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Pin‐Yao Huang Yu‐Hung Yeh An‐Chi Liu Chiu‐Ping Cheng Laurent Zimmerli 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2014,79(2):243-255
Pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) is broad spectrum and manipulation of PTI is believed to represent an attractive way to engineer plants with broad‐spectrum disease resistance. PTI is activated upon perception of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs). We have recently demonstrated that the L‐type lectin receptor kinase‐VI.2 (LecRK‐VI.2) positively regulates Arabidopsis thaliana PTI. Here we show through in vitro pull‐down, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co‐immunoprecipitation analyses that LecRK‐VI.2 associates with the PRR FLS2. We also demonstrated that LecRK‐VI.2 from the cruciferous plant Arabidopsis remains functional after interfamily transfer to the Solanaceous plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Wild tobacco plants ectopically expressing LecRK‐VI.2 were indeed more resistant to virulent hemi‐biotrophic and necrotrophic bacteria, but not to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea suggesting that, as with Arabidopsis, the LecRK‐VI.2 protective effect in N. benthamiana is bacteria specific. Ectopic expression of LecRK‐VI.2 in N. benthamiana primed PTI‐mediated reactive oxygen species production, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, callose deposition and gene expression upon treatment with the MAMP flagellin. Our findings identified LecRK‐VI.2 as a member of the FLS2 receptor complex and suggest that heterologous expression of components of PRR complexes can be used as tools to engineer plant disease resistance to bacteria. 相似文献
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Mengmeng Zhang Hongjiao Wu Jianbin Su Huachun Wang Qiankun Zhu Yidong Liu Juan Xu Wolfgang Lukowitz Shuqun Zhang 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2017,92(6):1005-1019
In flowering plants, developing embryos reside in maternal sporophytes. It is known that maternal generation influences the development of next‐generation embryos; however, little is known about the signaling components in the process. Previously, we demonstrated that Arabidopsis mitogen‐activated protein kinase 6 (MPK6) and MPK3 play critical roles in plant reproduction. In addition, we noticed that a large fraction of seeds from mpk6 single‐mutant plants showed a wrinkled seed coat or a burst‐out embryo phenotype. Here, we report that these seed phenotypes can be traced back to defective embryogenesis. The defective embryos have shorter suspensors and reduced growth along the longitudinal axis. Furthermore, the cotyledons fail to bend over to progress to the bent‐cotyledon stage. As a result of the uneven circumference along the axis, the seed coat wrinkles to develop raisin‐like morphology after dehydration. In more severe cases, the embryo can be pushed out from the micropylar end, resulting in the burst‐out embryo seed phenotype. Genetic analyses demonstrated that the defective embryogenesis of the mpk6 mutant is a maternal effect. Heterozygous or homozygous mpk6 embryos have defects only in mpk6 homozygous maternal plants, but not in wild‐type or heterozygous maternal plants. The loss of function of MKK4/MKK5 also results in the same phenotypes, suggesting that MKK4/MKK5 might act upstream of MPK6 in this pathway. The maternal‐mediated embryo defects are associated with changes in auxin activity maxima and PIN localization. In summary, this research demonstrates that the Arabidopsis MKK4/MKK5–MPK6 cascade is an important player in the maternal control of embryogenesis. 相似文献
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Mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 reduces the replication efficiency of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana 
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下载免费PDF全文 Cheng‐Cheng Lee Yi‐Jhen Wu Chia‐Hsin Hsueh Yu‐Ting Huang Yau‐Heiu Hsu Menghsiao Meng 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2018,19(10):2319-2332
