落叶松人工林凋落物与土壤肥力变化的研究

以东北东部山区帽儿山实验林场落叶松人工林作为研究对象,从林地凋落量、林地凋落物归还量、凋落物层现存量以及土壤理化性质的变化等方面,研究了经抚育间伐后不同年龄阶段同一落叶松林分土壤肥力的变化以及间伐与未间伐林分土壤理化性质的差异．结果表明,落叶松人工林凋落量和以凋落物形式归还于林地的营养元素呈现出随年龄增加而增长的总趋势．经抚育间伐后,由于阔叶树种的引入使凋落物的组成结构发生变化,凋落物层的分解率逐步提高,加速了凋落物中营养物质的释放和归还,减缓了凋落物积累与分解的矛盾,提高了落叶松人工林的土壤肥力．１５年间土壤有机质、全Ｎ和全Ｐ２Ｏ５平均值分别增长了３５２．００％、２２５．５３％和３４．９６％．间伐后的落叶松人工林土壤的理化性质得到不同程度的改善．     

Effects of a nutrient pulse supply on nutrient status of the Mediterranean trees Quercus ilex subsp. ballota and Pinus halepensis on different soils and under different competitive pressure

Nutrient availability is a key factor in Mediterranean ecosystems that affects the primary productivity and the community structure. The great variability of its natural availability is now increasing due to frequent fires, pollution events and changes in rainfall regime associated to climate change. Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Pinus halepensis are the most abundant tree species in the NW Mediterranean basin. They frequently compete in the early and middle successional stages. We investigated the effects of N and P pulse supplies on nutrient uptake capacity in these two species in an after-fire field area and in nursery conditions on different soil types and competing conditions. In the field, N fertilisation had weak effects on nutrient concentration and mineralomass likely as a consequence of this nutrient not being limiting in this field site whereas P fertilisation increased the P mineralomass and the Mg, S, Fe, K and Ca concentrations and mineralomass in the different biomass fractions of both species 1 and 3 years after fertilisation application. In the nursery experiments, P fertilisation increased the mineralomass and concentrations of P, Mg, S, Fe, K and Ca in all biomass fractions including the roots in both species and in different soils and competition conditions. The increment of nutrient mineralomass was due to both the increase of growth and of nutrient concentrations. Both species were able to absorb significant amounts of the P applied by fertilisation (between 5 and 20%) in short time (18 months). Competing vegetation decreased the positive effects of P fertilisation, and in many cases the negative effect of competing vegetation on nutrient mineralomass was stronger when P availability was increased by fertilisation. Q. ilex subsp ballota showed a greater competitive ability for P than the more pioneer species Pinus halepensis in the field but not in the nursery conditions. Pinus halepensis had greater nutrient mineralomass in calcareous than in siliceous soils. Q. ilex subsp. ballota had a higher root biomass allocation and root nutrient allocation than P. halepensis, but both species showed a high capacity to increase their nutrient uptake when its availability increased by fertilisation, thus assuring a great nutrient reserve for future growth periods and contributing to retain nutrients in the ecosystem.     

长期施肥对红壤旱地作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

历时14年的田间定位试验表明,红壤旱地磷素最为缺乏,施用磷肥对提高作物产量效果最好;施用石灰和微量元素对作物产量没有明显增产作用．施肥可以提高花生植株磷、钾的浓度,表明作物的养分含量受土壤养分供应水平的影响．土壤中赢余(亏损)的养分在养分库重建中的作用可以用速效养分库重建效率来表示．研究表明,当红壤旱地N、P2O5、K2O养分赢余1kg·hm^-2时,可分别使土壤中水解氮、有效磷、交换性钾含量提高0．6～6．26、0．20～0．28和1．1～8．5mg·kg^-1．红壤旱地氮和磷通过径流等损失较大,不同处理之间的变化幅度也较大．红壤每年可固定磷43．5kg·hm^-2,通过自身风化作用每年可提供氮48．1kg·hm^-2和钾40．5kg·hm^-2,以满足作物生长所需．     

Problems in soil fertility characterization by means of plant nutrient requirements

Summary In this discussion an attempt is made to consider the extent to which rates of uptake by roots, as established in plant physiological research, can be used as supply rates towards the roots in the soil system. Multiplying measured total root length or surface in the field with rates of water influx gives amounts of water use that are usually somewhat higher than those actually occurring in the field. This may be due to the fact that the level of activity of older roots is unknown and cannot be taken into account. The high influx values of mineral nutrients obtained in physiological research can only be used if we can delineate the size and location of the actively absorbing root surface, define the actual soil-root contact and obtain more information on activity variations of roots during periods of stress.     

