小麦根尖细胞分化过程中超微结构变化的研究

本文研究了小麦根尖分生区、伸长区和成熟区中细胞的超微结构变化。发现细胞核从分生区到成熟区,其大小、形态及其内核仁和异染色质结构均发生一些有规律的变化;内质网、液泡、线粒体、质体、细胞壁和胞间隙也存在着一系列有规律的变化;并讨论了这些动态变化与根尖细胞分化的内在联系。     

Changes in the DNA,RNA and Protein Contents During the Root-Tip Cell Differentiation of Triticum aestivum

One to two cm long root tips of Triticum aestivum L., after three days' germination at 25 ℃, each were cut into three regions--the meristem region, elongation region and mature region. The cells in different regions were stained with Hochest 33258, Pymnin G and FITC respectively. Nuclear DNA was measured by micmfluorometry with VIDAS digital image analysis system. The relative contents of RNA and protein in the cells were measured with a MPV-Ⅲ microspectrofluorometer. It was shown that the nuclear DNA content increased during root tip cell differentiation, being maximum in the mature region. The relative content of RNA was maximum in the meristem region, but decreased continuously during the growth of tissue. The relative content of protein was maximum in the elongation region, but minimum in the meristem region. The relationships among DNA, RNA, protein and cell differentiation were discussed.     

Phosphate accumulation in leaves of wheat seedlings measured in leaf cell protoplasts isolated after root or foliar treatment with orthophosphate

Leaf cell protoplasts were isolated from wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Urquie) after orthophosphate (Pi) treatment of the plant to determine the capacity for intracellular phosphate accumulation. Seedlings were treated with Pi concentrations near the phytotoxic level to maximize the Pi concentration in the leaf prior to protoplast isolation 1 day later. Both foliar and root treatment of seedlings with Pi increased the phosphate content of leaf protoplasts by approximately 20 μmol (mg chlorophyll)⁻¹ over Pi levels in untreated controls. Phosphate-loaded protoplasts from treated seedlings had similar photosynthetic rates and starch content but 50% more soluble reducing sugar than protoplasts from untreated seedlings. Protoplast dark respiration decreased after treatments which increased protoplast potassium content. The results suggest that similar amounts of Pi can be accumulated by leaf cells of wheat after foliar or root application of Pi to the seedling without hindering Pi-sensitive processes such as photosynthesis and starch synthesis.     

泥胡菜等8种草本植物提取物除草活性的生物测定

采用顺序提取法制备了泥胡菜（Hemistepta lyrata Bunge）等8种草本植物全草的石油醚、乙酸乙酯和乙醇提取物,并以高粱（Sorghum vulgare Pers．）、黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L．）、小麦（Triticum aestivum L．）和油菜（Brassica campestris L．）为供试对象,用种子萌发法对提取物的除草活性进行了生物测定。结果表明,所有提取物对4种作物幼苗根和茎的生长均有一定的抑制作用,但抑制率有一定差异。泥胡菜和獯草[Humulus scandens（Lour．）Merr．]的乙酸乙酯提取物对作物幼苗根和茎的抑制作用最强,抑制率随提取物浓度的提高逐渐增高,且对作物幼苗根生长的抑制强度高于茎。在低浓度（12．5g·L^-1）条件下,泥胡菜乙酸乙酯提取物对小麦幼苗根和茎生长的抑制作用最强;蓓草乙酸乙酯提取物对高粱幼苗根的生长及油菜幼苗根和茎的生长抑制作用最强。研究结果显示,泥胡菜及蓰草的乙酸乙酯提取物具有潜在的除草活性。     

DNA超甲基化在小麦耐盐胁迫中的作用

运用高效液相色谱技术测定小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)耐盐品种‘德抗961’和盐敏感品种‘豫麦34’盐胁迫后叶片和根DNA中5-甲基胞嘧啶百分含量的变化,结果表明,经150 mmol/L NaCl处理6 d后,‘德抗961’叶片和根DNA中的5-甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量显著下降,但经150 mmol/L NaCl处理10 d后,耐盐品种‘德抗961’叶片和根DNA中的5-甲基胞嘧啶的百分含量都比盐敏感品种‘豫麦34’的高。由此推测DNA超甲基化可能是植物耐盐机制的一部分。     

牛磺酸对小麦幼苗生长的生理效应

采用牛磺酸溶液培育小麦幼苗,测定10、100、500、1 000、5 000 mg/L的牛磺酸对小麦幼苗的光合作用PS Ⅱ光化学效率、细胞膜相对透性和膜脂过氧化以及生长的影响.结果表明,与对照组相比,适宜浓度的牛磺酸处理可促进小麦幼苗的生长,使其根长、株高、单株幼苗的干重和鲜重增加,并在一定程度上提高叶片的光化学效率,降低细胞膜相对透性和膜脂过氧化产物的含量;最适处理浓度约为500 mg/L.说明牛磺酸对小麦幼苗细胞膜有一定的保护作用.     

