VALVE AND BAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRESHWATER DIATOMS. II. INTEGRATION OF VALVES AND BANDS IN NAVICULA CONFERVACEA VAR. CONFERVACEA12

Chemically cleaned and critical-point dried cells of a clonal culture were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Cells form filaments by valve-to-valve connections maintained by organic material which adheres to the central area of the valve face. Bending of filaments is probably restricted to some extent by the articulation of overlapping spatulate marginal spines with an adjacent underlapping set of much shorter spines (ridges), and with the mantle edge itself. Cell division results in three possible spine patterns for each cell: a set of overlapping and a set of underlapping spines; no overlapping sets of spines (two underlapping); or two sets of overlapping spines (no underlapping). Each filament inherits cells with spine set patterns in the ratio of 2 (with 1 set overlapping): 1 (with no sets overlapping): 1 (with 2 sets overlapping). Valvocopulae are shaped similarly to pleurae except that the partes exteriores of the valvocopulae are wider. The pars interior of both is delimited by an advalvar row of pores continuous around the cell apex. The pars exterior also has a row of pores, but it is median in the valvocopula and first pleura and does not continue around the cell apex. The valvocopulae always underlap the mantle and the pleurae always underlap their preceding band. The ends of both appeared attached, but may become free in acid-cleaned preparations. Bands alternate with each other so that the ends of the valvocopula attach to the first continuous apical portion of the first pleura; the ends of the first pleura attach in that same fashion to the second pleura but at the opposite apex; and all subsequent pleurae alternate in the same fashion with up to at least 13 pleurae/epicingulum. The continuous apical portion of each band is elevated so that a functional (but not structural) ligula is formed, with the continuous apical portion of alternate bands becoming adjacent and underlapping each other only in this region. The valvocopulae in a single cell, or of adjacent cells, may have their continuous apical ends on the same or on opposite apices. It is recommended that N. confervacea var. peregrina (W. Sm.) Grun. be merged with the nominate variety.     

THE GENUS ACTINOCYCLUS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE): FRUSTULE MORPHOLOGY OF A. SAGITTULUS SP. NOV. AND TWO RELATED SPECIES1

Actinocyclus octonarius var. tenellus (Bréb.) Hendey, A. actinochilus (Ehr.) Simonsen and A. sagittulus sp. nov. were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy from field samples and/or culture material. Consistent cingulum patterns of a wide valvocopula and one narrow pleura were found. In A. actinochilus, a small third band was found filling the opening of the pleura and is probably present in the other two taxa. The observed variability of the pseudonodulus, especially in A. actinochilus but also in other members of the genus, was confirmed and our results support the literature definition of Actinocyclus as having: 1) a marginal ring of large labiate processes, laterally expanded internally, 2) no external tubes, 3) essentially radial areolation arranged in fascicles, 4) external cribrum, internal foramen, and 5) a pseudonodulus usually present, but may be absent or difficult to detect on individual valves. On the basis of the present study another characteristic should be added; 6) hyaline bands with a wide valvocopula and at least one pleura. This characteristic appears to extend throughout the family Hemidiscaceae, suggesting a close relationship to those Coscinodiscus species with a single marginal row of large labiate processes and zero or one central labiate processes. In addition, Actinocyclus has been noted to have a thin valve overhang extending outside the valvocopula for as much as one-third of its width.     

Morphology of the marine epiphytic diatom Cocconeis heteroidea (Bacillariophyceae)

The morphology and fine valve structure of the marine epiphytic diatom Cocconeis heteroidea Hantzsch have been investigated. The entire frustule, including the internal and external structure of the raphid valve (RV) and araphid valve (AV), and the complete cingulum, are described using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy, using a bleaching method. The strongly sigmoid raphe terminates in elongate hooked helictoglossae internally. The hymenes, with perforations arranged in a centric array, are located near the internal openings of the areolae in the RV. The striae in the AV consist of alveoli occluded by hymenes, that have perforations arranged in a parallel array and are located near the outer surface. The complete cingulum of AV consists of three open bands without fimbriae: a valvocopula, a copula with a ligula and a pleura with a small ligula. The RV has only a valvocopula which is open type and not fimbriate.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassiosira mala</Emphasis> (Bacillariophyta), a potentially harmful,marine diatom from Chilka Lake and other coastal localities of Odisha,India: Nomenclature,frustule morphology and global biogeography