长期施肥对土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为揭示长期施肥条件下土壤微生物类群及其与土壤养分的关系,对北京褐潮土定位试验田第12年的土壤微生物以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析．结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤各养分含量,增加土壤微生物的数量．猪粪比玉米秸秆能更好地培肥地力,创造有利于土壤微生物生长繁育的土壤生态化学环境．土壤微生物与土壤养分之间具有很好的相关性．其中,细菌、固氮菌数量与有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;本研究未观察到真菌、放线菌数量与土壤养分因子之间有明显的相关性．     

Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响

通过室内实验,研究了Bt玉米34B24和同源常规品种34B23、Bt玉米农大61和常规品种农大3138秸秆分解对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,与34B23处理相比,34B24处理的土壤蛋白酶和酸性磷酸酶活性在观测期没有显著差异;7d时土壤脱氢酶活性显著提高,1、4、60和7d土壤蔗糖酶活性显著提高;30d时土壤脲酶活性显著提高,4d和7d时则土壤脲酶活性显著降低.2个Bt玉米处理和2个常规玉米处理的土壤酶活性也在某些时间有显著差异.秸秆分解90d后,34B24处理比34B23处理.显著降低了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量.以上差异与不同秸秆的化学构成有关,Bt基因的转化过程可能会影响受体作物秸秆的化学成分.应建立不同土壤类型土壤酶活性的标准分级体系,以便科学评价Bt玉米秸秆分解对土壤质量的影响.     

土壤水分变化对长白山主要树种蒙古栎幼树生长的影响

选择长白山红松阔叶林主要优势树种蒙古栎为研究对象,人工控制3种施水量研究蒙古栎幼树形态、生物量效应和光合生理特征对土壤含水量变化的响应．结果表明,不同土壤含水量变化显著影响蒙古栎叶片、枝、根的生物量及其分配格局和叶片光合气体交换特征．水分胁迫改变幼树树冠结构,抑制幼树树高、地径、叶片大小、地上和地下生物量;同时,蒙古栎幼树根冠生物量比随着土壤水分含量的减少显著提高;供水量减少对幼树净光合速率、CO2利用率和碳利用率等特征有显著的负向影响;而叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用率对不同土壤含水量反应较复杂,只在土壤含水量较低时,幼树气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显降低,叶片水分利用率升高,表现出蒙古栎树种是干旱可变植物,长期水分胁迫可提高树种的耐旱能力．     

Nutrient return with leaf litter fall in Fagus sylvatica forests across a soil fertility gradient

Leaf litter fall is an important nutrient flux in temperature deciduous forests which supplies a large part of the rapidly mineralisable nutrient fraction to the soil. This study investigates nutrient return with leaf litter fall in 36 old-growth forest stands of Fagus sylvatica across a broad gradient of soil fertility covering 9 mesozoic and kaenozoic parent material types (three limestones, two sandstones, two clay stones, one sand and one loess substrate). Study objectives were to analyse (i) the dependency of leaf litter nutrient concentrations on soil fertility, and (ii) the relationship between soil fertility and nutrient return with leaf litter at the stand level. Beech stands on the nine parent material types produced similar annual leaf litter masses irrespective of soil fertility or acidity. Leaf litter from the nine parent materials showed only minor variation with respect to N and K concentrations (factors of 1.5 and 1.4), moderate variation for Ca, Mg and P concentrations (factors of 2.2 to 2.9), and high variation for Al and Mn concentrations (factors of 6.7 and 10.5). Consequently, annual nutrient return with litter fall (leaf litter mass x litter nutrient concentration) was more similar among the parent materials for N (165–273 mmol m⁻² yr1) ⁻¹ and K (16–30 mm m⁻² yr⁻¹) than for Ca, P, Mg, Mn and Al. A possible explanation is increased N deposition in recent time. According to a correlation analysis, return rates of N, P, K and Mg (but not Ca) were independent of the pool size of the respective nutrient in the soil. N return rate was neither influenced by the soil pools of Nt, plant- available P (Pa) or exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, nor by soil acidity or the exchangeable Al pool. P return, in contrast, showed a negative relation to soil fertility. We hypothesize that nutrient fluxes with leaf litter fall do not necessarily reduce the fitness of tree populations as has been postulated from a tree-centred view. Rather, we suggest that nutrient fluxes with litter fall can increase, instead of decrease, plant fitness by improving nutrient availability in the densely rooted topsoil which reduces the roots’ carbon and nutrient costs of nutrient acquisition.     