Features of crossability, haploidy and polyembryony in hybrid combinations between common barley Hordeum vulgare L. (2n = 14) and wheat-rye substitution lines Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Saratovskaya 29/Secale cereale L., cultivar Onokhoiskaya

The role of individual chromosomes of rye in the manifestation of crossability and seedling development in hybrid combinations between common barley Hordeum vulgare L., cultivar Nepolegayushchii (2n = 14) and five wheat-rye substitution lines Triticum aestivum L., cultivar Saratovskaya 29/Secale cereale L., cultivar Onokhoiskaya (2n = 40 wheat + 2 rye chromosomes). Crossability, which was measured by two parameters--frequency of set grains and frequency of grains with embryos--was shown to be significantly affected by each of the five rye chromosomes examined: 1R, 2R, 3R, 5R, and 6R; the development of barley haploids was affected by rye chromosomes 1 R, 3R, and 5R. We were the first to demonstrate that polyembryony could be induced by mutual effects of barley cytoplasm and rye chromosome 1R. Possible mechanisms controlling the development of haploids and twins in hybrid combinations H. vulgare x T. aestivum/S. cereale are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that hybrid combinations between common barley and wheat-rye substitution lines can serve as new models for studying incompatibility mechanisms in distant crosses and genetic control of parthenogenesis.     

Lignin deposition induced by aluminum in wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots

We investigated the relation between the toxic effect of aluminum (Al) on root growth and the lignin deposition in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cvs Atlas 66 and Scout 66). In the Al-tolerant cultivar Atlas 66, control treatment without AlCl₃ at pH 4.75, cell length increased dramatically in the portion of the root that was 0.6 to 3.2 mm from the root cap junction (approximately 1.0 to 3.6 mm from the root tip). However, treatment with 20 μ M AlCl₃ for 24 and 48 h completely inhibited root elongation and markedly decreased the length and increased the diameter of the cells in the same portion of the root. Moreover, marked deposition of lignin was observed in the cells that corresponded to the portion 1.5 to 4.5 mm from the root tip in Atlas 66 roots treated with 20 μ M AlCl₃, while no deposition of lignin was detected in control roots. Treatment with 5 μ M AlCl₃ slightly inhibited root growth and there was no deposition of lignin in the root. On the other hand, in roots of the Al-sensitive cultivar Scout 66, treatment with 5 μ M AlCl₃ completely inhibited root growth and markedly induced deposition of lignin. These results suggest that lignification in the elongating region coincided with the extent of inhibition of root growth by Al in two wheat cultivars that differed in their sensitivity to Al.     

不同提取剂对麦醇溶蛋白提取效果的电泳比较

以大麦、小麦品种为材料,分别采用醇溶蛋白提取剂乙醇、乙二醇、2-氯乙醇、2-巯基乙醇、尿素等配成不同浓度的单一组分提取剂和复合提取剂,在同一条件下提取大麦和小麦去胚种子的醇溶蛋白,通过A-PAGE分离样品液发现,单一组分提取剂中25％的2-氯乙醇效果较好,5％的2-巯基乙醇效果较差;复合提取剂中由2-氯乙醇和2-巯基乙醇组成的提取剂效果最好。这种复合提取剂制备的样品液经电泳后,在图谱中条带丰富,带型清晰,无论对大麦还是小麦种子,都是最佳的醇溶蛋白提取剂。     

Evaluation of cytological effects of Zn2+ in relation to germination and root growth of Nigella sativa L. and Triticum aestivum L

The effects of different treatments with zinc sulfate (Zn(2+)) on the cytology and growth of Nigella sativa and Triticum aestivum were investigated. Five concentrations of zinc sulfate ranging from 5 to 25mg/l were applied for 6, 12, 18, and 24h. The treatments reduced the germination percentages of N. sativa seeds and T. aestivum grains and inhibited the root growth of both plants. Concentrations higher than 25mg/l of Zn(2+) applied for 24h were toxic for both plants. The non-lethal concentrations of Zn(2+) showed an inhibitory effect on cell division in root tips of both plants and caused a decrease in their mitotic index values. The reduction in MI in root tips of T. aestivum was more evident than that of N. sativa. All treatments changed the frequency of mitotic phases as compared with the control values. The total percentage of abnormalities in N. saliva was more than that in T. aestivum. Zn(2+) treatments produced a number of mitotic abnormalities in dividing cells in root tips of both plants resulting from its action on the spindle apparatus such as C-metaphases, lagging chromosomes and multipolar anaphases and telophases. Also, Zn(2+) induced vacuolated nuclei and irregular prophases. The induction of chromosomal stickiness and chromosomal aberrations such as bridges and breaks indicates its action on the chromosome. These abnormalities (chromosome breaks and chromosomal bridges at ana-telophases) indicate true clastogenic potential of the ions tested.     

