Taxonomic review of the genus Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) in Korea

A taxonomic review of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. A total of nine species of five subgenera with two unrecorded species are listed: Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar Linnaeus 1758, L. (P.) xylina Swinhoe 1903, L. (Lymantria) monacha (Linnaeus 1758), L. (L.) minomonis Matsumura 1933 (new to Korea), L. (L.) similis monachoides Schintlimeister 2004 (new to Korea), L. (L.) lucescens (Butler 1881), L. (Nyctria) mathura Moore 1865, L. (Collentria) fumida Butler 1877, and L. (Spinotria) bantaizana Matsumura 1933. Lymantria (Lymantria) minomonis and L. (L.) similis monachoides are newly added to the Korean fauna. Lymantria (L.) minomonis was found only on Bogildo Island of Jeollanam‐do in the southern part of Korea, and L. (L.) similis monachoides was collected in central Korea. Lymantria (Porthetria) xylina and L. (Collentria) fumida were not examined in this study, and it is considered that the previous records were due to misidentification or they are only distributed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. We provide diagnoses of two unrecorded species and adult habitus and genitalia photos of the Korean Lymantria species.     

Phylogenetic systematics of the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea-group (Insecta: Diptera: Empididae)

Six clades are inferred from a phylogenetic analysis including 42 species belonging to the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea‐group. These clades are named as follows: E. (C.) acris, E. (C.) aspina, E. (C.) atratata, E. (C.) hyalea, E. (C.) jacobsoni and E. (C.) nahaeoensis. The presence of two dorsal more or less developed epandrial projections is considered autapomorphic for the E. (C.) hyalea‐group in addition to two characters previously found to support the monophyly of this group (presence of an unsclerotized zone in the middle of labella and epandrium unpaired). Amongst the cladistically analysed species, 24 are newly described [ E. ( C. ) acris , E. ( C. ) aspina , E. ( C. ) cameronensis , E. ( C. ) duplex , E. ( C. ) incurva , E. ( C. ) inferiseta , E. ( C. ) kuaensis , E. ( C. ) lachaisei , E. ( C. ) lamellalta , E. ( C. ) lata , E. ( C. ) loici , E. ( C. ) longiseta , E. ( C. ) mengyangensis , E. ( C. ) menglunensis , E. ( C. ) missai , E. ( C. ) nimbaensis , E. ( C. ) padangensis , E. ( C. ) parvula , E. ( C. ) projecta , E. ( C. ) pseudonahaeoensis , E. ( C. ) submetallica , E. ( C. ) urumae , E. ( C. ) vitisalutatoris and E. ( C. ) woitapensis ], five are reviewed [E. (C.) hyalea Melander, E. (C.) jacobsoni De Meijere, E. (C.) ostentator Melander, E. (C.) sinensis Melander and E. (C.) thiasotes Melander] and 13 were recently described in two previous papers. Two additional species, E. (C.) abbrevinervis De Meijere and E. (C.) multipennata Melander, are also reviewed but not included in the cladistic analysis since they are only known from the female. A lectotype is designated for E. (C.) jacobsoni. A key is provided to the six clades of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group as well as to species of each clade. A catalogue of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group, including 72 species, is given. The taxonomic status of 25 additional species mainly described by Bezzi and Brunetti, from the Oriental and Australasian regions, is discussed. The E. (C.) hyalea‐group is firstly recorded from the Palaearctic Region and Australia. Finally, the distribution and the habitats of the species compared with their phylogeny suggest a possible relationship between the diversification of the group and forest fragmentations during the Quaternary. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145 , 339–391.     

Phylogeny and classification of Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae), based on morphological characters of all life stages

