress, improved recognition and
prevention of donor-derived transmission events is needed. This requires systems integration across the organ and tissue transplantation
communities including organ procurement organizations, eye and tissue banks, and transplant infectious disease experts. Commitment
of resources and improved coordination of efforts are required to develop essential tools to enhance safety for allograft
recipients.
相似文献
Jay A. FishmanEmail: |
10.
It is common to portray conservative and liberal Protestant denominations as “strong” and “weak” on the basis of indices such
as church attendance. Alternatively, they can be regarded as qualitatively different cultural systems that coexist in a multiple-niche
environment. We integrate these two perspectives with a study of American teenagers based on both one-time survey information
and the experience sampling method (ESM), which records individual experience on a moment-by-moment basis. Conservative Protestant
youth were found to be more satisfied, family-oriented, and sociable than liberal Protestant youth, but also more dependent
on their social environment, which is reflected in a deterioration of their mood when they are alone. Liberal Protestant youth
appear to have internalized values that remain constant whether in the presence or absence of others. We relate these results
to the social scientific literature on liberalism and conservatism and to evolutionary theory as a framework for explaining
cultural systems as adaptations to multiple-niche environments.
相似文献
David Sloan WilsonEmail: |
11.
Following the methodology of K. F. Huemmrich and colleagues [Huemmrich et al. (1999) J Geophys Res 104:27,935–27,944], agrometeorological
standard radiation sensors, i.e. two photosynthetically active radiation sensors and an albedometer, were used to measure
the broadband visible and optical–infrared reflectance of an oat plot during its whole growth period. From these reflectance
data – recorded as 15-min averages and pooled to daily means – the seasonal cycle of the normalised difference vegetation
index (NDVI) was calculated. In addition, a ground-based multi-channel spectroradiometer was used as a reference to estimate
narrowband “green” and “red” NDVIs at weekly intervals near noon. The narrowband “green” NDVI was shown to be consistent with
the simultaneous broadband 15-min NDVI. This shows that the configuration of agrometeorological radiation sensors is suitable
to adequately track phenological crop dynamics.
相似文献
Martin KraftEmail: |
12.
Michael Weisberg 《Biology & philosophy》2006,21(5):623-645
This paper is an interpretation and defense of Richard Levins’ “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology,” which
has been extremely influential among biologists since its publication 40 years ago. In this article, Levins confronted some
of the deepest philosophical issues surrounding modeling and theory construction. By way of interpretation, I discuss each
of Levins’ major philosophical themes: the problem of complexity, the brute-force approach, the existence and consequence
of tradeoffs, and robustness analysis. I argue that Levins’ article is concerned, at its core, with justifying the use of
multiple, idealized models in population biology.
相似文献
Michael WeisbergEmail: |
13.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
14.
Harvey TS 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2008,32(4):577-606
This work anthropologically applies the concept of ‘personhood’ to the Western biomedical patient role, and through cross-cultural
comparisons with wellness-seeker roles (e.g. among the Maya of Guatemala and others) it seeks to discern the implications
for global healthcare of assuming the universality of the “patient” role. Here, particular ethnographic attention is given
to the presumption of the “patient” role in places and situations where, because of cultural and linguistic variation in local
wellness-seeker roles and practices, there may be no “patient.” It is hoped that establishing the biomedical patient role
(with the clinical expectations, communicative and comportment practices that prefigure it) as acquired rather than intuitive, will help redirect cultural competence to the acquisition of patienthood, broadening it from an endless
accrual of cultural inventories by physicians. Also it aims to shift existing biomedical associations of cultural variations
in wellness-seeking away from a priori assessments of clinical defiance towards deeper understandings of the kinds of cultural
differences that may make the difference treatment outcomes.
相似文献
T. S. HarveyEmail: |
15.
Luis Emilio Bruni 《Biosemiotics》2008,1(1):113-130
This article considers categorical perception (CP) as a crucial process involved in all sort of communication throughout the
biological hierarchy, i.e. in all of biosemiosis. Until now, there has been consideration of CP exclusively within the functional
cycle of perception–cognition–action and it has not been considered the possibility to extend this kind of phenomena to the
mere physiological level. To generalise the notion of CP in this sense, I have proposed to distinguish between categorical
perception (CP) and categorical sensing (CS) in order to extend the CP framework to all communication processes in living
systems, including intracellular, intercellular, metabolic, physiological, cognitive and ecological levels. The main idea
is to provide an account that considers the heterarchical embeddedness of many instances of CP and CS. This will take me to relate the hierarchical nature of categorical sensing and perception
with the equally hierarchical issues of the “binding problem”, “triadic causality”, the “emergent interpretant” and the increasing
semiotic freedom observed in biological and cognitive systems.