抚育间伐对人工林土壤肥力的影响

研究了杉木、马尾松、建柏、柳杉和木荷人工林的抚育间伐对林分土壤肥力的影响.结果表明,杉木、马尾松、建柏、柳杉、木荷间伐后降低了林分的郁闭度.改变了林内的生境条件,促进了林下乡土植被的生长和繁衍,林下植被覆盖度、植被生物量和物种丰富度有了较大幅度的增加,间伐的强度越大.增加的幅度也越大.与不间伐林分相比,各间伐林分两年后土壤微生物数量增加、酶活性增强、土壤容重降低、总孔隙度和速效养分提高,土壤肥力得到了改善和提高.间伐后林分土壤肥力得到提高的实质在于:间伐后林下植被生物多样性的提高诱发了土壤微生物多样性和数量的提高,并由此而增强了土壤的生物活性,加速了土壤养分的循环.     

不同土壤类型和肥力玉米地土壤养分根际效应研究

采集吉林省玉米植株及土壤样品,研究不同土壤类型和肥力,玉米不同品种和生育时期土壤－植物系统根际养分动态变化及植物吸收的相互关系,结果表明,玉米地土壤ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ、ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ在根际富集,其变化主要与化肥供应有关,高肥力土壤根际有效磷亏缺,种植密度越大,根际亏缺率超大;低肥力土壤则有效磷在根际略高。高肥力土壤有效钾较高,根际有效钾富集也更明显,茎叶、根对养分的吸收量顺序为：Ｎ     

Earthworms and soil fertility

Summary Earthworms redistribute organic materials within the soil, increase soil penetrability and, und certain conditions, influence ion transport in soils. Root distribution may be modified and microbial activity increased by their burrowing and feeding activities. Earthworms influence the supply of nutrients in several ways. Not only is earthworm tissue and cast material enriched in certain nutrients, relative to the soil matrix, but ingestion of organic material increases the rate of cycling. Certain farm-management practices, such as cultuvation and the use of acidic fertilizers, reduce the ability of earthworm to improve plant growth. Where other inorganic fertilizers increase the growth of plants, an increase in earthworm numbers can be expected because of the increased food supply. Lime, in particular, and possibly drainage also increase earthworm activity. Further research is required on the physical and biological effects of earthworms on nutrient supply, so that suitable management practices can be developed to optimise the beneficial effects of earthworms on soil fertility.Introductory lecture     

Nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition vary across a gradient of soil nutrient supply in a lowland tropical rain forest

The extent to which plant communities are determined by resource availability is a central theme in ecosystem science, but patterns of small-scale variation in resource availability are poorly known. Studies of carbon (C) and nutrient cycling provide insights into factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. To investigate rates of tropical forest litter production and decomposition in relation to nutrient availability and topography in the absence of confounding large-scale variation in climate and altitude we quantified nutrient fluxes via litterfall and leaf litter decomposition within three distinct floristic associations of tropical rain forest growing along a soil fertility gradient at the Sepilok Forest Reserve (SFR), Sabah, Malaysia. The quantity and nutrient content of small litter decreased along a gradient of soil nutrient availability from alluvial forest (most fertile) through sandstone forest to heath forest (least fertile). Temporal variation in litterfall was greatest in the sandstone forest, where the amount of litter was correlated negatively with rainfall in the previous month. Mass loss and N and P release were fastest from alluvial forest litter, and slowest from heath forest litter. All litter types decomposed most rapidly in the alluvial forest. Stand-level N and P use efficiencies (ratios of litter dry mass to nutrient content) were greatest for the heath forest followed by the sandstone ridge, sandstone valley and alluvial forests, respectively. We conclude that nutrient supply limits productivity most in the heath forest and least in the alluvial forest. Nutrient supply limited productivity in sandstone forest, especially on ridge and hill top sites where nutrient limitation may be exacerbated by reduced rates of litter decomposition during dry periods. The fluxes of N and P varied significantly between the different floristic communities at SFR and these differences may contribute to small-scale variation in species composition.     

