山东小高全新世早期遗址人类对獐的利用

小高遗址是山东地区近年来发现的一处全新世早期遗址,出土有大量的獐骨骼。本文主要从年龄结构、季节性特征及骨骼单元分布频率等角度对獐的骨骼进行研究。年龄结构的研究结果显示,人类的狩猎对象以7-24个月的青年和中年的个体为主;且越到晚期,未成年个体所占比例越高,这表明大多数獐是在接近或达到最大体重后成为人类的狩猎对象,且人类狩猎活动对獐的种群结构造成了一定影响。季节性研究结果显示,人类对獐的狩猎活动多发生在食物资源比较短缺的冬季及春季。骨骼单元分布频率和骨骼破裂程度研究表明,小高遗址可能还存在对骨髓的充分开发与利用。结合獐的生物学特征,我们认为,小高先民对獐的利用模式符合全新世早期动物资源广谱性和强化利用的特征,也表明人与动物之间存在着密切的互动关系。     

介绍一种透明骨骼标本染色法

脊椎动物骨骼研究是动物运动生理的重要内容 ,在动物系统学中则用于解决动物各分类单元间的系统关系 ,其中标本的制作非常关键 ,标本的优劣直接影响研究的可靠性。通常有 3种方法 :解剖学方法、X光片法和透明骨骼染色法。在这 3种方法中 ,透明骨骼染色法制法简单 ,易于识别软硬骨 ,成本低 ,国外广泛使用 ,但在国内则应用较少 ,现将此法介绍如下 :透明骨骼标本 ,采用阿利辛蓝 (Alcian Blue 8GS)和茜素红 (Alizarin Red S)分别对软骨和硬骨染色 ,再经甘油透明 ,使小型动物的全部骨骼在不受任何损伤的情况下清楚的展示出来 ,不经过一般的解…     

肌间刺缺失对斑马鱼骨骼发育的影响

利用斑马鱼(Danio rerio)野生型与肌间刺完全缺失突变型个体,从骨骼染色和骨骼发育相关基因表达两方面,初步评价了肌间刺缺失对斑马鱼骨骼发育的影响。通过骨骼染色对比观察了两种肌间刺表型个体受精后8dpf(days post fertilization, dpf)到56dpf的骨骼发育情况,结果显示,两种肌间刺表型除肌间刺外,其他骨骼发育基本同步。此外,通过qRT-PCR实验检测分析了6个骨骼发育相关基因(bmp2a、bmp4、smad1、smad4a、runx2a和sp7)在不同肌间刺表型5个胚胎发育时期(3hpf囊胚期、6hpf原肠胚期、12hpf体节期、24hpf咽囊期和72hpf孵化期)和5个胚后生长阶段(15、30、45、60和75dpf)的表达情况。结果显示:在胚胎发育时期,野生型和突变型个体中bmp2a、bmp4、smad1、smad4a基因和突变型个体中sp7基因的表达均呈现先升后降的变化趋势,且在体节期达到最高表达水平;野生型和突变型个体中runx2a基因和野生型个体中sp7基因则表现为逐渐上升的趋势。6个基因在囊胚期和原肠胚期表达量无显著差异, bmp2a的表达...     

金丝猴某些骨骼的功能形态学研究

根据形态学测量方法,本文对三种金丝猴与运动有关的一些骨骼进行了研究。从形态与功能统一的观点讨论了金丝猴的运动类型。     

中国古代人类麻风病和梅毒病的骨骼例证

文中记述了从中国不同时代考古遗址出土的人类麻风病和梅毒病骨骼标本的若干宏观病理特征,通过与国外资料对比,认为麻风病和梅毒病已经在秦汉时期的中国居民中传播,但是,目前至少还没有找到可靠病骨例证来证实麻风病和梅毒病均起源于中国。     

伊犁沙虎的骨骼系统研究

本文研究了伊犁沙虎（Teratoscincus scincus）的骨骼系统,对其各部分骨骼的形成、形态和位置作了详细的描述,为沙虎属的分类及演化研究提供骨骼方面的资料。     

古人类骨中羟磷灰石的XRD和喇曼光谱分析

人骨残骸是生物考古的主要对象,而骨骼污染鉴别是样品选择的依据,也是生物考古的前提。利用X射线衍射（XRD）和喇曼光谱相结合的方法,通过对新疆克雅河圆沙古城遗传出土的人类骨骼中羟磷灰石的分析,来辨析骨骼污染程度。研究结果表明,两种方法的有机结合,准确反映了骨骼中羟磷石结晶度的变化,从而可简单、较为有效地鉴别古代人类骨骼样品的污染。     