不同浓度硝态氮供应下小麦生长、硝态氮累积及根系钙信号特征

以小麦品种‘石麦15’和‘衡观35’为材料进行营养液水培试验,研究不同浓度硝态氮供应对小麦苗期根系形态、钙离子流特征及钙调蛋白(CaM)含量的影响。结果表明,与适宜浓度硝态氮处理(2.5mmol/L)相比,无外源硝态氮供应时小麦地上部鲜重、硝态氮含量均降低,侧根数量显著减少;高浓度硝态氮处理(50mmol/L)下两个小麦品种地上部硝态氮含量升高,根系总长度降低,‘石麦15’侧根数量减少。无硝态氮和高浓度硝态氮处理下,根系中钙调蛋白含量降低,且‘衡观35’的降低幅度大于‘石麦15’。无外源硝态氮供应时小麦根尖表现出较为明显的钙离子外流特征;与适宜浓度硝态氮处理相比,高硝态氮处理下小麦根尖Ca2+的内流速度显著下降。说明硝态氮供应不足和高浓度硝态氮供应会影响小麦根系生长,根系Ca2+外流或Ca2+内流速度下降,CaM含量减少,Ca2+/CaM可能介导硝态氮调控小麦根系生长发育。     

Silicon and copper interaction in the growth of spring wheat seedlings

Shoot and root fresh and dry matters and their Cu content were determined in 7-d-old seedlings of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Alkora treated with Cu (10,20, 40 μg cm-3) and Si (500 μg cm-3). Si significantly reduced the toxic effect of Cu on fresh and dry matter production of wheat seedlings. Moreover, plants treated with Cu and Si absorbed less Cu from the solution and had higher water content in shoots and roots than that treated with Cu only. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Elymus与普通小麦属间杂种的细胞遗传学研究

本研究以Elymus pendulinus(Nevski)Tzvelev(2n=4x=28,SSYY)、E.shandongenisis B.Salomon(2n=4x=28,SSYY)与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.:2n=6x=42,AABBDD)进行了属间远缘杂交。通过对杂种胚的离体培养,两个组合均产生了杂种F_1植株。杂种F_1为多年生,植株生长旺盛;形态上介于亲本种之间而兼具双亲的某些特征;穗状花序发育正常,但均完全不育。两个组合的根尖和花粉母细胞染色体数目为2n-5x=35。通过对杂种减数分裂染色体配对行为的分析,发现其MI染色体的配对水平很低,二价体均为棒状,每细胞的平均染色体交叉数在0.25-0.31之间。这表明E.pendulinus t E.shandongensis 所含的SY染色体组与普通小麦的ABD染色体之间的同源程度很低。由于在E.shandongeasis 及其它具有SY染色体组的Elymus 单倍体中,SY染色体组之间的部份同源染色体配对数均明显高于该杂种中的配对数,这表明存在于普通小麦中的ph基因及其它具类似作用的基因系统能抑制SY染色体组之间的部份同源染色体配对。     

水稻和小麦根尖细胞壁多糖的铝积累能力比较

采用水培法比较4种禾本科植物水稻（Oryza sativa L.）、玉米（Zea mays L.）、高粱（Sorghum bicolor（L.）Moench）和小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）8个基因型的抗铝（Al）能力,并对他们在Al积累后细胞壁的多糖组分进行分析。结果显示,在5~200 μmol/L Al处理下,水稻抗Al能力较强,而小麦抗Al能力较弱。在50 μmol/L Al处理下,小麦根尖的果胶和半纤维素1含量的增幅明显高于水稻。水稻基因型‘日本晴’与‘浙辐802’的细胞壁Al含量分别占根尖总Al含量的78.7%和91.6%;小麦基因型‘扬麦18’与‘扬麦16’Al含量分别占根尖总Al含量的64.9%和72.1%。Al吸附-解吸实验结果显示,小麦根尖细胞壁上Al的吸附量高于水稻。研究结果表明,细胞壁是Al积累的主要部位,对Al敏感的水稻和小麦基因型细胞壁中的Al主要分布在果胶中;而对Al耐性较强的水稻和小麦基因型细胞壁中的Al主要分布在半纤维素1中。     