Higher‐level relationships within Aedini, the largest tribe of Culicidae, are explored using morphological characters of eggs, fourth‐instar larvae, pupae, and adult females and males. In total, 172 characters were examined for 119 exemplar species representing the existing 12 genera and 56 subgenera recognized within the tribe. The data for immature and adult stages were analysed separately and in combination using equal (EW) and implied weighting (IW). Since the classification of Aedini is based mainly on adult morphology, we first tested whether adult data alone would support the existing classification. Overall, the results of these analyses did not reflect the generic classification of the tribe. The tribe as a whole was portrayed as a polyphyletic assemblage of Aedes and Ochlerotatus within which eight (EW) or seven (IW) other genera were embedded. Strict consensus trees (SCTs) derived from analyses of the immature stages data were almost completely unresolved. Combining the adult and immature stages data resulted in fewer most parsimonious cladograms (MPCs) and a more resolved SCT than was found when either of the two data subsets was analysed separately. However, the recovered relationships were still unsatisfactory. Except for the additional recovery of Armigeres as a monophyletic genus, the groups recovered in the EW analysis of the combined data were those found in the EW analysis of adult data. The IW analysis of the total data yielded eight MPCs consisting of three sets of two mutually exclusive topologies that occurred in all possible combinations. We carefully studied the different hypotheses of character transformation responsible for each of the alternative patterns of relationship but were unable to select one of the eight MPCs as a preferred cladogram. Overall, the relationships within the SCT of the eight MPCs were a significant improvement over those found by equal weighting. Aedini and all existing genera except Ochlerotatus and Aedes were recovered as monophyletic. Ochlerotatus formed a polyphyletic assemblage basal to Aedes. This group included Haemagogus and Psorophora, and also Opifex in a sister‐group relationship with Oc. (Not.) chathamicus. Aedes was polyphyletic relative to seven other genera, Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Eretmapodites, Heizmannia, Udaya, Verrallina and Zeugnomyia. With the exception of Ae. (Aedimorphus), Oc. (Finlaya), Oc. (Ochlerotatus) and Oc. (Protomacleaya), all subgenera with two or more species included in the analysis were recovered as monophyletic. Rather than leave the generic classification of Aedini in its current chaotic state, we decided a reasonable and conservative compromise classification would be to recognize as genera those groups that are ‘weighting independent’, i.e. those that are common to the results of both the EW and IW analyses of the total data. The SCT of these combined analyses resulted in a topology of 29 clades, each comprising between two and nine taxa, and 30 taxa (including Mansonia) in an unresolved basal polytomy. In addition to ten genera (Armigeres, Ayurakitia, Eretmapodites, Haemagogus, Heizmannia, Opifex, Psorophora, Udaya, Verrallina and Zeugnomyia), generic status is proposed for the following: (i) 32 existing subgenera of Aedes and Ochlerotatus, including nine monobasic subgenera within the basal polytomy, i.e. Ae. (Belkinius), Ae. (Fredwardsius), Ae. (Indusius), Ae. (Isoaedes), Ae. (Leptosomatomyia), Oc. (Abraedes), Oc. (Aztecaedes), Oc. (Gymnometopa) and Oc. (Kompia); (ii) three small subgenera within the basal polytomy that are undoubtedly monophyletic, i.e. Ae. (Huaedes), Ae. (Skusea) and Oc. (Levua), and (iii) another 20 subgenera that fall within the resolved part of the SCT, i.e. Ae. (Aedes), Ae. (Alanstonea), Ae. (Albuginosus), Ae. (Bothaella), Ae. (Christophersiomyia), Ae. (Diceromyia), Ae. (Edwardsaedes), Ae. (Lorrainea), Ae. (Neomelaniconion), Ae. (Paraedes), Ae. (Pseudarmigeres), Ae. (Scutomyia), Ae. (Stegomyia), Oc. (Geoskusea), Oc. (Halaedes), Oc. (Howardina), Oc. (Kenknightia), Oc. (Mucidus), Oc. (Rhinoskusea) and Oc. (Zavortinkius). A clade consisting of Oc. (Fin.) kochi, Oc. (Fin.) poicilius and relatives is raised to generic rank as Finlaya, and Downsiomyia Vargas is reinstated from synonymy with Finlaya as the generic name for the clade comprising Oc. (Fin.) leonis, Oc. (Fin.) niveus and their relatives. Three other species of Finlaya?Oc. (Fin.) chrysolineatus, Oc. (Fin.) geniculatus and Oc. (Fin.) macfarlanei? fall within the basal polytomy and are treated as Oc. (Finlaya) incertae sedis. Ochlerotatus (Ochlerotatus) is divided into three lineages, two of which, Oc. (Och.) atropalpus and Oc. (Och.) muelleri, are part of the basal polytomy. The remaining seven taxa of Oc. (Ochlerotatus) analysed, including the type species, form a reasonably well‐supported group that is regarded as Ochlerotatus s.s. Ochlerotatus (Rusticoidus) is retained as a subgenus within Ochlerotatus s.s. Ochlerotatus (Nothoskusea) is recognized as a subgenus of Opifex based on two unique features that support their sister‐group relationship. A new genus, Tanakaius gen. nov. , is proposed for Oc. (Fin.) togoi and the related species Oc. (Fin.) savoryi. The taxonomic status and generic placement of all currently valid species of Aedini are listed in an appendix. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 142 , 289?368.     

New records of freshwater rotifers (Rotifera) from Indian waters

This study adds 25 rotifer species to the fauna of India viz.Cyrtonia tuba (Ehrb.)Epiphanes macrourus (Barrois & Daday),Liliferotrocha subtilis (Rodewald),Microcodides chleana (Gosse),Brachionus dimidiatus (Bryce),Keratella ticinensis Carlin,Notholca labis (Gosse),Platyias leloupi (Gillard),Euchlanis incisa Carlin,Mytilina bisulcata (Lucks),Wolga spinifera (Western),Lecane (Lecane)althausi Rudescu,L. (L.)doryssa Harring,L. (L.)elongata Harring & Myers,L. (Monostyla)bifurca (Bryce)L. (M.)lamellata thalera (Harring & Myers),L. (Hemimonostyla)blachei Berzins,Cephalodella giganthea Remane,Monommata arndti Remane,Trichocerca (Trichocerca)pusilla (Lauterborn),Testudinella emarginula (Stenroos),Ptygura melicerta Ehrb,P. tacita Edmondson,Filinia cornuta (Weisse),Collotheca mutabilis (Hudson),C. ornata (Ehrb.) andC. trilobata (Collins).B. dimidiatus andP. leloupi are new records from Delhi Region.     

Phytochemical Study of Juglans regia L. Pericarps from Greece with a Chemotaxonomic Approach

Phytochemical research of different polarity extracts from green Juglans regia L. pericarps from Greece afforded 32 compounds: four pentacyclic triterpenes (1 – 4), three sesquiterpenes (5 – 7), four tetralones (8 – 11), two naphthoquinones (12 and 13), seven phenolic acids (14 – 20), one diarylheptanoid (21), one neo‐lignan (22), seven flavonoids (23 – 29), two phenylethanoids (30 and 31) and one hydrolysed tannin (32). Compounds 4 and 29 are isolated for the first time from the species, while compounds 3, 7, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30 are reported for the first time in Juglandaceae. Chemotaxonomic significance of isolated compounds into Junglandaceae family is thoroughly discussed.     