蒙古栎不同冠层部位叶片养分动态

以长白山原始针阔叶混交林优势树种蒙古栎为对象,研究了6-10月生长季不同冠层叶片单位叶面积质量(LMA)、单位质量和单位叶面积的C、N、P含量变化,以及N、P的再吸收效率与利用效率.结果表明:在生长季,蒙古栎冠层上、下部叶片的LMA和单位叶面积C含量(Carea)表现出明显的月动态变化;单位叶面积N、P含量(Narea、Parea)的月变化趋势与单位质量N、P含量(Nmass、Pmass)相似,而用单位叶面积与单位质量表示的N、P再吸收效率无明显差异.冠层位置对N的再吸收效率和利用效率无明显影响,但冠层上部P的再吸收效率和利用效率显著高于冠层下部.在未来气候变化情景下,蒙古栎较高的生存力和竞争力有助于促进生态系统的养分循环.     

渝东山地黄壤肥力变化与植物群落演替的关系

从土壤的理化因子出发,利用综合评价的方法,对渝东地区城口县坪坝区大巴山南坡山地黄壤的土壤肥力变化特征与地上植被类型之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明,马尾松林、杉木林、落叶栎类林、茶树林和常绿阔叶林下土壤肥力的综合指标值分别为0.1256、0.2085、0.351、0.2479、0.9329.阔叶林(落叶栎类林、茶树林和常绿阔叶林)下山地黄壤的土壤肥力综合指标值均大于针叶林(马尾松林、杉木林)下山地黄壤的土壤肥力综合指标值.即使在同一植被类型下,由于建群种的不同,其土壤肥力综合指标值也不相同.根据植物群落演替的过程可以断定土壤的发育与植物群落演替是两个密不可分、相辅相成的过程.     

Site fertility and leaf nutrients of sympatric evergreen and deciduous species of Quercus in central coastal California

Leaf and soil nutrient levels interact with and may each influence the other. We hypothesize that to the extent soil fertility influences the nutritional state of trees, soil fertility should correlate with summer leaf nutrient levels, whereas to the extent that trees influence soil nutrient levels, the quality of leaf litterfall should correlate with soil fertility. We examined these correlations for five sympatric oak species (genus Quercus) in central coastal California. Soil fertility, including both nitrogen and especially phosphorus, correlated significantly with summer leaf nutrient levels. In contrast, phosphorus, but not nitrogen, in the leaf litterfall correlated positively with soil nutrients. These results suggest that soil nitrogen and phosphorus influence tree nutrient levels and that leaf phosphorus, but not leaf nitrogen, influence soil fertility under the trees. Feedback between the soil and the tree for phosphorus, but not nitrogen, is apparently significant and caused by species-specific differences in leaf quality and not by litterfall quality differences within a species. We also compared functional differences between the evergreen and deciduous oak species at our study site. There were no differences in soil nitrogen and only small differences for soil phosphorus between the phenological types. Differences in leaf nutrient concentration were much more pronounced, with the evergreen species having substantially lower levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus. Evergreen species conserved more phosphorus, but not more nitrogen, than the deciduous species, but there was no consistent relationship between retranslocation and either soil nitrogen or phosphorus. These results do not support the hypothesis that evergreenness is an adaptation to low soil fertility in this system.     

华北平原冬小麦夏玉米不同培肥措施的节水增产效应研究

根据山东省醒台县农业水资源日趋减少的现状,开展了以减少土壤水蒸发、提高水分利用效率为目的的不同培肥措施的节水田间试验,结果表明,秸秆还田与增施有机肥具有明显的节水增产效应,在相同灌溉水量（２５０ｍｍ）的情况下,玉米秸与小麦秸全部还田较玉秸小麦秸均不还田（对照）增产８８５ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,水分利用效率提高３．３,在全还基础上增施有机肥较对照增产１８７５ｋｇ．ｈｍ＾－２,水分利用效率提高３．６０;仅小     

西藏中部地区退化土壤秸秆还田的微生物变化特征及其影响

于西藏中部地区秸秆还田条件下,研究了土壤微生物区系及其主要生理类群的变化特征和土壤微生物对土壤肥力的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,不同秸秆还田方式,特别是秸秆覆盖和高茬方式较高的土壤水分、土壤温度及其耦合效应,为土壤微生物繁殖与活动提供了重要的土壤环境保障,有助于以细菌为主导的各类土壤微生物的相对均衡生长,对加速土壤有机残体分解,大幅度提高土壤有机质含量,促进土壤团粒结构形成和土壤养分转化均具重要作用,表明在西藏中部生态条件下,退化土壤具有在相对较短时间内实现结构重建与肥力恢复的可能性及其潜力。     