相似文献
Luis Emilio BruniEmail: |
16.
This paper focuses on evolution as a unifying theme in biology education. Our aim is to argue that the different topics taught
in secondary school biology classes should be enriched with and linked together by means of accounts of the history of life.
We named this approach a “natural history perspective” on biology education. An essential aspect of the natural history perspective
is the claim that evolutionary history forms the context for the development of an understanding of evolutionary processes.
While there are some indications that a natural history perspective can function as a context for understanding micro-evolutionary
processes, more research is called for.
相似文献
Esther M. van DijkEmail: |
17.
Information,complexity and generative replication 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The established definition of replication in terms of the conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer is
very broad. We draw inspiration from the literature on self-reproducing automata to strengthen the notion of information transfer
in replication processes. To the triple conditions of causality, similarity and information transfer, we add a fourth condition
that defines a “generative replicator” as a conditional generative mechanism, which can turn input signals from an environment into developmental instructions. Generative replication must have the potential to enhance complexity, which in turn requires that developmental instructions are part
of the information that is transmitted in replication. Demonstrating the usefulness of the generative replicator concept in
the social domain, we identify social generative replicators that satisfy all of the four proposed conditions.
相似文献
Geoffrey M. HodgsonEmail: |
18.
Danwei as a cornerstone of Chinese urban society has received great research attention. The relationship between the Danwei and psychiatric patients, however, remains unclear. This article aims to shed light on the subject with an integrated micro–macro
approach. It introduces a historical understanding of mental health in urban China under the “economic state in transition”
framework. A detailed case study in clinical sociology is provided to reveal the many social factors affecting the experience
of a schizophrenic patient and his significant others. A changing role of the Danwei is hypothesized and validated with qualitative data. The Danwei was shown to have changed significantly before the mid-1990s, yet it still played a major role in urban workers’ lives, including
those of psychiatric patients, and even more so in people’s expectations. This lends support to the need for a more responsive
public policy to address various social issues brought about by economic reform, with the learning of worldwide experiences
including “community care,” “social support” and “social rehabilitation.” Implications for social research, policymaking and
professional practice are discussed.
相似文献
Robert SévignyEmail: |
19.
D. E. Hinton A. L. Hinton V. Pich J. R. Loeum M. H. Pollack 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(2):219-265
This article explores the nightmares of Cambodian refugees in a cultural context, and the role of nightmares in the trauma
ontology of this population, including their role in generating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among Cambodian refugees
attending a psychiatric clinic, we found that having a nightmare was strongly associated with having PTSD (χ2 = 61.7, P < 0.001, odds ratio = 126); that nightmares caused much distress upon awakening, including panic attacks, fear of bodily
dysfunction, flashbacks and difficulty returning to sleep; that nightmare content was frequently related to traumatic events;
that nightmares resulted in a decrease in the sense of “concentric ontology security” (i.e., in an increased sense of physical
and spiritual vulnerability in a culture that conceives of the self in terms of concentric, protective layers), including
fears of being attacked by ghosts; and that nightmares frequently led to the performance of specific practices and rituals
aiming to extrude and repel attacking forces and to create “protective layers.” Cases are presented to illustrate these findings.
The Discussion considers some treatment implications of the study.
相似文献
D. E. HintonEmail: |
20.
Airborne pollen sampling in a wildlife reserve in the south of Buenos Aires province,Argentina 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
María Gabriela Murray Rosemary L. Scoffield Carmen Galán Carlos B. Villamil 《Aerobiologia》2007,23(2):107-117
The objective of this project was to study the pollen spectrum of the Marahué Wildlife Reserve (Central Argentina), the quantity
and quality of airborne pollen grains, and to evaluate the contribution of outside sources, to protect a natural habitat with
xerophytic shrub vegetation (“monte”) (the term “monte” is used for the dominant xerophytic shrub vegetation in the “partido”
of Villarino) approximately 90 km south of Bahía Blanca. Sampling was performed weekly throughout a whole calendar year (January–December,
2003) using a volumetric impact sampler. Observations of flowering in the field were performed at the same time as the aerial
sampling. Herbarium specimens were collected to make pollen collections of the species found in the study area, for reference
purposes. The most abundant pollen types were Poaceae (31.3% total annual pollen), Amaranthus/Chenopodiaceae (25.3%), Eucalyptus (5%), Brassicaceae (3.9%), and Plantago (3.9%). This study showed the dispersion dynamics of pollen grains from characteristic species of the “partido” (the province
of Buenos Aires is divided into partidos which are roughly equivalent to counties) of Villarino, the exotic flora of the surrounding
area, and the pollen types from outside the region.
相似文献
María Gabriela MurrayEmail: |