白毫早茶园3种害虫与其捕食性天敌的数量、时间和空间关系

为了合理利用和保护天敌进行卵形短须螨、双斑长跗萤叶甲和假眼小绿叶蝉的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法和生态位分析法对合肥地区白毫早茶园3种主要害虫与其捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间等方面关系进行分析,利用害虫与天敌关系密切指数之和综合评判9种天敌与3种害虫关系密切的前四位天敌。2015年卵形短须螨的前四位天敌是鳞纹肖蛸(5.3079)、三突花蟹蛛(5.1716)、锥腹肖蛸(4.8367)和草间小黑蛛(4.7869);2016年前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(5.3975)、鳞纹肖蛸(4.9414)、茶色新圆蛛(4.8757)、锥腹肖蛸(4.6815)。对两年结果综合分析,卵形短须螨的前四位天敌依次是三突花蟹蛛(10.5691)、鳞纹肖蛸(10.2493)、茶色新圆蛛(9.6353)和锥腹肖蛸(9.5182)。2015年双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.6926)、异色瓢虫(5.6976)、八斑球腹蛛(5.5101)和斜纹猫蛛(5.4552);2016年依次是茶色新圆蛛(5.2909)、锥腹肖蛸(5.2710)、鳞纹肖蛸(5.1063)和斜纹猫蛛(5.0703)。对两年结果综合评判,双斑长跗萤叶甲的前四位天敌是锥腹肖蛸(10.9636)、茶色新圆蛛(10.6578)、异色瓢虫(10.7580)和鳞纹肖蛸(10.5437)。2015年假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(5.3614)、粽管巢蛛(5.2259)、斜纹猫蛛(5.1300)和茶色新圆蛛(4.7472);2016年是锥腹肖蛸(5.2666)、粽管巢蛛(5.2561)、草间小黑蛛(4.9376)和斜纹猫蛛(4.8335)。对两年结果综合评判,假眼小绿叶蝉的前四位天敌依次是锥腹肖蛸(10.6280)、粽管巢蛛(10.4820)、斜纹猫蛛(9.9635)和茶色新圆蛛(8.6137)。该研究结果为白毫早茶园3种害虫防治时合理保护和利用自然界的天敌的种类提供了科学依据。     

Further study on the phylogeny,taxonomy and distribution of the genus Veturius Kaup in Central and South America (Coleoptera: Passalidae)

This study provides data on the phylogeny, taxonomy and distribution of 14 known and five new species of the Neotropical genus Veturius Kaup (Proculini), belonging to various subgenera and species groups: V. (Veturius) latissimus n. sp. (Colombia, Central Andes) and V. (V.) calimanus n. sp. (Pacific slope of the Occidental Cordillera) are separated from V. (V.) caquetaensis Boucher, 1988, which seems restricted to the Amazonian slope of the Oriental Cordillera (Caquetá, Putumayo); V. (V.) sinuatomarginatus Luederwaldt, 1941 (Costa Rica), n. syn. of V. sinuatocollis Kuwert, 1890; V. sinuatocollis aculeatus Luederwaldt, 1941 (syntype from Costa Rica); V. (V.) aspina Kuwert, 1898 (located in Occidente of Ecuador, Guayaquil); V. (V.) yahua Boucher, 2006 (located in Occidente of Ecuador, Pichincha and SW Colombia, Nariño); V. (V.) guntheri Kuwert, 1898 (located in Peru, SE Puno and Colombia, W Putumayo); V. (V.) cephalotes (Le Peletier & Serville, 1825) (citation from Guyana); V. (V.) sinuatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) (previous synonymy); V. (V.) libericornis Kuwert, 1891 (located in Peru, Cuzco); V. (V.) lepidus Fonseca, 1999 (revision; located in Colombia, Amazonas, Putumayo and Peru, Loreto); V. (V.) transversus (Dalman, 1817) [syntype; previous synonymy of V. trituberculatus (Eschscholtz, 1829) with V. assimilis (Weber, 1801) and located in Brazil, Mato Grosso]; V. (V.) sinuosus (Drapiez, 1820) (corrected reference for Colombia); V. (Publius) crassus (Smith, 1852) (new syntype); V. (P.) danieli Boucher, 2006 (holotype deposit); V. (P.) vazdemelloi Boucher, n. sp. (Andes of Ecuador, Azuay); V. (Ouayana) unicornis Gravely, 1918 (located in Colombia, E Vaupés); V. (O.) costaianus Boucher, n. sp. (Venezuela, Amazonas, NW Pacaraima Massif); Ticoisthmus Boucher, n. subg., for the species group of V. (O.) laevior (Kaup, 1868), of southern Central America; and V. (T.) brachypterus Boucher, n. sp. (Costa Rica, Sierra Talamanca). Ticoisthmus is considered the sister group of Ouayana. It belongs to the Meso-American low mountain dispersion pattern and demonstrates, especially in the genus Veturius, but also more generally in the Neotropical passalids, the hot-spot characteristics, with diversity and endemism, of the narrow land between the Depression of Nicaragua and the Isthmus of Panama.     