上/更新世动物群中人类与食肉动物"印记"的识别

从上/更新世的何时开始,人类的祖先能够成功地与食肉动物争夺大型的猎物资源?这是古人类学研究中的一个重要问题。本文从埋藏学的角度对这一问题进行了全面的回顾与总结。埋藏学研究是建立在现实研究和实验研究基础之上的,死亡年龄分布、骨骼单元分布、骨骼表面改造痕迹的相继引入逐渐丰富了这一学科的研究体系。     

史前人类对动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用

动物骨骼油脂的开发和利用是史前人类生存活动的重要组成部分.西方学者的研究表明,这一过程可能包含了敲骨取髓和骨脂提取两种不同的人类行为.相较于敲骨取髓,骨脂提取更为复杂,不仅要将骨骼砸碎成较小尺寸,还要加水煮沸骨骼碎片,过程中不断添冷水使水保持温和沸腾的状态,才能获得浮于水面的骨脂.目前,国内学者在此领域的研究多关注于前...     

中国古代人骨体质人类学的研究进展与展望

近10年来,中国古代人骨遗存的体质人类学研究迅猛发展,研究内容的广度和深度已完全超越了上世纪以人种类型分析为主的情况。这些研究涉及到古代人群的演化、古代疾病与健康、文化习俗相关的骨骼异常、骨骼功能适应、古人口学等多个领域,并积累了一批重要的古代人群体质人类学数据。这些研究工作丰富了我们对东亚地区全新世人群演化历史的认识,体现了多学科的研究理念和研究方法的创新。本文对我国近10年来全新世古代人骨材料的体质人类学研究进展进行了回顾和展望。     

Ancient DNA studies

Now that the hype surrounding Jurassic Park has settled down and we have become relatively used to dramatic headlines announcing the recovery of DNA from exotic fossilized remains, scientists working on ancient DNA are beginning to reflect on the long-term prospects and implications of the subject.¹ The science of ancient DNA has grown exponentially since its birth only ten years ago, and despite serious technical difficulties, it promises to become a revolutionary research tool in anthropology and molecular evolution. The use of bone DNA typing in particular has already yielded useful insights into Polynesian prehistory as well as spectacular applications in the forensic identification of skeletal remains.     

人类骨组织特征研究

为解决杀人毁尸案中骨骼残片的法医鉴定问题,对人类不同部位的骨骼进行组织学研究,为比较骨骼残片是否为人类骨骼提供科学基础。本研究提取的人类骨骼有颅骨、四肢长骨。将提取的骨片制成骨组织片,在显微镜下观察,并将观察结果输入计算机进行分析。通过对人类不同部位骨骼的组织学特征研究,描述了人类骨组织的板层结构、骨单位及骨小管的形态。本研究结果在法医学、人类学及考古学等领域有一定的应用价值。     

Isolation and characterization of DNA from archaeological bone.

DNA was extracted from human and animal bones recovered from archaeological sites and mitochondrial DNA sequences were amplified from the extracts using the polymerase chain reaction. Evidence is presented that the amplified sequences are authentic and do not represent contamination by extraneous DNA. The results show that significant amounts of genetic information can survive for long periods in bone, and have important implications for evolutionary genetics, anthropology and forensic science.     

The Zagreb Skull Collection—The unique identified collection of human skulls from fetuses to centenarians

Skull anatomy and development have been extensively studied due to their significance in evolutionary biology, forensic anthropology, and clinical medicine. Bone collections are an indispensable resource for conducting such anthropological and anatomical studies. However, worldwide there are only few skull collections containing specimens covering the entire fetal and postnatal period. Herein we describe the Zagreb Skull Collection, an identified collection comprising more than 1100 skulls and skull bone sets from the early fetal period to centenarians. The Zagreb Skull Collection consists of two main parts: the unique Collection of Skull Bones containing 386 sets of separated skull bones from the early fetal period to adulthood and the Collection of Skulls containing 742 skulls (age range 4–101 years). The collection was the core source for numerous anatomical studies on the development, postnatal changes, and anatomical variations of the skull. However, the Zagreb Skull Collection is still an underexploited resource for anthropological, forensic, and anatomical studies with translatability to contemporary clinical practice.     

