Conserved Regulatory Mechanisms of Tyrosinase Genes in Mice and Humans

In vertebrates, melanin production is restricted to pigment cells. This cell type-specific melanogenesis is considered to involve cell type-specific expression of the tyrosinase gene. Recently, there have been several reports that sequences in the 5’ flanking region of the mouse tyrosinase gene are responsible for cell type-specific expression of the transgene in mice. As the first step in the study of the evolution of the regulatory mechanisms for tyrosinase gene function in vertebrates, we constructed a fused gene, hg-Tyrs-J which includes a 1.0-kb 5’ flanking sequence of the human tyrosinase gene fused with mouse tyrosinase cDNA. By introducing the fused gene into fertilized eggs of albino mice, we obtained two mice that exhibited pigmentation in the skin and eyes and established a transgenic line from one of them. Further analyses revealed that the transgene was expressed cell type-specifically in these transgenic mice. We conclude, therefore, that the 1.0 kb 5’ upstream region of the human tyrosinase gene contains conserved cis-elements essential for cell type-specific expression of the tyrosinase genes in mice and humans. Results of our study may provide a clue to elucidate the evolutionary process of regulatory mechanisms of the tyrosinase gene.     

玉米转录因子zmCBF1的凝胶阻滞分析

凝胶阻滞试验是分析核酸与蛋白质相互作用的有效方法,在转录因子的功能分析中得到了广泛应用。以玉米转录因子zmCBF1与顺式元件CRT的结合为例,建立了用于转录因子分析的GRA/EMSA实验体系,并对其在应用中可能出现的问题进行了分析。     

Molecular and Biological Control of Melanogenesis Through Tyrosinase Genes and Intrinsic and Extrinsic Regulatory Factors

Non-premelanosomal melanogenic compartments and their melanogenesis-controlling functions have been further elucidated. In addition to enzymatic and nonenzymatic controlling factors, we have also been exploring the role of melanogenesis-related genes. Naturally occurring intrinsic melanogenic inhibitors, MW <6,000(α), 6,000-30,000(β), and >30,000(γ), having different modes of action, have been identified within melanoma cells. One of the α-type melanogenic inhibitors of isolated tyrosinase(Ty) nonsuppressive types, later identified as lactic acid, induces depigmentation of cultured B-16 cells by the reduction in Ty activity level due to the inhibition of its mRNA expression. The transfection of Ty cDNA, rather than nuclear DNA-binding master regulatory gene, can induce, within both Ty-deficient amelanotic melanoma cells and also within fibroblasts, melanin polymer formation. This multisequential step occurs not only by the induction of Ty synthesis but also by the induction of other regulatory proteins and factors such as dopachrome tautomerase, DHICA-oxidase, catalase, Ty-glycosylation in GERL, and Ty-transfer by coated vesicles to newly assigned melanogenic vacuoles in which not only eumelanin but also rather pronounced concomitant pheomelanin formation is seen. Investigation of melanin-producing vacuoles in transfected fibroblasts and reexamination of premelanosomes in pigment cells has revealed the following: 1) Melanosomes possess phagocytic ability; 2) melanosomes receive tyrosinase and hydrolases via coated vesicles from GERL; 3) melanosomes possess lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1); 4) amelanotic melanoma contains lysosome-like vacuoles with myelin figures that acquire typical premelanosome structure after Ty-cDNA transfection. Thus it is proposed that melanosomes are specialized lysosomes in pigment cells. Coated vesicles synthesize melanin monomers such as DHICA and some DHI, and have a monomer-stabilizing system. Thus they can transport them in intact form with Ty to premelanosomes, which subsequently polymerize these monomers by the action of DHICA-oxidase and T₃-Ty. Selective eradication and diagnosis of malignant melanoma using our ¹⁰B-dopa analogue has been successfully performed in human melanoma patients using combined thermal neutron irradiation for the former and positron emission CT for the latter.     