Molecular structure of rare but geographically widespread sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ‘ultra-fast’ electrophoretic alleles in Drosophila melanogaster

Six naturally occurring but rare alleles of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) in Drosophila melanogaster have been investigated in this study. They all belong to a class of Gpdh ^UF (ultra-fast) alleles, because their electrophoretic mobilities are faster than that of the Gpdh ^F (fast) allele. The Gpdh ^UF variants are widespread, and have been reported from five continents. DNA sequence analysis has shown that the change in electrophoretic mobility was in each allele caused by a single amino acid residue substitution in the encoded protein. In the Xiamen ^UF allele it is a substitution of lysine (AAA) to asparagine (AAT) in exon 1 (residue 3). An asparagine (AAT) to aspartate (GAT) change was found in exon 6 (residue 336) in the Iowa ^UF and Netherlands ^UF alleles. The mobility of the Raleigh ^UF allele was altered by a valine (GTG) to glutamate (GAG) substitution in exon 3 (residue 76). Two mutations were detected in the Brazzaville ^UF allele: a lysine (AAG) to methionine (ATG) substitution in exon 2 (residue 68) is responsible for the ultra-fast phenotype of this variant, while a tyrosine (TAT) to phenylalanine (TTT) substitution in exon 4 (residue 244) is not expected to alter the electrophoretic mobility of the encoded protein. These results indicate that the Gpdh ^UF alleles originate from different mutational events, and only two of them — Iowa ^UF and Netherlands ^UF — might share a common ancestry. The GPDH activity of the Iowa ^UF allele is intermediate between those of the Gpdh ^S and Gpdh ^F control stocks. The other Gpdh ^UF variants have lower activities than the controls: Xiamen ^UF -83%, Raleigh ^UF -80% and Brazzaville ^UF -73% of the Gpdh ^F control.     

Synthesis of Annonaceous Acetogenins from Muricatacin

Synthetic studies of annonaceous acetogenins starting from (?)-muricatacin (1a) or (+)-muricatacin are described, involving (?)-muricatacin (1a), mono-THF acetogenin, solamin (2), reticulatacin (3), (15R, 16R, 19S, 20S)-cis-solamin (4a) and (15S, 16S, 19R, 20R)-cis-solamin (4b), non-adjacent bis-THF acetogenin, 4-deoxygigantecin (5), and epoxide-bearing acetogenin, (15S, 16R, 19S, 20R)-diepomuricanin (6a).     

DNA ploidy level variability of some fescues (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca</Emphasis> subg. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca</Emphasis>, Poaceae) from Central and Southern Europe measured in fresh plants and herbarium specimens

Using flow cytometry in fresh plants and herbarium vouchers, DNA ploidy levels for 411 individuals of 44 taxa of the genus Festuca, including 4 natural hybrids, originating from 237 sites in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland were estimated. The following taxa and DNA ploidy levels are reported: F. airoides (2n ≈ 2x), F. alpestris (2n ≈ 2x), F. alpina s.l. (2n ≈ 2x), F. amethystina subsp. amethystina (2n ≈ 4x), F. bosniaca subsp. bosniaca (2n ≈ 2x), F. brevipila (2n ≈ 6x), F. bucegiensis (2n ≈ 2x), F. carnuntina (2n ≈ 6x), F. csikhegyensis (2n ≈ 4x), F. csikhegyensis × F. eggleri (2n ≈ 4x), F. dalmatica (2n ≈ 4x), F. duvalii (2n ≈ 4x), F. eggleri (2n ≈ 2x, 4x), F. filiformis (2n ≈ 2x), F. glauca (2n ≈ 6x), F. heterophylla (2n ≈ 4x), F. inops (2n ≈ 2x), F. laevigata (2n ≈ 8x), F. laxa (2n ≈ 4x), F. lemanii (2n ≈ 6x), F. norica (2n ≈ 2x), F. ovina subsp. ovina (2n ≈ 2x), F. ovina subsp. guesfalica (2n ≈ 4x), F. ovina × F. pallens (2n ≈ 4x), F. pallens (2n ≈ 2x, 3x), F. pallens × F. pseudodalmatica (2n ≈ 3x, 4x), F. pirinica (2n ≈ 2x), F. polesica (2n ≈ 2x), F. psammophila subsp. dominii (2n ≈ 2x), F. pseudodalmatica (2n ≈ 4x), F. pseudovina (2n ≈ 2x), F. quadriflora (2n ≈ 4x), F. rupicola (2n ≈ 6x), F. rupicola × F. vaginata (2n ≈ 3x, 4x), F. saxatilis (2n ≈ 6x), F. stricta subsp. bauzanina (2n ≈ 8x), F. supina (2n ≈ 4x), F. tatrae (2n ≈ 2x), F. valesiaca (2n ≈ 2x), F. versicolor subsp. pallidula (2n ≈ 2x), F. versicolor subsp. versicolor (2n ≈ 2x), F. violacea subsp. puccinellii (2n ≈ 2x), F. wagneri (2n ≈ 4x), F. xanthina (2n ≈ 2x). In F. pallens, up to 12-year-old herbarium specimens were proved to be suitable for DNA ploidy level measurements with flow cytometry. DNA ploidy levels of F. bucegiensis, F. bosniaca, and F. versicolor subsp. pallidula are reported here for the first time. The taxonomy of some polyploid complexes and several records of mixed ploidy level populations are briefly discussed. Festuca pseudodalmatica and its hybrid F. × krizoviensis were first recognised as native to the Czech Republic, and F. brevipila as native to Hungary. Also some new records of F. filiformis, F. brevipila, and F. wagneri from Slovakia are reported.     

