雌二醇对缰核神经元电活动的影响

边缘系统参与机体生殖功能的调节,作为边缘前脑至脑干背侧通路的枢纽缰核(ｈａｂｅｎｕｌａｒｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,Ｈｂ)与下丘脑之间互有紧密的双相联系,在功能上互为协调。Ｈｂ对生殖功能活动具有重要的调节作用。在不同性甾体激素水平下,Ｈｂ内单位电活动形式明显不同。本文以电活动为指标,直接观察Ｈｂ在不同性甾体激素水平时雌激素敏感性相关神经元的电变化及其与内侧视前区下丘脑前区(ｍＰＯＡＡＨＡ)的功能联系。1　材料和方法(1)动物　体重为250ｇ左右成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雌性大鼠41只。受光照14ｈ,水食任取,观察阴道涂片,鉴定动情周期。(2)…     

分别兴奋大鼠内侧和外侧缰核引起痛阈的不同改变

（Ｈｂ）与痛觉调制有关,但不同实验室的结果并不一致,本实验目的在于澄清其中原因,实验在戊巴比妥钠浅麻和清醒的大鼠上进行,应用玻璃微电极微量注射Ｌ－谷氨酸（Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ）到内侧缰核（ＭＨｂ）和外侧缰核（ＬＨｂ）,利用多种动物模型观察大鼠的痛阈改变,实验结果发现,兴奋ＭＨｂ时痛阈增高,而ＬＨｂ兴奋时痛阈降低。     

化学刺激大鼠缰核引起的呼吸效应

本文旨在确定兴奋缰核(Hb)细胞体引起的呼吸效应。实验用马拉坦麻醉的大鼠上进行。Hb内微量注射海人藻酸(KA)使呼吸频率和胸廓运动幅度呈剂量依赖性增加及呼吸节律不齐。结果表明,激活Hb细胞体可引起明显的呼吸效应。     

缰核神经元阿片受体的分布特征

目的: 用膜片钳方法探索内侧缰核(MHb),外侧缰核(LHb)阿片受体的类型.方法: 急性分离出生后10～15 d的大鼠缰核神经元,用全细胞电压钳记录方式记录其K 通道电流.以DAGO(μ受体激动剂),DPDPE(σ受体激动剂)区分MHb,LHb分别含有的阿片受体类型.结果: 在缰核可记录到两种类型的K 通道,快(瞬时)整流 K 通道(IA)和慢(延时)整流 K 通道(IK).DAGO,DPDPE使两种类型的K 通道电流增加.结论: MHb有较高密度的σ受体的分布;LHb以μ受体类型分布为主.     

芦沙坦的降压效应和内、外侧缰核神经元单位放电的关系

目的和方法 :观察腹腔注射 (i.p) 2mg kg和 10mg kg芦沙坦 (losartan)对大鼠股动脉血压 (aterialbloodpressure ,AP)和心率 (heartrate,HR)的影响以及与缰核 (Hb)神经元活动的关系。用玻璃微电极记录内侧缰核 (MHb)、外侧缰核(LHb)神经元单位放电活动 ,观察 10mg kg芦沙坦对其放电频率的影响。结果 :2mg kg芦沙坦对大鼠AP和HR无明显影响 ;(10mg kg芦沙坦可显著降低大鼠动脉血压 ,但对心率无明显影响。 10mg kg芦沙坦可使LHb内 6 6 6 6 % 12 18)神经元单位放电频率增加 ,使MHb内 6 1 90 % (13 2 1)神经元单位放电频率减少。结论 :10mg kg芦沙坦可明显地降低大鼠AP ,但 2mg kg芦沙坦对AP无明显影响 ;10mg kg芦沙坦可兴奋LHb和抑制MHb,产生降压效应     

可卡因对大鼠痛阈和缰核痛相关神经元放电的影响

目的：观察可卡因对痛阈和LHb痛相关神经元放电的影响。方法：皮下注射不同剂量可卡因,观察大鼠痛阈的变化;用玻璃微电极记录静脉注射可卡因前后,Hb神经元对伤害性刺激的反应。结果：低剂量可卡因降低大鼠痛阈;高剂量可卡因提高大鼠痛阈。静脉注射可卡因后,LHb痛兴奋单位自发放电增加,对痛的兴奋反应加强;LHb痛抑制单位自发放电减少,对痛的抑制反应减弱。结论：低剂量可卡因降低痛阈,同时提高LHb痛相关神经元的敏感性。     

去甲痛上腺素在大鼠缰核引起的心血管效应及其机制

Cardiovascular effect of norepinephrine (NE) in the habenular nucleus (Hb) and the underlying mechanism were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. NE microinjection into Hb produced a dose-dependent increase in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, an effect that could be attenuated by the pretreatment in Hb with alpha-receptor blocker phentolamine, but not by the pretreatment with beta-receptor blocker propranolol or physiological saline. Microinjection of kainic acid into Hb gave rise to a marked increase in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but microinjection of lidocaine did not elicit significant cardiovascular effect. The above results suggest that NE in Hb plays an important role in cardiovascular control as a result of Hb excitation through activation of alpha-receptor.     