Dynamics of soil organic carbon and soil fertility affected by alfalfa productivity in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

We explore the dynamics of soil organic carbon of various forms and its relation with soil fertility in seeded alfalfa grassland established using a field micro-catchment technique to harvest water on the semiarid Loess Plateau in China. Five regimes were set up: (1) conventional flat cultivation without mulch (CK), (2) ridges and furrows were set up alternately on flat land, with 15 cm between each so that the distance between successive ridges (or successive furrows) was 30 cm, and the ridges were mulched with plastic film (M30), (3) similar to M30, but with twice the distance between furrows and ridges (M60), (4) similar to M30, but the ridges were not mulched (B30), (5) similar to M60, but the ridges were not mulched (B60). The increase in alfalfa forage yield in the mulch regimes promotes soil organic carbon (SOC) content, the light fraction of organic carbon (LFOC), the heavy fraction of organic carbon (HFOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). MBC was significantly higher in M30 and M60 than in the other regimes. Significant positive correlation is found between MBC and LFOC (R=0.89; P<0.0001), and MBC and HFOC (R=0.82; P=0.00016). At the end of our three-year experiment, the C/N ratio of 10.09 in M60 was significantly (P<0.005) higher than the other regimes. Since a lower C/N ratio accelerates SOC decomposition in this region, the higher C/N ratio in M60 could limit mineralization of soil nitrogen, conserving soil nitrogen and SOC. The lower ratio of nitrate and nitrite nitrogen to total nitrogen, of 10.74, in M60 at the end of this experiment than in the other regimes and before sowing supports this point. The correlations of SOC with available P and with the ratio of available P to total P are positive in the dry year of 2001, but negative in the wet year of 2002. This can be explained on the basis that a high forage yield of alfalfa requires more soil available P in the wet years than in the dry years.     

几种灌木、半灌木对沙地土壤肥力影响机制的研究

研究了科尔沁地广泛分布的几种灌木和半灌木的“肥岛”和根际效应。结果表明,在灌丛下土壤有机C、全N和全P分别比灌丛间地高56％、51％和37％,土壤电导率（EC）提高了56％,但pH值并无明显变化;灌木根际土壤较非根际土壤有机C和全N分别高76％和54％,根际土壤pH降低0．19个单位,EC提高了2－3倍,但土壤全P并无显著变化,灌丛下土壤发和根际中土壤养分含量显著相关,表明丛肥岛的利于根系的生长,导致更多的根际沉积;而根系的活动又促进了肥岛的发育,灌丛对沙地土壤肥力的影响机制在于：灌丛对土壤风蚀物质、降尘和凋落物等的截获,形成灌丛“肥岛”;并通过发达的根系以根际沉积的形式向土壤输入大量的有机物质,从而使周围土壤的肥力性关得以改善。     

Toxicity of Cadmium and nickel in the context of applied activated carbon biochar for improvement in soil fertility

Toxicity induced by heavy metals deteriorates soil fertility status. It also adversely affects the growth and yield of crops. These heavy metals become part of the food chain when crops are cultivated in areas where heavy metals are beyond threshold limits. Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are considered the most notorious ones among different heavy metals. The high water solubility of Cd made it a potential toxin for plants and their consumers. Accumulation of Ni in plants, leaves, and fruits also deteriorates their quality and causes cancer in humans when such a Ni-contaminated diet is used regularly. Both Cd and Ni also compete with essential nutrients of plants, making the fertility status of soil poor. To overcome this problem, the use of activated carbon biochar can play a milestone role. In the recent past application of activated carbon biochar is gaining more and more attention. Biochar sorb the Cd and Ni and releases essential micronutrients that are part of its structure. Many micropores and high cation exchange capacity make it the most acceptable organic amendment to improve soil fertility and immobilize Cd and Ni. In addition to improving water and nutrients, soil better microbial proliferation enhances the soil rhizosphere ecosystem and nutrient cycling. This review has covered Cd and Ni harmful effects on crop yield and their immobilization by activated carbon biochar. The focus was made to elaborate on the positive effects of biochar on crop yield and soil health.