Clock Gene Expression Levels and Relationship With Clinical and Pathological Features in Colorectal Cancer Patients

The clock gene machinery controls cellular metabolism, proliferation, and key functions, such as DNA damage recognition and repair. Dysfunction of the circadian clock is involved in tumorigenesis, and altered expression of some clock genes has been found in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of core clock genes in colorectal cancer (CRC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to examine ARNTL1, CLOCK, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1, CRY2, Timeless (TIM), TIPIN, and CSNK1Ε expression levels in the tumor tissue and matched apparently healthy mucosa of CRC patients. In the tumor tissue of CRC patients, compared to their matched healthy mucosa, expression levels of ARNTL1 (p?=?.002), PER1 (p?=?.002), PER2 (p?=?.011), PER3 (p?=?.003), and CRY2 (p?=?.012) were lower, whereas the expression level of TIM (p?=?.044) was higher. No significant difference was observed in the expression levels of CLOCK (p?=?.778), CRY1 (p?=?.600), CSNK1Ε (p?=?.903), and TIPIN (p?=?.136). As to the clinical and pathological features, a significant association was found between low CRY1 expression levels in tumor mucosa and age (p?=?.026), and female sex (p?=?.005), whereas high CRY1 expression levels in tumor mucosa were associated with cancer location in the distal colon (p?=?.015). Moreover, high TIM mRNA levels in the tumor mucosa were prevalent whenever proximal lymph nodes were involved (p?= .013) and associated with TNM stages III–IV (p?=?.005) and microsatellite instability (p?=?.015). Significantly poorer survival rates were evidenced for CRC patients with lower expression in the tumor tissue of PER1 (p?=?.010), PER3 (p?= .010), and CSNKIE (p?=?.024). In conclusion, abnormal expression levels of core clock genes in CRC tissue may be related to the process of tumorigenesis and exert an influence on host/tumor interactions. (Author correspondence: g.mazzoccoli@tin.it)     

Structural Determination of Monosialyl Trisaccharides Obtained From Caprine Colostrum

Acidic oligosaccharides were separated by dialysis, ion-exchange, preparative paper and gel chromatography from caprine colostrum. Four sialyl trisaccharides were characterized by ¹H-NMR spectrometry as follows: α-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2,6)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-2-N-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (Neu5Ac α 2-6Gal β 1-4GlcNAc), α-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2,3)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-d-glucopyranose (Neu5Ac α 2-3Gal β-1-4Glc), α-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2,6)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-d-glucopyranose (Neu5Ac α 2-6Gal β 1-4Glc) and α-N-glycolylneuraminyl-(2,6)-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1,4)-d-glucopyranose (Neu5Gc α 2-6Gal β 1-4Glc).     

Synthesis of Several Fructo-oligosaccharides by Asparagus Fructosyltransferases

Nine fructo-oligosaccharides, synthesized in vitro from sucrose by an enzyme preparation from asparagus roots, were isolated and their structures were elucidated to be 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n = 1 (1-kestose), 2 (nystose) and 3], 6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n=1 (neokestose), 2 and 3] and 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_m-6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [m=1, n=1; m=2, n =1; and m =1, n=2]. These saccharides are all known to occur naturally in asparagus roots, but 6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)₃ sucrose and 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_m-6^G-(1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose (m=1, n =1; and m=1, n=2) were the first saccharides enzymatically synthesized in vitro. Also three types of fructosyltransferases were presumed to be involved in the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides in asparagus roots.     

Factors driving spatial and temporal variation in production and production / biomass ratio of stream‐resident brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Cantabrian streams

1. The objective was to identify the factors driving spatial and temporal variation in annual production (P_A) and turnover (production/biomass) ratio (P/B_A) of resident brown trout Salmo trutta in tributaries of the Rio Esva (Cantabrian Mountains, Asturias, north‐western Spain). We examined annual production (total production of all age‐classes over a year) (P_A) and turnover (P/B_A) ratios, in relation to year‐class production (production over the entire life time of a year‐class) (P_T) and turnover (P/B_T) ratio, over 14 years at a total of 12 sites along the length of four contrasting tributaries. In addition, we explored whether the importance of recruitment and site depth for spatial and temporal variations in year‐class production (P_T), elucidated in previous studies, extends to annual production. 2. Large spatial (among sites) and temporal (among years) variation in annual production (range 1.9–40.3 g m^?2 per year) and P/B_A ratio (range 0.76–2.4 per year) typified these populations, values reported here including all the variation reported globally for salmonids streams inhabited by one or several species. 3. Despite substantial differences among streams and sites in all production attributes, when all data were pooled, annual (P_A) and year‐class production (P_T) and annual (P/B_A) and year‐class P/B_T ratios were tightly linked. Annual (P_A) and year‐class production (P_T) were similar but not identical, i.e. P_T = 0.94 P_A, whereas the P/B_T ratios were 4 + P/B_A ratios. 4. Recruitment (Rc) and mean annual density (N_A) were major density‐dependent drivers of production and their relationships were described by simple mathematical models. While year‐class production (P_T) was determined (R² = 70.1%) by recruitment (Rc), annual production (P_A) was determined (R² = 60.3%) by mean annual density (N_A). In turn, variation in recruitment explained R² = 55.2% of variation in year‐class P/B_T ratios, the latter attaining an asymptote at P/B_T = 6 at progressively higher levels of recruitment. Similarly, variations in mean annual density (N_A) explained R² = 52.1% of variation in annual P/B_A, the latter reaching an asymptote at P/B_A = 2.1. This explained why P/B_T is equal to P/B_A plus the number of year‐classes at high but not at low densities. 5. Site depth was a major determinant of spatial (among sites) variation in production attributes. All these attributes described two‐phase trajectories with site depth, reaching a maximum at sites of intermediate depth and declining at shallower and deeper sites. As a consequence, at sites where recruitment and mean annual density reached minimum or maximum values, annual (P_A) and year‐class production (P_T) and annual (P/B_A) and year‐class P/B_T ratios also reached minimum and maximum values.     