Uncloaking a Lost Cause: Decolonizing ancestry estimation in the United States

Since the professionalization of US-based forensic anthropology in the 1970s, ancestry estimation has been included as a standard part of the biological profile, because practitioners have assumed it necessary to achieve identifications in medicolegal contexts. Simultaneously, forensic anthropologists have not fully considered the racist context of the criminal justice system in the United States related to the treatment of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color; nor have we considered that ancestry estimation might actually hinder identification efforts because of entrenched racial biases. Despite ongoing criticisms from mainstream biological anthropology that ancestry estimation perpetuates race science, forensic anthropologists have continued the practice. Recent years have seen the prolific development of retooled typological approaches with 21st century statistical prowess to include methods for estimating ancestry from cranial morphoscopic traits, despite no evidence that these traits reflect microevolutionary processes or are suitable genetic proxies for population structure; and such approaches have failed to critically evaluate the societal consequences for perpetuating the biological race concept. Around the country, these methods are enculturated in every aspect of the discipline ranging from university classrooms, to the board-certification examination marking the culmination of training, to standard operating procedures adopted by forensic anthropology laboratories. Here, we use critical race theory to interrogate the approaches utilized to estimate ancestry to include a critique of the continued use of morphoscopic traits, and we assert that the practice of ancestry estimation contributes to white supremacy. Based on the lack of scientific support that these traits reflect evolutionary history, and the inability to disentangle skeletal-based ancestry estimates from supporting the biological validity of race, we urge all forensic anthropologists to abolish the practice of ancestry estimation.     

HLA—DRB1等位基因的多态性及其应用

HLA系统参与和调节机体免疫功能,是人类重要叫遗传标志,具有种族、地域差异。HLA—Ⅱ类系统中DRB1等位基因的多态性最丰富,它的准确分型直接影响器官移植的供体选择、法医学个体认定、HLA与疾病相关性及人类学等研究。本文综述了HLA—DRB1分型检测方法,不同种族人群HLA-DRB1等位基因的多态性,HLA—DRB1多态性研究在探讨人类起源、民族融合方面的价值,HLA—DRB1与肝炎、系统性红斑狼疮等疾病的相关性等。     

髋骨性别分级判别分析法

现有骨骼性别判别分析方法无疑是判别率最好的方法之一 ,但是否能在原基础上再提高一步 ?为此 ,本文选取 1 6项髋骨指标 ,制作“分级判别分析表”对 82副髋骨 (男42副 ,女40副 )进行分级性别判别分析 ,并与传统单因素及多因素判别分析法进行比较 ,3种方法最高正确判别率分别为 97.0 %、85 .4 %和 92 .1 % ,结果显示 :分级判别分析法可提高正确判别分析率 ,为考古学和法医学工作者提供了一种骨骼性别判别分析的新方法。     

掌骨X线测量推断身高的研究

随机选取在校健康大学生186人(男90人, 女96人, 年龄18—27岁), 拍摄双手后前位372侧X线片, 测量身高和掌骨的长与宽。通过掌骨和身高的测量, 分析掌骨各参数与身高的关系, 为人类学和法医学的身高推断积累研究资料。掌骨长与身高的相关性明显高于掌骨宽, 其中男性第2掌骨长与身高相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Ym=1097.320+9.337X; 女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 其线性回归方程为Yf=1016.752+9.878X。男性第2掌骨长和女性第3掌骨长与身高的相关性最高, 可分别作为推断身高的依据。     

Estimation of stature from long bones utilizing the line of organic correlation

Estimation of stature from skeletal measurements is of great interest in some studies, e.g. in forensic anthropology, where victims have to be identified. A problem occurring in practice is that the individual whose stature has to be assessed is in general from an unknown population. Alternatives to ordinary least squares regression are discussed. Application of available information about stature/long bone proportions leads to a general proposal called thethe weighted line of organic correlation, which is fitted to a wide range of populations. The effects of sex and race upon this line are practically negligible. These properties makes it suitable for use not only for forensic purposes, but also for the estimation of stature based on skeletons or skeletal populations from the past.     

A history of forensic anthropology

Forensic anthropology represents a dynamic and rapidly evolving complex discipline within anthropology and forensic science. Academic roots extend back to early European anatomists but development coalesced in the Americas through high-profile court testimony, assemblage of documented collections and focused research. Formation of the anthropology section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences in 1972, the American Board of Forensic Anthropology in 1977/1978 and other organizational advances provided important stimuli for progress. While early pioneers concentrated on analysis of skeletonized human remains, applications today have expanded to include complex methods of search and recovery, the biomechanics of trauma interpretation, isotopic analysis related to diet and region of origin, age estimation of the living and issues related to humanitarian and human rights investigations.