木质素降解条件下黄孢原毛平革菌lip基因转录调控序列的筛选与鉴定

用DNA-蛋白质体外结合实验和凝胶迁移率变动分析技术筛选黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）木质素过氧化物酶基因lipA、lipC、lipF的5′-端调控区内能与该菌在木质素降解条件下形成的蛋白特异结合的顺式作用元件。结果表明,来自lipC、lipF基因的5′-端片段LG2P3(396 bp)和 LG6S1-2（738 bp）能特异结合培养于Kirk低氮培养基中的菌丝体蛋白;而来自于lipF基因的5′-端的LG6S2 (226 bp) DNA片段能特异结合培养于天然冷杉木片中的菌丝体蛋白。对这些片段的DNA序列分析表明,它们均存在各种顺式作用元件,由此推测它们可能是被一些木质素过氧化物酶基因转录调控相关的蛋白质所结合的序列。     

芽孢杆菌三种抗菌素基因的杂交检测

以三对特异引物PCR合成表面活性素(surfactin)、伊枯草菌素(iturin)和抗菌蛋白TasA的地高辛标记探针,采用斑点杂交技术对24个菌株的相关基因加以检测,并用竞争酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay,ELISA)分析阳性菌株中表面活性素基因的表达情况。结果表明:以阳性质粒为模板,获得1 200bp、1 479 bp和790 bp的3个特异性探针,其检测灵敏度分别为2 ng、20 ng和0.1 ng;从24个菌株中检测到10个菌株含有表面活性素合成相关基因,10个菌株含有伊枯草菌素合成相关基因和4个菌株中存在tasA基因;ELISA结果表明:从10个阳性菌株的KMB发酵液中均检测到表面活性素,其中菌株EN1和菌株SB1的产量较高,分别达32.9 mg/L和41.0 mg/L。     

Uptake of Yolk Very Low Density Lipoprotein by Chicken and Quail Embryos Is Not Mediated by a Homologue of the Oocyte Vitellogenesis Receptor

In chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryos, a limited amount of yolk engulfment occurs via coated invaginations at the yolk sac membrane apical surface. Because the presence of these so-called “coated pits” is associated with receptor-mediated endocytosis, the purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the existence on the yolk sac membrane of receptor sites for the interaction with very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), the major component of egg yolk. Ligand blotting experiments revealed the presence of a VLDL-binding protein (M_r ∼95 kDa) in yolk sac membranes of both chicken and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) embryos 8 days of age and older. However, these VLDL-binding proteins were present in very low abundance relative to that of another apolipoprotein B receptor that is found in the plasma membrane of chicken and quail oocytes (the so-called oocyte vitellogenesis receptor [OVR]; M_r 95 kDa). Furthermore, no signals were detected when chicken and quail yolk sac membrane proteins were probed with a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the 14 C-terminal amino acids of the chicken OVR. It was concluded that chicken and quail yolk sac membrane VLDL-binding proteins were structurally different from the chicken OVR and that receptor-mediated endocytosis plays a minor role in the uptake of yolk VLDL by developing avian embryos.     

Activator Protein-1 Binding Activities in Discrete Regions of Rat Brain After Acute and Chronic Administration of Methamphetamine

Abstract: The activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding activities increased in three brain regions (striatum, nucleus accumbens, and cingulate cortex) after a single methamphetamine (METH) injection to rats. Pretreatment with SCH 23390, but not (−)-eticlopride, significantly inhibited the enhanced AP-1 binding activities induced by acute METH administration. The magnitude of enhancement of AP-1 binding activities 3 h after the last dose of chronic METH administration (4 mg/kg once daily for 14 days) was significantly attenuated as compared with those 3 h after a single METH administration. The AP-1 binding activities after a 1-, but not 4-, week abstinence from chronic administration of METH were still significantly higher than those of the saline-treated controls. A METH challenge after a 4-week abstinence period induced significantly lower AP-1 binding activities in rats chronically injected with METH than in rats chronically injected with saline. The supershift assay revealed that the levels of Jun family protein, but not Fos-related antigen, increased significantly in the striatum and nucleus accumbens of chronically METH-treated rats after a 1-week abstinence. These results suggest that chronic METH administration leads to delayed decay of the induced AP-1 binding activities and Jun component levels after abstinence for up to 1 week but results in no change in or decreases these activities and attenuates METH challenge-induced AP-1 binding activities after abstinence for 4 weeks.     

RNA-Binding Properties of the Proteins of Beet Yellows Closterovirus

Recombinant full-sized proteins p64, p65, p24, p22, p21 and pcp, hel, mtr, and pol fragments of the replicative polyprotein of beet yellows closterovirus were purified and tested for RNA binding. North-Western blotting revealed the RNA-binding activity for p64 and hel (a 21-kDa fragment of the helicase domain with conserved motifs V and VI). Gel retardation assay confirmed hel binding with a randomized RNA probe in vitro, and a cooperative RNA–hel interaction was assumed on evidence of the binding pattern. The RNA–hel complexes proved to be stable at a high ionic strength.