A review of oribatid mites of the family Suctobelbidae (Acariformes,Oribatida) from the caucasus

This paper summarizes the data on the oribatid mite fauna of the family Suctobelbidae Grandjean, 1954, recorded from the Caucasus. The distribution of 47 species of the genera Suctobelba Paoli, 1908, Suctobelbella Jacot, 1937, and Suctobelbila Jacot, 1937 in the territory of the Caucasus is shown. The following five new species and four new subspecies are described: Suctobelba cornigera sp. n., S. flagelliseta sp. n., S. scalpellata caucasica ssp. n., Suctobelbella (Suctobelbella) liacariformis sp. n., S. (S.) acutidens pilososetosa ssp. n., S. (S.) subcornigera maculata ssp. n., S. (Flagrosuctobelba) diversosetosa arilloi ssp. n., S. (F.) nana sp. n., and S. (F.) sensillinuda sp. n. Four species belonging to the genus Suctobelbella changed their status: S. (S.) acutidens duplex (Strenzke, 1950) stat. n., S. (S.) acutidens sarekensis (Forsslund, 1941) stat. n., S. (S.) subcornigera vera (Moritz, 1964) stat. n. and S. (Flagrosuctobelba) forsslundi moritzi Mahunka, 1987 stat. n. S. (S.) hammerae (Krivolutsky, 1965) was synonymized to S. (S.) acutidens duplex. The genus Suctobelbila and the species Suctobelbila dentata europaea Moritz, 1974, Suctobelba altvateri Moritz, 1970, S. atomaria Moritz, 1970, S. secta Moritz, 1970, Suctobelbella (S.) acutidens sarekensis, S. (S.) hastata Pankow, 1986, S. (S.) subcornigera vera stat. n., S. (Flagrosuctobelba) ancorhina Chinone, 2003, S. (F.) elegantula (Hammer, 1958), S (F.) flagellifera Chinone, 2003, S (F.) granifera Chinone, 2003, S. (F.) forsslundi moritzi Mahunka, 1987 stat. n., and S. (F.) multiplumosa (Hammer, 1979) are recorded from the Caucasus for the first time. A key to the species is given.     

Molecular phylogeny and systematics of leaf‐mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae): delimitation of Phytomyza Fallén sensu lato and included species groups,with new insights on morphological and host‐use evolution