Our examination of net phytoplankton collected from coastal localities in Odisha on the east coast of India, including Chilka Lake, Chandrabhaga Beach and Puri, in December 2015, revealed the overwhelming dominance of Thalassiosira mala, a gelatinous colony-forming, potentially harmful, marine planktonic diatom. The large numbers of cells allowed us to observe details of the cingulum not previously reported. The epicingulum is composed of four open bands including an areolated valvocopula, an areolated copula and two non-areolated pleurae. The immature hypocingulum includes at least two bands. Openings of alternate bands are arranged in a dextral pattern. Based on previous reports from the west coast and our current findings, Thalassiosira mala appears to be a common, widely distributed primary producer in Indian coastal waters. The presence of morphologically similar species, especially those <20 μm in diameter, underscores the importance of reliable species-level taxonomy using appropriate techniques for meaningful ecological and biogeographic considerations and for monitoring potentially harmful algae in India’s economically important coastal waters. Published reports suggest that Thalassiosira mala is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters, present in 26 of 232 ecoregions and 18 of 62 provinces recognized in a recent classification of coastal marine ecoregions.     

Observations on Cymbella mexicana (Ehrenb.) Cleve var. mexicana (Bacillariophyceae) with special reference to the band structure

Cymbella mexicana (Ehrenb.) Cleve var. mexicana was collected from Tama-gawa (Tama River), Tokyo. The fine structure of the species was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with special reference to colony formation and band morphology. A mature cingulum of this species is usually composed of four open bands. The correlation between the position of the second band (B2) of the cingulum and the attaching pole of the frustule is discussed.     

A new marine diatom, Cocconeis shikinensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) from Japan

A new species of Cocconeis has been found growing on the green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh var. laete‐virens (Montagne) Weber van Bosse from Shikine Island in the Izu Islands on the Pacific coast of Japan; we propose the name Cocconeis shiki‐nensis Hid. Suzuki and describe the species by light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). This taxon was also collected from the plastic plates used for rearing in seed production systems of the abalone Nordotis discus hannai Ino and the horned turban Turbo cornutus Solander in the Toyama Prefectural Fisheries Research Institute facing the Sea of Japan. The main morphological features of C. shikinensis are as follows. The valves are elliptic. The valve face of the raphid valve (RV) is slightly concave and that of the araphid valve (AV) is complementary to the RV and convex. The single plastid is flat, C‐shaped and elaborately lobed. The raphe on the RV is straight. The each terminal area expands to both sides along the valve margin, forming an arrowhead‐shaped, thickened hyaline area. The striae consist of small, round areolae and are radiate and uniseriate. On the AV, the striae consist of several alveoli. Each alveolus opens internally by means of a circular foramen. The valvocopula of each valve is fimbriate and open. The cingulum attached to the AV consists of three girdle bands; a valvocopula and two bands (copula and pleura), which are open and have ligulae. The relationship between C. shikinensis and similar members of the genus Cocconeis is discussed.     

Marine algae of the grampian region of Scotland

The diatom Auliscus pruinosus Bailey was abundant in marine fossil material collected from coastal environments of Florida and Mississippi. Examination of Slide 1786 from the Bailey Collection of the Farlow Herbarium confirmed the present author's initial identification and this slide has been designated as the lectotype. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed the fine structure of the two large ocelli and the enigmatic “frosted” striae. Neither labiate nor strutted processes are present. The epicingulum consists of three open bands—the valvocopula and two ligulate pleurae. Studies of original material led to the conclusion that A. punctatus Bailey and A. moronensis Greville should not be separated from A. pruinosus. The exact distribution of A. pruinosus is unknown since it has been confused with A. similis Hustedt in the past. However, it has been principally collected from Recent and fossil marine localities along the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the USA.     