In plants, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are the central signaling pathways of the complicated defense network triggered by the perception of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns to repel pathogens. The Arabidopsis thaliana MAPK phosphatase 1 (AtMKP1) negatively regulates the activation of MAPKs. Recently, the AtMKP1 homolog of Nicotiana benthamiana (NbMKP1) was found in association with the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) replication complex. This study aimed to investigate the role of NbMKP1 in BaMV multiplication in N. benthamiana. Silencing of NbMKP1 increased accumulations of the BaMV‐encoded proteins and the viral genomic RNA, although the same condition reduced the infectivity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in N. benthamiana. On the other hand, overexpression of NbMKP1 decreased the BaMV coat protein accumulation in a phosphatase activity‐dependent manner in protoplasts. NbMKP1 also negatively affected the in vitro RNA polymerase activity of the BaMV replication complex. Collectively, the activity of NbMKP1 seems to reduce BaMV multiplication, inconsistent with the negatively regulatory role of MKP1 in MAPK cascades in terms of warding off fungal and bacterial invasion. In addition, silencing of NbMKP1 increased the accumulation of Foxtail mosaic virus but decreased Potato virus X. The discrepant effects exerted by NbMKP1 on different pathogens foresee the difficulty to develop plants with broad‐spectrum resistance through genetically manipulating a single player in MAPK cascades. 相似文献
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Andrew M. Mutka Stephen Fawley Tiffany Tsao Barbara N. Kunkel 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,74(5):746-754
Auxin is a key plant growth regulator that also impacts plant–pathogen interactions. Several lines of evidence suggest that the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae manipulates auxin physiology in Arabidopsis thaliana to promote pathogenesis. Pseudomonas syringae strategies to alter host auxin biology include synthesis of the auxin indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and production of virulence factors that alter auxin responses in host cells. The application of exogenous auxin enhances disease caused by P. syringae strain DC3000. This is hypothesized to result from antagonism between auxin and salicylic acid (SA), a major regulator of plant defenses, but this hypothesis has not been tested in the context of infected plants. We further investigated the role of auxin during pathogenesis by examining the interaction of auxin and SA in the context of infection in plants with elevated endogenous levels of auxin. We demonstrated that elevated IAA biosynthesis in transgenic plants overexpressing the YUCCA 1 (YUC1) auxin biosynthesis gene led to enhanced susceptibility to DC3000. Elevated IAA levels did not interfere significantly with host defenses, as effector‐triggered immunity was active in YUC1‐overexpressing plants, and we observed only minor effects on SA levels and SA‐mediated responses. Furthermore, a plant line carrying both the YUC1‐overexpression transgene and the salicylic acid induction deficient 2 (sid2) mutation, which impairs SA synthesis, exhibited additive effects of enhanced susceptibility from both elevated auxin levels and impaired SA‐mediated defenses. Thus, in IAA overproducing plants, the promotion of pathogen growth occurs independently of suppression of SA‐mediated defenses. 相似文献
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Carolina Mazo‐Molina Samantha Mainiero Benjamin J. Haefner Ryland Bednarek Jing Zhang Ari Feder Kai Shi Susan R. Strickler Gregory B. Martin 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(4):1433-1445
The Ptr1 (Pseudomonas tomato race 1) locus in Solanum lycopersicoides confers resistance to strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing AvrRpt2 and Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum expressing RipBN. Here we describe the identification and phylogenetic analysis of the Ptr1 gene. A single recombinant among 585 F2 plants segregating for the Ptr1 locus was discovered that narrowed the Ptr1 candidates to eight nucleotide‐binding leucine‐rich repeat protein (NLR)‐encoding genes. From analysis of the gene models in the S. lycopersicoides genome sequence and RNA‐Seq data, two of the eight genes emerged as the strongest candidates for Ptr1. One of these two candidates was found to encode Ptr1 based on its ability to mediate recognition of AvrRpt2 and RipBN when it was transiently expressed with these effectors in leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa. The ortholog of Ptr1 in tomato and in Solanum pennellii is a pseudogene. However, a functional Ptr1 ortholog exists in Nicotiana benthamiana and potato, and both mediate recognition of AvrRpt2 and RipBN. In apple and Arabidopsis, recognition of AvrRpt2 is mediated by the Mr5 and RPS2 proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis places Ptr1 in a distinct clade compared with Mr5 and RPS2, and it therefore appears to have arisen by convergent evolution for recognition of AvrRpt2. 相似文献