Abstract Phytomyza Fallén is the largest genus of leaf‐mining flies (Agromyzidae), with over 530 described species. Species of the superficially similar genus Chromatomyia Hardy have been included in Phytomyza by some authors and the status of the genus remains uncertain. Using 3076 bp of DNA sequence from three genes [cytochrome oxidase I (COI), CAD (rudimentary), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)] and 113 exemplar species, we identified and tested the monophyly of host‐associated species groups in Phytomyza and Chromatomyia and investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these groups. Chromatomyia is polyphyletic and nested largely within Phytomyza; two small groups of species, however, are related more closely to Ptochomyza and Napomyza. Therefore, we synonymize Chromatomyia syn.n. , Ptochomyza syn.n. , and Napomyza syn.n. with Phytomyza, recognizing Ptochomyza, Napomyza and Phytomyza sensu stricto as subgenera of Phytomyza. We recognize five major clades within Phytomyza sensu stricto that comprise the majority of species ascribed previously to Chromatomyia and Phytomyza. Many species groups recognized previously were recovered as monophyletic, or virtually so, but some (e.g. robustella and atomaria groups) required emendation. On the basis of the proposed phylogeny and recent taxonomic literature, we present a preliminary revision of 24 species groups within Phytomyza, but leave many species unplaced. Evolution of internal pupariation (within the host’s tissue), regarded as a defining character of the former Chromatomyia, is discussed with regard to the new phylogeny, and we suggest a correlation with stem or leaf midrib mining. The large size of the Phytomyza lineage and an inferred pattern of host family‐specific species radiations make it a promising candidate for the study of macroevolutionary patterns of host shift and diversification in phytophagous insects. The proposed generic synonymies necessitate a number of new combinations. The following 46 species described in Chromatomyia are transferred to Phytomyza: P. actinidiae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P. alopecuri (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. arctagrostidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. beigerae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. blackstoniae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. centaurii (Spencer) comb.n. , P. chamaemetabola (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. cinnae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. compta (Spencer) comb.n. , P. cygnicollina (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. doolittlei (Spencer) comb.n. , P. elgonensis (Spencer) comb.n. , P. eriodictyi (Spencer) comb.n. , P. flavida (Spencer) comb.n. , P. fricki (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. furcata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. griffithsiana (Beiger) comb.n. , P. hoppiella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. ixeridopsis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. kluanensis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. leptargyreae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. linnaeae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. luzulivora (Spencer) comb.n. , P. mimuli (Spencer) comb.n. , P. mitchelli (Spencer) comb.n. , P. montella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. nigrilineata (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. nigrissima (Spencer) comb.n. , P. orbitella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. paraciliata (Godfray) comb.n. , P. poae (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. pseudomilii (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. qinghaiensis (Gu) comb.n. , P. rhaetica (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. scabiosella (Beiger) comb.n. , P. seneciophila (Spencer) comb.n. , P. shepherdiana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. spenceriana (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. styriaca (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. subnigra (Spencer) comb.n. , P. suikazurae (Sasakawa) comb.n. , P. symphoricarpi (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. syngenesiae (Hardy) comb.n. , P. thermarum (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. torrentium (Griffiths) comb.n. and P. tschirnhausi (Griffiths) comb.n. Furthermore, we transfer all species of Napomyza to Phytomyza, resulting in the following new combinations: P. achilleanella (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P. acutiventris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. angulata (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. arcticola (Spencer) comb.n. , P. bellidis (Griffiths) comb.n. , P. carotae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. cichorii (Spencer) comb.n. , P. curvipes (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. dubia (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. filipenduliphila (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. flavivertex (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. flavohumeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. genualis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. grandella (Spencer) comb.n. , P. humeralis (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. immanis (Spencer) comb.n. , P. immerita (Spencer) comb.n. , P. inquilina (Kock) comb.n. , P. kandybinae (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. lacustris (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. laterella (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. manni (Spencer) comb.n. , P. maritima (Tschirnhaus) comb.n. , P. merita (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. mimula (Spencer) comb.n. , P. minuta (Spencer) comb.n. , P. montanoides (Spencer) comb.n. , P. neglecta (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. nigriceps (van der Wulp) comb.n. , P. nugax (Spencer) comb.n. , P. pallens (Spencer) comb.n. , P. paratripolii (Chen & Wang) comb.n. , P. plumea (Spencer) comb.n. , P. plumigera (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. prima (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. pubescens (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. schusteri (Spencer) comb.n. , P. scrophulariae (Spencer) comb.n. , P. suda (Spencer) comb.n. , P. tanaitica (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. tenuifrons (Zlobin) comb.n. , P. vivida (Spencer) comb.n. , P. xizangensis (Chen & Wang) comb.n. and P. zimini (Zlobin) comb.n. Phytomyza asparagi (Hering) comb.n. and P. asparagivora (Spencer) comb.n. are transferred from Ptochomyza. In Phytomyza ten new names are proposed for secondary homonyms created by generic synonymy: P. echo Winkler nom.n. for P. manni Spencer, 1986; P. californiensis Winkler nom.n. for C. montana Spencer, 1981 ; P. griffithsella Winkler nom.n. for C. griffithsi Spencer, 1986; P. vockerothi Winkler nom.n. for C. nigrella Spencer, 1986; P. kerzhneri Winkler nom.n. for N. nigricoxa Zlobin, 1993; P. asteroides Winkler nom.n. for N. tripolii Spencer, 1966; P. minimoides Winkler nom.n. for N. minima Zlobin, 1994; P. nana Winkler nom.n. for N. minutissima Zlobin, 1994; P. ussuriensis Winkler nom.n. for N. mimica Zlobin, 1994 and P. zlobini Winkler nom.n. for N. hirta Zlobin, 1994.     

Phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini (Diptera: Culicidae)