OVERLOOKED HETEROPOLARITY IN SURIRELLA CF. FASTUOSA (BACILLARIOPHYTA) AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VALVE MORPHOGENESIS AND AUXOSPORE DEVELOPMENT

Surirella cf. fastuosa is an apparently isopolar elliptic marine raphid diatom. We observed cells before and after sexual reproduction in monoclonal cultures using light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM). After sexual reproduction cells were approximately twice as large as before, in valve length and width. The stria and infundibula densities were stable during the life cycle. Subtle morphological differences were detectable between the two poles of the frustule. One pole (pole A) was characterized by endings of the external raphe fissure that turned toward the valve face, continuity of the domed wall of the raphe canal externally, an elliptic chamber visible internally, a shallow nick in the interior of the valvocopula. The other pole (pole B) was with the following: straight endings of the external raphe fissures, a dent in the domed wall of the raphe canal externally, a double chamber internally, presence of the open ends of the valvocopula nearby, a deep nick in the valvocopula. Furthermore, at pole A virgae developed at an early stage in morphogenesis, whereas at pole B they were not formed. In the auxospores, pole A was situated beneath the primary transverse perizonial band. Pole A is suggested to be homologous with the head pole in heteropolar Surirella and is the “protopole” likely equivalent to the central nodule in naviculoid taxa. Pole B is homologous with the foot pole in heteropolar Surirella and is the “synaptic pole” formed by fusion of components equivalent to both poles of naviculoid taxa.     

THE MORPHOLOGY AND INTEGRATION OF VALVES AND BANDS IN NAVICULA MUTICA VAR. MUTICA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Navicula mutica (Kütz.) var. mutica was isolated from the air, cloned on agar, cultured in soil-water bottle, and studied with transmission and scanning electron micros-ropy. The frustules were lanceolate to ovoid with rounded apices, with the apical axis 8.5 ± 3.2 μ and the trans-apical and the transapical axis 3.6 ± 0.6 μm. Striae were composed of two or three puncta, and the mantle bore a single row of puncta aligned with the striae. The ends of the raphe turned away from an isolated punctual in the central area of the valve. The mantle puncta and one or two of the valve-face puncta in each stria opened into a series of transapical grooves in the interior of the valve, the grooves contributing to the appearance of striae in the light microscope. The interior of the mantle also possessed a pair of longitudinal grooves, discontinuous at the apices of the valves. An undulate advalvar margin of the valvocopula likely articulates along the interior longitudinal groove of the mantle. The projections of the undulate margin are perhaps positioned between the transapical grooves and along the longitudinal groove between the dentiform structures formed by the intersection of the double-grooved system. The girdle bands each had two (occasionally three) rows of pores. The pleurae margins were straight and not undulate.     

STRUCTURE,LIFE HISTORY AND SYSTEMATICS OF RHOICOSPHENIA (BACILLARIOPHYTA). II. AUXOSPORE FORMATION AND PERIZONIUM STRUCTURE OF RH. CURVATA1

Reproduction in Rhoicosphenia curvata (Kütz.) Grun. is isogamous. The two auxospores formed expand parallel to the apical axes of the gametangial cells. Expansion is bipolar and leads to the formation of a slightly curved, tapering cell, in which the initial valves are laid down. The perizonium consists of transverse and longitudinal bands. The transverse series, of 35 or so bands, is laid down centrifugally as the auxospore expands and can be classified into three groups on the basis of band morphology. All except the central band are open hoops, orientated so that their ends lie in the midline of the less convex, ventral side of the auxospore. The bands have fimbriate margins on one or both sides, and overlap one another from center to either pole. The longitudinal series includes 5 bands—a wide central band, with two on either side: again, the bands overlap one another from the center outwards. The initial epivalve of the new generation forms beneath the dorsal side of the auxospore, on the opposite side from the longitudinal perizonial series. Comparisons are made with other genera and the relevance of auxospore studies to an understanding of diatom morphogenesis is discussed.     

SCALY INCUNABULA,AUXOSPORE DEVELOPMENT,AND GIRDLE POLYMORPHISM IN SELLAPHORA MARVANII SP. NOV. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Uniparental auxosporulation was observed in a monoclonal culture of a Sellaphora clone isolated from the epipelon of a fishpond in the Czech Republic. The cox1 sequence for the clone confirmed that it belonged to the Sellaphora pupula–bacillum species complex but showed significant differences from all previously characterized Sellaphora species, and it is therefore described as S. marvanii sp. nov. Protoplast, valve, and girdle structure resembled those of other Sellaphora species, but a novel finding for all diatoms was a change in girdle structure during the life cycle: the most advalvar girdle band (valvocopula) bore a single line of pores in enlarged postauxospore cells but was entirely plain in small cells and gametangia. The young auxospores were covered by incunabula containing large, delicate, ± circular scales, resembling those of centric diatom auxospores; similar scales have been reported in a few other raphid diatoms (Pseudo‐nitzschia multiseries, Diploneis sp.) but contrast with the strip incunabula of some Nitzschia and Pinnularia and the helmet‐like caps of Neidium. The scales persisted during auxospore expansion, mostly as two caps over the auxospore poles. The transverse perizonium comprised a very wide, closed primary band, flanked by numerous secondary bands whose open ends were strongly incurved toward the center. Initial valves were differentiated from their immediate descendants by the very strong external demarcation of the raphe sternum, irregular shape, and curved transapical profile.     

OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE OF SOME FORMS OF GOMPHONEMA PARVULUM KÜTZ. III. FRUSTULE FORMATION1

Gomphonema parvulum Kütz. was investigated by electron microscopy for details of frustule formation. An expansion of the cell along the pervalvar plane occurs prior to cell division. After nuclear division the organelles are, separated into 2 entities, either by division or by dispersion. The cell divides into 2 halves by the invagination of the plasmalemma which is derived from Golgi vesicular activity. When cytoplasmic cleavage, is complete, the Golgi actively produces electronlucent vesicles which collect and coalesce beneath the. plasmalemma to form the silicalemma around the silicon deposition vesicle. The endoplasmic reticulum is also closely associated with this vesicular activity. The vesicle gradually expands and becomes extremely electron dense as silica is deposited within it—first in the region, followed by the mantle edge. When the valve is mature, Golgi vesicles collect and fuse to form the silicalemma of the first girdle band. The first girdle band becomes aligned against the mantle edge on completion, by the “sloughing off” of the external silicalemma and plasmalemma. The second and third bands are formed, individually in a similar manner. Separation of the 2 daughter cells commences at the apical pole and progresses to the basal pole. The plasmalemma and external silicalemma are “sloughed off” so that the 2 cells can separate. The inner segment of the silicalemma becomes the new plasmalemma of the daughter cell.     

THE MICROTUBULAR CYTOSKELETON OF AMPHIDINIUM RHYNCHOCEPHALUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

The sub-thecal microtubular cytoskeleton of Amphidinium rhynchocephalum Anissimowa was investigated using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The majority of sub-thecal microtubules are longitudinally oriented and radiate from one of two sub-thecal transverse microtubular bands that lie adjacent to the anterior and posterior edge of the cingulum.Both transverse bands consist of 3–5 microtubules and are loop shaped with one end adjacent to the cell's right edge of the sulcus and the other end adjacent to the fibrous ventral ridge. The posterior transverse microtubular band (PTB) defines the posterior edge of the cingulum and gives rise to numerous posteriorly directed longitudinal microtubular bundles that consist of 1–3 microtubules per bundle. These bundles end at the posterior end of the cell. The PTB also gives rise to the cingular longitudinal microtubules that underlie the cingular groove and terminate at the anterior transverse microtubular band (ATB). The ATB defines the anterior edge of the cingulum and loops around the base of the epicone. This band gives rise to anteriorly directed longitudinal microtubular bundles that terminate in the small epicone of the cell. The longitudinal microtubular root of the flagellar apparatus is directed posteriorly and lies immediately beneath the theca but is distinct from the subthecal microtubule system. A narrow fibrous ridge is ventrally located to the cell's left between the exit apertures of the transverse and longitudinal flagella. In this position, the ventral ridge lies between and also connects with the anterior and posterior transverse microtubular bands. The ventral ridge is also associated with three microtubules that are distinct from other cytoskeletal microtubules. Our results demonstrate that the majority of sub-thecal microtubules originate from one of two microtubular bands associated with the cingulum. The possible role of the fibrous ventral ridge and its associated microtubules is also discussed.     