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Lennart Wirthmueller Charlotte Roth Georgina Fabro Marie‐Cécile Caillaud Ghanasyam Rallapalli Shuta Asai Jan Sklenar Alexandra M. E. Jones Marcel Wiermer Jonathan D. G. Jones Mark J. Banfield 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2015,81(1):40-52
Importin‐αs are essential adapter proteins that recruit cytoplasmic proteins destined for active nuclear import to the nuclear transport machinery. Cargo proteins interact with the importin‐α armadillo repeat domain via nuclear localization sequences (NLSs), short amino acids motifs enriched in Lys and Arg residues. Plant genomes typically encode several importin‐α paralogs that can have both specific and partially redundant functions. Although some cargos are preferentially imported by a distinct importin‐α it remains unknown how this specificity is generated and to what extent cargos compete for binding to nuclear transport receptors. Here we report that the effector protein HaRxL106 from the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis co‐opts the host cell's nuclear import machinery. We use HaRxL106 as a probe to determine redundant and specific functions of importin‐α paralogs from Arabidopsis thaliana. A crystal structure of the importin‐α3/MOS6 armadillo repeat domain suggests that five of the six Arabidopsis importin‐αs expressed in rosette leaves have an almost identical NLS‐binding site. Comparison of the importin‐α binding affinities of HaRxL106 and other cargos in vitro and in plant cells suggests that relatively small affinity differences in vitro affect the rate of transport complex formation in vivo. Our results suggest that cargo affinity for importin‐α, sequence variation at the importin‐α NLS‐binding sites and tissue‐specific expression levels of importin‐αs determine formation of cargo/importin‐α transport complexes in plant cells. 相似文献
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Junbo Du Yang Gao Yanyan Zhan Shasha Zhang Yujun Wu Yao Xiao Bo Zou Kai He Xiaoping Gou Guojing Li Honghui Lin Jia Li 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2016,85(4):520-531
BRI1‐ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) was initially identified as a co‐receptor of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1. Genetic analyses also revealed that BAK1 and its closest homolog BAK1‐LIKE 1 (BKK1) regulate a BR‐independent cell‐death control pathway. The double null mutant bak1 bkk1 displays a salicylic acid‐ and light‐dependent cell‐death phenotype even without pathogen invasion. Molecular mechanisms of the spontaneous cell death mediated by BAK1 and BKK1 remain unknown. Here we report our identification of a suppressor of bak1 bkk1 (sbb1–1). Genetic analyses indicated that cell‐death symptoms in a weak double mutant, bak1–3 bkk1–1, were completely suppressed by the loss‐of‐function mutation in SBB1, which encodes a nucleoporin (NUP) 85‐like protein. Genetic analyses also demonstrated that individually knocking out three other nucleoporin genes from the SBB1‐located sub‐complex was also able to rescue the cell‐death phenotype of bak1–3 bkk1–1. In addition, a DEAD‐box RNA helicase, DRH1, was identified in the same protein complex as SBB1 via a proteomic approach. The drh1 mutation also rescues the cell‐death symptoms of bak1–3 bkk1–1. Further analyses indicated that export of poly(A)+ RNA was greatly blocked in the nup and drh1 mutants, resulting in accumulation of significant levels of mRNAs in the nuclei. Over‐expression of a bacterial NahG gene to inactivate salicylic acid also rescues the cell‐death phenotype of bak1–3 bkk1–1. Mutants suppressing cell‐death symptoms always showed greatly reduced salicylic acid contents. These results suggest that nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, especially of molecules directly or indirectly involved in endogenous salicylic acid accumulation, is critical in BAK1‐ and BKK1‐mediated cell‐death control. 相似文献
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Iga Tomczynska Michael Stumpe Felix Mauch 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,95(2):187-203