The phylogeny and classification of tribe Aedini are delineated based on a cladistic analysis of 336 characters from eggs, fourth‐instar larvae, pupae, adult females and males, and immature stage habitat coded for 270 exemplar species, including an outgroup of four species from different non‐aedine genera. Analyses of the data set with all multistate characters treated as unordered under implied weights, implemented by TNT version 1.1, with values of the concavity constant K ranging from 7 to 12 each produced a single most parsimonious cladogram (MPC). The MPCs obtained with K values of 7–9 were identical, and that for K = 10 differed only in small changes in the relationships within one subclade. Because values of K < 7 and > 10 produced large changes in the relationships among the taxa, the stability of relationships exemplified by the MPC obtained from the K = 9 analysis is used to interpret the phylogeny and classification of Aedini. Clade support was assessed using parsimony jackknife and symmetric resampling. Overall, the results reinforce the patterns of relationships obtained previously despite differences in the taxa and characters included in the analyses. With two exceptions, all of the groups represented by two or more species were once again recovered as monophyletic taxa. Thus, the monophyly of the following genera and subgenera is corroborated: Aedes, Albuginosus, Armigeres (and its two subgenera), Ayurakitia, Bothaella, Bruceharrisonius, Christophersiomyia, Collessius (and its two subgenera), Dahliana, Danielsia, Dobrotworskyius, Downsiomyia, Edwardsaedes, Finlaya, Georgecraigius (and its two subgenera), Eretmapodites, Geoskusea, Gilesius, Haemagogus (and its two subgenera), Heizmannia (and subgenus Heizmannia), Hopkinsius (and its two subgenera), Howardina, Hulecoeteomyia, Jarnellius, Kenknightia, Lorrainea, Macleaya, Mucidus (and its two subgenera), Neomelaniconion, Ochlerotatus (subgenera Chrysoconops, Culicelsa, Gilesia, Pholeomyia, Protoculex, Rusticoidus and Pseudoskusea), Opifex, Paraedes, Patmarksia, Phagomyia, Pseudarmigeres, Rhinoskusea, Psorophora (and its three subgenera), Rampamyia, Scutomyia, Stegomyia, Tanakaius, Udaya, Vansomerenis, Verrallina (and subgenera Harbachius and Neomacleaya), Zavortinkius and Zeugnomyia. In addition, the monophyly of Tewarius, newly added to the data set, is confirmed. Heizmannia (Mattinglyia) and Verrallina (Verrallina) were found to be paraphyletic with respect to Heizmannia (Heizmannia) and Verrallina (Neomacleaya), respectively. The analyses were repeated with the 14 characters derived from length measurements treated as ordered. Although somewhat different patterns of relationships among the genera and subgenera were found, all were recovered as monophyletic taxa with the sole exception of Dendroskusea stat. nov. Fifteen additional genera, three of which are new, and 12 additional subgenera, 11 of which are new, are proposed for monophyletic clades, and a few lineages represented by a single species, based on tree topology, the principle of equivalent rank, branch support and the number and nature of the characters that support the branches. Acartomyia stat. nov. , Aedimorphus stat. nov. , Cancraedes stat. nov. , Cornetius stat. nov. , Geoskusea stat. nov. , Levua stat. nov. , Lewnielsenius stat. nov. , Rhinoskusea stat. nov. and Sallumia stat. nov., which were previously recognized as subgenera of various genera, are elevated to generic status. Catageiomyia stat. nov. and Polyleptiomyia stat. nov. are resurrected from synonymy with Aedimorphus, and Catatassomyia stat. nov. and Dendroskusea stat. nov. are resurrected from synonymy with Diceromyia. Bifidistylus gen. nov. (type species: Aedes lamborni Edwards) and Elpeytonius gen. nov. (type species: Ochlerotatus apicoannulatus Edwards) are described as new for species previously included in Aedes (Aedimorphus), and Petermattinglyius gen. nov. (type species: Aedes iyengari Edwards) and Pe. (Aglaonotus) subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes whartoni Mattingly) are described as new for species previously included in Aedes (Diceromyia). Four additional subgenera are recognized for species of Ochlerotatus, including Oc. (Culicada) stat. nov. (type species: Culex canadensis Theobald), Oc. (Juppius) subgen. nov. (type species: Grabhamia caballa Theobald), Oc. (Lepidokeneon) subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes spilotus Marks) and Oc. (Woodius) subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes intrudens Dyar), and seven are proposed for species of Stegomyia: St. (Actinothrix) subgen. nov. (type species: Stegomyia edwardsi Barraud), St. (Bohartius) subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes pandani Stone), St. (Heteraspidion) subgen. nov. (type species: Stegomyia annandalei Theobald), St. (Huangmyia) subgen. nov. (type species: Stegomyia mediopunctata Theobald), St. (Mukwaya) subgen. nov. (type species: Stegomyia simpsoni Theobald), St. (Xyele) subgen. nov. (type species: Stegomyia desmotes Giles) and St. (Zoromorphus) subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes futunae Belkin). Due to the unavailability of specimens for study, many species of Stegomyia are without subgeneric placement. As is usual with generic‐level groups of Aedini, the newly recognized genera and subgenera are polythetic taxa that are diagnosed by unique combinations of characters. The analysis corroborates the previous observation that ‘Oc. (Protomacleaya)’ is a polyphyletic assemblage of species.     

Biocidal Potential and Chemical Composition of Industrial Essential Oils from Hyssopus officinalis,Lavandula × intermedia var. Super,and Santolina chamaecyparissus

This work presents the biocidal (insecticidal, ixodicidal, nematicidal, and phytotoxic) effects and chemical compositions of three essential oils obtained from the industrial steam distillation (IEOs) of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.), lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia or L. × hybrida var. Super ), and cotton lavender (Santolina chamaecyparissus L.). Their chemical composition analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry showed 1,8‐cineole (53%) and β‐pinene (16%) as the major components of H. officinalis, linalyl acetate (38%) and linalool (29%) of L. × intermedia; and 1,8‐cineole (10%) and 8‐methylene‐3‐oxatricyclo[5.2.0.0^2,4]nonane (8%) in S. chamaecyparissus. The biocidal tests showed that L. × intermedia IEO was the most active against the insect Spodoptera littoralis and toxic to the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum, IEO of H. officinalis was strongly active against S. littoralis, and finally, S. chamaecyparissus IEO was a strong antifeedant against the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi, toxic to H. lusitanicum and with moderate effects against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, S. littoralis, and Lolium perenne.     

Preparation of Optically Pure cis-2,4-Dimethyl-l-cyclohexanones,the Key Intermediates in Cycloheximide Synthesis,Using Microbial Resolution

Asymmetric hydrolysis of acetate (10) of (±)-t-2,t-4-dimethyl-r-l-cyclohexanol with Bacillus subtilis var. niger gave (?)-(lS,2S,4S)-2,4-dimethyl-l-cyclohexanol (6a) and (+)-(1R,2R,4R)-acetate (10b) with high optical purities. Optically pure (?) and (+)-alcohols (6a and 6b) were prepared via corresponding 3,5-dinitrobenzoates. Oxidation of alcohols (6a and 6b) with chromic acid gave optically pure (?)-(2S,4S) and (+)-(2R,4R)-2,4-dimethyl-l-cyclohexanones (2a and 2b), respectively.