刺激大鼠伏核和伏核内微量注射纳洛酮对外侧缰核“痛”单位放电的影响

在清醒、肌肉麻痹状态下的大鼠,观察到重复电刺激伏核对外侧缰核痛兴奋单位(LHPE)自发放电和痛诱发放电有明显的抑制作用。腹腔注射纳洛酮(6mg/kg体重)可阻断这种抑制作用。而电刺激伏核对外侧缰核痛抑制单位放电有兴奋作用。双侧伏核内微量注射纳洛酮(1.8ug,4min注完)使 LHPE 放电增加,注射吗啡(15ug,4min注完)可抑制 LHPE 放电。本文就以上结果在针刺镇痛中的意义进行了讨论。     

大鼠性周期内缰核神经元电活动的变化

目的：探讨缰核与生殖神经内分泌功能的关系。方法：采用电生理学方法记录细胞外放电。结果：①本实验观察到动情前期及动情间期大鼠缰核（ｈａｂｅｎｕｌａｒ ｎｕｃｌｅｕｓ,Ｈｂ） 的神经元对阴道、宫颈刺激（ｖａｇｉｎｏｃｅｒｖｉｃａｌｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ＶＣ刺激） 发生两种反应。一类神经元对ＶＣ 刺激发生放电频率增快或持续时间延长的反应,即ＶＣＥ 神经元,另一类神经元则对ＶＣ刺激发生放电频率降低或暂时终止的反应,即ＶＣＩ神经元。动情前期大鼠的ＶＣＥ及ＶＣＩ神经元多呈周期性放电;②本实验还发现,大鼠Ｈｂ 中对ＶＣ刺激发生反应的性相关神经元中多数为非特异性反应型神经元,即对ＶＣ刺激和夹尾等其它刺激发生兴奋或抑制反应,少数为特异反应型神经元,即只对ＶＣ 刺激发生反应。结论：①提示这两种神经元可能与神经分泌活动有关; ②特异反应型神经元的存在表明,Ｈｂ 可以接受ＶＣ刺激的传入信息,并对其发生反应。ＶＣ刺激可能通过影响Ｈｂ 神经元的活动,从而影响生殖神经内分泌功能     

多巴胺的负调控中枢——缰核在抑郁症中的作用

腹侧被盖区(VTA)在大脑奖赏环路中起到核心调控作用。抑郁症中VTA的多巴胺能神经元电活动发生异常改变。近年来的研究发现,来自缰核的输入能够负调控VTA多巴胺神经元的电活动。在抑郁动物模型中,由于βCaMKII表达水平异常增加所引起的被过度活化的外侧缰核神经元,可以通过降低包括多巴胺在内的单胺水平,最终导致多种核心抑郁表型的产生。     

Reward,motivation, and reinforcement learning

There is substantial evidence that dopamine is involved in reward learning and appetitive conditioning. However, the major reinforcement learning-based theoretical models of classical conditioning (crudely, prediction learning) are actually based on rules designed to explain instrumental conditioning (action learning). Extensive anatomical, pharmacological, and psychological data, particularly concerning the impact of motivational manipulations, show that these models are unreasonable. We review the data and consider the involvement of a rich collection of different neural systems in various aspects of these forms of conditioning. Dopamine plays a pivotal, but complicated, role.     

The Role of the Lateral Habenula in Punishment

The lateral habenula (LHb) is a small epithalamic structure that projects via the fasciculus retroflexus to the midbrain. The LHb is known to modulate midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons, including inhibition of ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons via glutamatergic excitation of the GABAergic rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). A variety of lines of evidence show activity in LHb and the LHb-RMTg pathway is correlated with, and is sufficient to support, punishment learning. However, it is not immediately clear whether LHb is necessary for punishment. Here we used a within-subjects punishment task to assess the role of LHb in the acquisition and expression of punishment as well as in aversive choice. Rats that pressed two individually presented levers for pellet rewards rapidly suppressed responding to one lever if it also caused footshock deliveries (punished lever) but continued pressing a second lever that did not cause footshock (unpunished lever). Infusions of an AMPA receptor antagonist (NBQX) into LHb had no effect on the acquisition or expression of this punishment, or on aversive choice, but did increase locomotion. Infusion of the sodium channel blocker bupivacaine likewise had no effect on expression of punishment. However, infusion of the calcium channel blocker mibefradil did affect expression of punishment by significantly decreasing the latency with which rats responded on the punished lever and significantly increasing unpunished lever-pressing. Taken together, these findings indicate that the LHb plays a limited role in punishment, influencing only latency to respond. This role is linked to calcium channel permeability and not AMPA receptor or sodium channel permeability.     

缰核介导刺激岛叶、杏仁中央核引起的升压反应

目的：证明缰核(Hb)是刺激岛叶(INS)、杏仁中央核(CeA)所引起的升压效应下行通路的主要中继站之一。方法：分别电刺激INS、CeA均可引起升压反应,在刺激电极的同侧及双侧Hb内微量注射盐酸利多卡因,再电刺激INS、CeA观察升压效应。结果：单侧Hb内注射利多卡因,电刺激INS、CeA所引起的升压反应分别降低36．9％、39．6％。双侧Hb内注射利多卡因,电刺激INS、CeA所引起的升压反应分别降低41．7％、46．1％。单侧或双侧Hb内微量注射生理盐水或人工脑脊液均不能降低电刺激INS、CeA引起的升压反应。结论：缰核是介导电刺激岛叶、杏仁中央核引起升压效应下行通路的主要中继站之一。