Plant pathogens of the oomycete genus Phytophthora produce virulence factors, known as RxLR effector proteins that are transferred into host cells to suppress disease resistance. Here, we analyse the function of the highly conserved RxLR24 effector of Phytophthora brassicae. RxLR24 was expressed early in the interaction with Arabidopsis plants and ectopic expression in the host enhanced leaf colonization and zoosporangia formation. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) experiments followed by mass spectrometry identified different members of the RABA GTPase family as putative RxLR24 targets. Physical interaction of RxLR24 or its homologue from the potato pathogen Phytophthora infestans with different RABA GTPases of Arabidopsis or potato, respectively, was confirmed by reciprocal Co‐IP. In line with the function of RABA GTPases in vesicular secretion, RxLR24 co‐localized with RABA1a to vesicles and the plasma membrane. The effect of RxLR24 on the secretory process was analysed with fusion constructs of secreted antimicrobial proteins with a pH‐sensitive GFP tag. PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR‐1) and DEFENSIN (PDF1.2) were efficiently exported in control tissue, whereas in the presence of RxLR24 they both accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. Together our results imply a virulence function of RxLR24 effectors as inhibitors of RABA GTPase‐mediated vesicular secretion of antimicrobial PR‐1, PDF1.2 and possibly other defence‐related compounds. 相似文献
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Nathalie Glab Céline Oury Thomas Guérinier Séverine Domenichini Pierre Crozet Martine Thomas Jean Vidal Michael Hodges 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2017,89(5):1031-1041
Arabidopsis thaliana SNF1‐related‐kinase 1 (SnRK1)‐activating kinase 1 (AtSnAK1) and AtSnAK2 have been shown to phosphorylate in vitro and activate the energy signalling integrator, SnRK1. To clarify this signalling cascade in planta, a genetic‐ and molecular‐based approach was developed. Homozygous single AtSnAK1 and AtSnAK2 T‐DNA insertional mutants did not display an apparent phenotype. Crossing of the single mutants did not allow the isolation of double‐mutant plants, whereas self‐pollinating the S1?/? S2+/? sesquimutant specifically gave approximatively 22% individuals in their offspring that, when rescued on sugar‐supplemented media in vitro, were shown to be AtSnAK1 AtSnAK2 double mutants. Interestingly, this was not obtained in the case of the other sesquimutant, S1+/? S2?/?. Although reduced in size, the double mutant had the capacity to produce flowers, but not seeds. Immunological characterization established the T‐loop of the SnRK1 catalytic subunit to be non‐phosphorylated in the absence of both SnAKs. When the double mutant was complemented with a DNA construct containing an AtSnAK2 open reading frame driven by its own promoter, a normal phenotype was restored. Therefore, wild‐type plant growth and development is dependent on the presence of SnAK in vivo, and this is correlated with SnRK1 phosphorylation. These data show that both SnAKs are kinases phosphorylating SnRK1, and thereby they contribute to energy signalling in planta. 相似文献
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Katrin Gruner Tatyana Zeier Christina Aretz Jürgen Zeier 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2018,94(6):1064-1082
Members of the MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) gene family confer susceptibility to powdery mildews in different plant species, and their existence therefore seems to be disadvantageous for the plant. We recognized that expression of the Arabidopsis MLO2 gene is induced after inoculation with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, promoted by salicylic acid (SA) signaling, and systemically enhanced in the foliage of plants exhibiting systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Importantly, distinct mlo2 mutant lines were unable to systemically increase resistance to bacterial infection after inoculation with P. syringae, indicating that the function of MLO2 is necessary for biologically induced SAR in Arabidopsis. Our data also suggest that the close homolog MLO6 has a supportive but less critical role in SAR. In contrast to SAR, basal resistance to bacterial infection was not affected in mlo2. Remarkably, SAR‐defective mlo2 mutants were still competent in systemically increasing the levels of the SAR‐activating metabolites pipecolic acid (Pip) and SA after inoculation, and to enhance SAR‐related gene expression in distal plant parts. Furthermore, although MLO2 was not required for SA‐ or Pip‐inducible defense gene expression, it was essential for the proper induction of disease resistance by both SAR signals. We conclude that MLO2 acts as a critical downstream component in the execution of SAR to bacterial infection, being required for the translation of elevated defense responses into disease resistance. Moreover, our data suggest a function for MLO2 in the activation of plant defense priming during challenge by P. syringae. 相似文献