小麦根尖细胞分化过程中DNA,RNA和蛋白质含量变化的研究

小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)种子在25℃条件下萌发3d,根生长至1～2cm长时,于双筒解剖镜下严格切取根分生区、伸长区和成熟区。用专一性荧光染料Hochest33258、Pyronin G和FITC分别染细胞核DNA、RNA和蛋白质,并用自动图像分析技术和细胞荧光测定术分别测定三个区中各125个细胞核DNA的相对含量和各100个细胞中RNA和蛋白质的相对含量。核DNA相对含量随着根尖细胞分化的进程,DNA含量递增,成熟区细胞中含量最高。RNA的相对含量则与之相反,在分生区细胞中含量最高,成熟区细胞中含量最低。蛋白质的相对含量则在伸长区细胞中最高,分生区细胞中最低。讨论了根尖细胞分化过程中DNA、RNA和蛋白质三者之间变化的一些内在联系。     

Effect of CO2 Concentration Doubling on the Leaf Morphology and Structure of 10 Species in Gramineae

The effects of CO2 concentration on leaf thickness, chloroplast manbers in the bundle sheath cell, epidermal cell density, stomatal density, stomatal index, stomatal size were compared in 10 species in Gramineae: Triticum aestivum L., T. aestivum ssp. tibeticum, Hordeum vulgare L., H. brevisubulatum ( Trin. ) Link, Oryza sativa L., O. meyeriana ssp. granulata, Setaria italica (L.) Beauv, S. viridis (L.) Beauv, Sorghum vulgare Pers., Zea mays L. following their exposure to doubled carbon dioxide (700μL/L) and ambient carbon dioxide concentration (350μL/L). The results indicated that different species of plants might vary in their response to doubled CO2. In general, the leaves became thicker under the elevated CO2 condition. The mean stomatal density of the C3 species was decreased in doubled CO2, whereas the results of C4 species showed an inverse trend. The epidermal cell density and the chloroplast numbers of the bundle sheath cell in the wild plant species were less than those in the control under CO2 enrichment. The stomatal density was positively correlated with the stomatal index. Finally, the general pattern of structural variation under different CO2 concentrations was proposed, and their implication to the research of global change was discussed as well.     

外来入侵植物小飞蓬化感物质的释放途径

在室内以滤纸为载体用离体生测方法测定了小飞蓬(Conyza canadesiL.)全株水浸提物、茎叶淋溶物、根系分泌物及残体土壤分解物对萝卜(Raphanussativus L.)、黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)、马唐(Digitarias anguinalis(L.)Scop.)油菜(Brassica campestris L.)和小麦(Triticuma estivum L.)的化感效应,同时在温室内以土壤为载体通过盆栽植物浇灌的方法测定了小飞蓬茎叶淋溶物和根系分泌物对盆栽植物生长的影响。室内生测实验结果表明,小飞蓬全株水浸提物对5种受体种子的萌发和幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用;根系分泌物、茎叶淋溶物和残体土壤分解物对受体种子的生长抑制作用不同,根系分泌物的活性高于茎叶淋溶物和残体土壤分解物。温室盆栽实验结果也表明,小飞蓬根系分泌物对受体生长的影响高于茎叶淋溶物。这些结果说明根系分泌是小飞蓬化感物质释放的主要途径之一。     

外源硫化氢对豌豆根尖及其边缘细胞的影响

为研究外源硫化氢（H2S）对豌豆（Pisum sativum）胚根生理特性及其边缘细胞的影响,测定了不同浓度外源H2S处理下豌豆根长、根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶（APX、CAT、POD和SOD）活性、根尖边缘细胞存活率及其粘胶层相对面积的变化。结果表明：低浓度（0-40μmol·L-1）H2S可促进豌豆胚根生长,根尖组织可溶性蛋白质含量升高,SOD、APX和POD活性增加,CAT活性降低,根尖边缘细胞存活率上升,粘胶层相对面积变小。高浓度（60-80μmol·L-1）H2S可抑制豌豆胚根生长,可溶性蛋白质含量和边缘细胞存活率明显下降,APX和POD活性降低,CAT活性升高,SOD活性没有明显变化,粘胶层相对面积变大;边缘细胞染色体凝集并边缘化,然后逐渐降解并伴随粉末化,细胞质膜皱缩。因此,推测H2S可能在植物体内发挥着重要的生理作用。     

Changes in water relations and endogenous abscisic acid content of wheat and barley grains and embryos during development

Abstract. Immature cereal embryo development can be controlled by in vitro culture on media containing ABA, or by media of low osmotic potential. To assess the possible in vivo roles of these factors, endogenous ABA levels and water relations of embryos and grains of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) were determined during development. ABA concentrations remained consistent with those required to inhibit precocious germination in vitro of early stage embryos but not of more mature embryos. With increasing maturity, a difference in water potential developed between grain and embryo, suggestive of an in vivo role for water status in controlling the development of the embryo.     

Low-Temperature Adaptation of Winter Wheat Seedlings under Excessive Zinc Content in the Root Medium

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Cold adaptation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings was investigated under excessive zinc content (1000 μM) in the root medium. The ability...