FRUSTULAR MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMIC AFFINITIES OF NAVICULA COMPLANATOIDES (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Live and prepared cells of the marine pennate diatom Navicula complanatoides Hust. were examined with light and electron microscopy. It has narrowly lanceolate valves (26–55 μm long, 4–5 μm wide) and girdles 10–24 μm in depth. Striae are parallel at the center of the valve (24–28 in 10 μm), becoming slightly convergent toward the apices. Electron microscopy revealed that the external valve surface presents a longitudinally ribbed appearance (20–28 parallel ribs at its maximum width), whereas internally, rectangular areolae are occluded by ricae. The raphe slit lies in a narrow axial area, and one side of the raphe sternum is deeper and folds over the other, obscuring the internal opening. Internally, the central virga on one side of the raphe and two virgae on the other are somewhat broader. A conspicuous pore (stigma) is present between the two broadened virgae. The girdle consists of valvocopulae, copulae, and pleurae. There are 16–20 bands per cingulum. The valvocopulae and copulae are hollow tube-like structures, with inner and outer portions contrsting in morphology. They decrease in diameter in an abvalvar direction. There are four pleurae. These are flat bands which facilitate overlap of the epicingulum and hypocingulum. Fundamental features of the valve and girdle reveal the distinctness of this species within Navicula. The areolae, external longitudinal ribs, and raphe structure suggest affinities with Pleurosigma, Gyrosigma, and Haslea. It is hypothesized that they share a derived state which indicates a recent common ancestor for these taxa. N. complanatoides and related species of the Naviculae microstigmatacae are distinctive enough to merit their own genus within the Naviculaceae.     

Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. and Xenococconeis neocaledonica comb. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the tropical South Pacific

During a survey of the coral reef diatoms of Moorea Island (Society Archipelago, South Pacific) a small‐sized member of the order Achnanthales was studied using a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This marine taxon has: a raphe valve (RV) with a non‐crenulate edge; a high cingulum; a sternum valve (SV) often irregularly striated and areolae with concave hymenate pore occlusion; a thick and plain SV valvocopula (SVVC), ring‐shaped, composed of large fused fimbriae, with a central elliptic foramen bordered by the peg‐like edge of the fimbriae. On abvalvar side, the SVVC bears radiate concave and robust transapical ribs, interlinking with short elevated transverse ribs of the RV valvocopula (RVVC). Large marginal fenestrae of the RVVC give access to pseudoloculi. One oblong, unique and striated papilla is located on each RVVC rib. Given this unique set of features, we describe Xenococconeis opunohusiensis gen. et sp. nov. as a new taxon belonging to the Achnanthales. The characteristics of the new taxon are compared with Campyloneis Grunow and Cocconeis Ehrenberg. From New Caledonia, Cocconeis neocaledonica Maillard ex Lange‐Bertalot et Steindorf, a freshwater diatom, was described with two internal septa with marginal pseudoloculi. Based on subsequent SEM illustrations and remarks, we propose the transfer of C. neocaledonica to the new genus, and compare it to the type species, Xenococconeis opunohusiensis.     

THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA OESTRUPII: STRUCTURE,TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION

Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Hasle was studied from the southern Indian Ocean, Wed-dell Sea, and northern Atlantic Ocean. It has the longer extension of the strutted process inwards, with three small columnar supports. A single strutted process near the central areola is 2-3 areolae away from the single labiate process; both are usually visible in the light microscope. Two bands are septate: the valvocopula (intercalary band next to the mantle) is ribbed with a complex pattern of pores, while the other intercalary band (copula) present has but a single ring of large pores. T. oestrupii var. venrickae is described from warmer water with similar bands but with differences in areolae array and spacing of marginal strutted processes. It was found in the Gulf of Mexico, eastern and western Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and western Indian Ocean. The two varieties appear to differ in their ecology and distribution, with T. oestrupii var. oestrupii apparently a cosmopolitan oceanic taxon and T. oestrupii var. venrickae a tropical and subtropical continental shelf taxon.     

VALVE AND BAND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME FRESHWATER DIATOMS. IV. OUTER SURFACE MUCILAGE OF NAVICULA CONFERVACEA VAR. CONFERVACEA1

The development of the mucilage on the outer surface of Navicula confervacea (Kütz.) Grun., a raphed, filamentous diatom, was studied with scanning electron microscopy. This nonstructural cell wall material, present on the surface after critical-point drying and absent after acid cleaning, was of two types: strands and papillae. Strands were associated with the raphe system, areolae, elongated pores of the mantle, and all girdle sutures. Organic papillae were a common feature of valves, valvo-copulae and pleurae, but their origin and distribution could not be explained since they often occurred between the obvious openings in the frustule. Strands from the raphe and areolae may function in attaching terminal cells to a substrate and adjacent cells to each other. Other strands of the girdle arise from sutures during cell enlargement and continue to lengthen and intertwine until the individual frustules within a filament are obscured. Strands from sutures might originate from the advalvar row of pores of the girdle bands since these pores lie along the suture, but direct observation of this was not made. Secretion between, the bands also cannot be ruled out. Although mucilaginous papillae may sometimes occur at random on the entire surface of frustules, there is also a distinct, narrow multiseriate row of them around the edge of valves without marginal spines.     