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Oskar N. Johansson Elena Fantozzi Per Fahlberg Anders K. Nilsson Nathalie Buhot Mahmut Tör Mats X. Andersson 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2014,79(3):466-476
Plants are highly capable of recognizing and defending themselves against invading microbes. Adapted plant pathogens secrete effector molecules to suppress the host's immune system. These molecules may be recognized by host‐encoded resistance proteins, which then trigger defense in the form of the hypersensitive response (HR) leading to programmed cell death of the host tissue at the infection site. The three proteins PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 have been found to act as central components in cell wall‐based defense against the non‐adapted powdery mildew Blumeria graminis fsp. hordei (Bgh). We found that loss of function mutations in any of the three PEN genes cause decreased hypersensitive cell death triggered by recognition of effectors from oomycete and bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis. There were considerable additive effects of the mutations. The HR induced by recognition of AvrRpm1 was almost completely abolished in the pen2 pen3 and pen1 pen3 double mutants and the loss of cell death could be linked to indole glucosinolate breakdown products. However, the loss of the HR in pen double mutants did not affect the plants' ability to restrict bacterial growth, whereas resistance to avirulent isolates of the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis was strongly compromised. In contrast, the double and triple mutants demonstrated varying degrees of run‐away cell death in response to Bgh. Taken together, our results indicate that the three genes PEN1, PEN2 and PEN3 extend in functionality beyond their previously recognized functions in cell wall‐based defense against non‐host pathogens. 相似文献
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Stephen Mosher Heike Seybold Patricia Rodriguez Mark Stahl Kelli A. Davies Sajeewani Dayaratne Santiago A. Morillo Michael Wierzba Bruno Favery Harald Keller Frans E. Tax Birgit Kemmerling 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,73(3):469-482
The tyrosine‐sulfated peptides PSKα and PSY1 bind to specific leucine‐rich repeat surface receptor kinases and control cell proliferation in plants. In a reverse genetic screen, we identified the phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor PSKR1 as an important component of plant defense. Multiple independent loss‐of‐function mutants in PSKR1 are more resistant to biotrophic bacteria, show enhanced pathogen‐associated molecular pattern responses and less lesion formation after infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. By contrast, pskr1 mutants are more susceptible to necrotrophic fungal infection with Alternaria brassicicola, show more lesion formation and fungal growth which is not observed on wild‐type plants. The antagonistic effect on biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogen resistance is reflected by enhanced salicylate and reduced jasmonate responses in the mutants, suggesting that PSKR1 suppresses salicylate‐dependent defense responses. Detailed analysis of single and multiple mutations in the three paralogous genes PSKR1, ‐2 and PSY1‐receptor (PSY1R) determined that PSKR1 and PSY1R, but not PSKR2, have a partially redundant effect on plant immunity. In animals and plants, peptide sulfation is catalyzed by a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST). Mutants lacking TPST show increased resistance to bacterial infection and increased susceptibility to fungal infection, mimicking the triple receptor mutant phenotypes. Feeding experiments with PSKα in tpst‐1 mutants partially restore the defense‐related phenotypes, indicating that perception of the PSKα peptide has a direct effect on plant defense. These results suggest that the PSKR subfamily integrates growth‐promoting and defense signals mediated by sulfated peptides and modulates cellular plasticity to allow flexible adjustment to environmental changes. 相似文献
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Anna Maria Zbierzak Svetlana Porfirova Thomas Griebel Michael Melzer Jane E. Parker Peter Dörmann 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2013,75(4):539-552
Survival of plants at low temperature depends on mechanisms for limiting physiological damage and maintaining growth. We mapped the chs1‐1 (chilling sensitive1‐1) mutation in Arabidopsis accession Columbia to the TIR‐NBS gene At1g17610. In chs1‐1, a single amino acid exchange at the CHS1 N‐terminus close to the conserved TIR domain creates a stable mutant protein that fails to protect leaves against chilling stress. The sequence of another TIR‐NBS gene (At5g40090) named CHL1 (CHS1‐like 1) is related to that of CHS1. Over‐expression of CHS1 or CHL1 alleviates chilling damage and enhances plant growth at moderate (24°C) and chilling (13°C) temperatures, suggesting a role for both proteins in growth homeostasis. chs1‐1 mutants show induced salicylic acid production and defense gene expression at 13°C, indicative of autoimmunity. Genetic analysis of chs1‐1 in combination with defense pathway mutants shows that chs1‐1 chilling sensitivity requires the TIR‐NBS‐LRR and basal resistance regulators encoded by EDS1 and PAD4 but not salicylic acid. By following the timing of metabolic, physiological and chloroplast ultrastructural changes in chs1‐1 leaves during chilling, we have established that alterations in photosynthetic complexes and thylakoid membrane integrity precede leaf cell death measured by ion leakage. At 24°C, the chs1‐1 mutant appears normal but produces a massive necrotic response to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection, although this does not affect bacterial proliferation. Our results suggest that CHS1 acts at an intersection between temperature sensing and biotic stress pathway activation to maintain plant performance over a range of conditions. 相似文献
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The Pseudomonas syringae species, containing approximately 60 pathovars, causes bacterial plant diseases on numerous crops and results in great economic losses. It is difficult to rapidly and accurately identify and detect P. syringae due to its complicated classification system. It has also been shown that housekeeping genes have great potential in phylogenetic analysis and classification of bacteria. In this study, phylogenetic analyses of five housekeeping genes, including 16S rRNA, rpoD, gapA, gltA and gyrB, were performed for 100 Pseudomonas strains. Our results showed that two housekeeping genes (rpoD and gapA) had the maximum ability in distinguishing the majority of Pseudomonas pathovars, whereas rpoD exhibited the best for precise and efficient detection of five P. syringae strains, which is of quarantine significance to China. 相似文献
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Polyamine biosynthesis starts with putrescine production through the decarboxylation of arginine or ornithine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, putrescine is synthesised exclusively by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), which exists as two isoforms (ADC1 and 2) that are differentially regulated by abiotic stimuli, but their role in defence against pathogens has not been studied in depth. This work analysed the participation of ADC in Arabidopsis defence against Pseudomonas viridiflava. ADC activity and expression, polyamine levels and bacterial resistance were analysed in null mutants of each ADC isoform. In non‐infected wild‐type (WT) plants, ADC2 expression was much higher than ADC1. Analysis of adc mutants demonstrated that ADC2 contributes to a much higher extent than ADC1 to basal ADC activity and putrescine biosynthesis. In addition, adc2 mutants showed increased basal expression of salicylic acid‐ and jasmonic acid‐dependent PR genes. Bacterial infection induced putrescine accumulation and ADC1 expression in WT plants, but pathogen‐induced putrescine accumulation was blocked in adc1 mutants. Results suggest a specific participation of ADC1 in defence, although basal resistance was not decreased by dysfunction of either of the two ADC genes. In addition, and as opposed to WT plants, bacterial infection increased ADC2 expression and ADC activity in adc1 mutants, which could counterbalance the lack of ADC1. Results demonstrate a major contribution of ADC2 to total ADC activity and the specific induction of ADC1 in response to infection. A certain degree of functional redundancy between the two isoforms in relation to their contribution to basal resistance is also evident. 相似文献