Effects of double bands on Magellanic Penguins

ABSTRACT Banding penguins is controversial because bands can alter the survival, reproduction, and behavior of marked individuals. The effects of bands are not consistent among band types and, although stainless steel is thought to be better than other materials, tests of the long‐term impact of bands on tag‐loss rates and the reproduction and survival of individuals are needed. We tested three types of external tags on Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to measure band effects and tag‐loss rates. In 1993, we double‐tagged 300 penguins with aluminum flipper bands, stainless‐steel flipper bands, or small (2 mm × 10 mm) metal tags attached to foot webbing. We searched for double‐tagged birds for 13 of 15 yrs (1994–2008). Aluminum bands deformed, caused feather wear, injured and killed some penguins, and were lost more often than stainless‐steel bands or web tags. During the first 2 yrs of our study, at least nine penguins lost one aluminum band (N= 71 penguins resighted), but no penguins lost a stainless‐steel band (N= 84) or a web tag (N= 88). During the next 13 yrs, five penguins lost one of their two web tags (N= 89), but none lost a stainless‐steel band (N= 84). Females laid eggs of similar size before they carried a band and in the year following tagging (P= 0.09). The type of tags a female carried did not significantly change egg size (P > 0.22). During the first breeding season after tagging, penguins with aluminum bands had lower reproductive success than penguins with stainless‐steel bands or web‐tags (P= 0.04). The annual survival of females with two stainless‐steel bands was lower (0.79) than that of males with two stainless‐steel bands or males and females with two web‐tags (0.87). Aluminum bands injured Magellanic Penguins, were lost at high rates, and should not be used. Double stainless‐steel bands had no apparent effects on adult male Magellanic Penguins, but reduced survival rates of adult females. A single stainless‐steel band would likely have less impact than two bands, and our results suggest that the impact of a single band would be difficult to measure.     

Changes in nitrogen content and protein profiles following <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> selection of NaCl resistant mung bean and tomato

Mung bean and tomato were in vitro selected on media containing 0, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Two types of media (hormone supplemented media, CB and hormone free media, MS) were used for mung bean using cotyledon explants whereas two types of explants (cotyledons and shoot apices) were used for tomato on MS media. Total-N, protein content, nitrite reductase (NiR) activity and protein protein profiles were checked in selected plants and compared to original non selected ones. NaCl at low concentrations slightly increased total-N in shoots and roots of in vitro selected mung bean and tomato whereas higher concentrations induced significant reductions. Similar increases in protein content were detected at lower concentrations with no significant effects thereover. On the contrary, NaCl gradually inhibited NiR activity. Similar responses of total-N, protein and NiR activity, but with greater magnitudes, were detected in original plants. In addition, NaCl significantly reduced dry weights of shoots and roots of either in vitro selected or, in particular, original intact plants. Moreover, electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of protein from shoots of either in vitro selected or intact plants showed that NaCl induced new protein bands while some others were concomitantly disappeared. The induction of one or more of the 86.4, 79, 77.6, 77 and 71.5 kDa bands following in vitro selection and/or the disappearance of the 86 kDa band from intact plants seemed necessary for mung bean resistance. Also, the presence of 86.2 kDa band and/or the loss of the 85.8 and 57.5 kDa bands might be included in tomato resistance. Of these induced bands in mung bean selected on CB media, only two bands were detected in plants selected on MS media. In tomato, two bands lost following selection from cotyledons but only one band lost following selection from shoot apices. These changes in protein pattern therefore might serve as adaptive regulators for resistance to NaCl.     

Optical rotary dispersion of mucopolysaccharides. 3. Ultraviolet circular dichroism and conformational specificity in amide groups

The circular dichroism of glycosaminoglycans and ganglioside in distilled water are described, showing two bands in the region of amide and carboxyl transitions. The first, negative hand is common to all polymers and the amino sugar derivatives. The characteristics of the second band depend upon polymer structure. Those containing 4–1-linked amino sugars show a second, positive, resolved band about 190 mμ, while those with 3–1-linked amino sugars show a second, negative band less resolved from the first usually ≤185mμ, but clearly centered at 188mμ for dermatan sulfate. Ultraviolet optical absorption from 300 to ～183 mμ showed inflection regions around 190 mμ for most compounds.