Effect of different Mg/Ca ratios and electrolyte concentrations in irrigation water on the nutrient content of wheat crop

Summary A study conducted in pots to evaluate the effect of different Mg/Ca ratios (2, 4, 8 and 16) and electrolyte concentrations (20 and 80 meq/l) at SAR 10 in irrigation water on the nutrient uptake and yield of wheat crop in two soils revealed that the average grain and dry matter yields of wheat decreased significantly with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio in irrigation water, but the magnitude of decrease was greater at higher electrolyte concentration than at lower electrolyte concentration. The concentration of Na in both straw and grain of wheat increased and that of K decreased with an increase in Mg/Ca ratio and electrolyte concentration of irrigation water, which led to higher Na/Ca and Na/K ratios in the plant. Further, the concentration of Ca and Mg both in straw as well as in grain increased with increasing electrolyte concentration of the irrigation water. An increasing proportion of Mg in saline irrigation water resulted in decreased concentration of Ca and increased concentration of Mg in both straw and grain of wheat crop. It was also noticed that the increasing proportion of Mg over Ca in the poor quality irrigation water increased the P content of both straw and grain of wheat crop.     

Influence of the Ca/Mg ratio on Cu resistance in three Silene armeria ecotypes adapted to calcareous soil or to different, Ni- or Cu-enriched, serpentine sites

This hydroponic study addresses the influence of low (0.3) and high (4.0) Ca/Mg molar ratios on Cu resistance of Silene armeria ecotypes from different habitats: a calcareous soil (ecotype Cadriano), a Ni-rich serpentine site (ecotype Prinzera), and an acid Cu-mine spoil soil containing serpentinite (ecotype Vigonzano). Under control conditions, without excess Cu, only Cadriano was negatively affected by the low Ca/Mg ratio. Under both low and high Ca/Mg ratios Cu resistance followed the order Vigonzano > Prinzera > Cadriano. More efficient Cu exclusion accounted for enhanced Cu resistance in Prinzera. The low Ca/Mg ratio increased Cu uptake in Prinzera but did not worsen toxicity effects; i.e. the plants had higher internal Cu effect concentrations. In Vigonzano Cu resistance was enhanced by the low Ca/Mg ratio. This was due only in part to better Cu exclusion. Magnesium-induced tolerance to higher Cu tissue concentrations appears to be in ecotypes from serpentine and acid mine spoils, but not in plants from calcareous soil, the exposure to low Ca/Mg ratio favours internal detoxification of Cu by means of more efficient chelation and compartmentation.     

Assessment of wheat productivity responses and soil health dynamics under brackish ground water

The continuous use of brackish groundwater for irrigation is detrimental for soil and crop attributes. A three-year research study was designed for the wheat crop to assess the effects of brackish groundwater on crop yield and soil health under a surface irrigation system. Three sites were selected in different cropping zones of Pakistan. The treatments comprised of irrigation with moderately brackish water having 0.8, 1.3 & 2.7 dSm^?1 of salinity and canal water. The results indicated that EC, SAR, bicarbonates, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ levels increased in the soil for consecutive years and this increase was more at site S3 followed by S2 and S1. As soil depth is concerned, the increase was more pronounced in upper layers of soil (0–15 cm) as compared to 15–30 cm depth. Growth and yield were also affected by the consecutive use of this water, the number of plants, plant height, the number of spikes per plant, and yield was reduced at all the three sites. However, the impact was less pronounced at the site S1 whereas S3 was the most affected one. Grain weight and dry matter weight were observed to be maximum at S1. Water productivity was also calculated for all the three sites. Maximum water productivity was observed at S1 followed by S2 & S3. It was concluded that the continuous use of brackish water would have an adverse effect on crop yield and subsequently, soil health is also affected by it significantly.     

Influence of paddy and corn in different rotations on wheat yield,nutrient removal and soil properties

Summary In a 3 year field study, the effect of two rotations, paddy (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), mung (Phaseolus aureus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), mung (Phaseolus aureus L.) on wheat yield and chemical, physical and biological properties of soil was evaluated. Grain yield of the wheat sown after paddy during 1972–73, 1973–74 and 1974–75 was lesser by 0,300 and 390 kg/ha respectively than that of the wheat following corn. The reduction in the yield of wheat was attributed to relatively higher NPK removal by paddy, greater immobilization of N applied to wheat and deterioration of soil physical conditions in the paddy field. Total NPK removal by paddy average 131 kg/ha more than that by corn. Sharp increase in bacterial population of soil during early growth of wheat that followed paddy and the concurrent less available N in soil and low N content in wheat plants suggested that the N applied to wheat was immobilised to organic form. The increase in soil bulk density and particle dispersion ratio and decrease in water storage in deeper soil layers in the paddy field probably restricted the root proliferation and growth of wheat.     

酸性森林土壤中Ali/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的分布特征及影响因素

研究了西南和华南酸性森林土壤中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的分布特征与影响因素,用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归综合评价各种影响因素及其相对重要性. 2000～2002年连续3年的监测结果表明,大多数土壤水中该摩尔比值都小于临界值1.0,说明土壤铝释放还未对植被造成显著伤害.偏最小二乘法(PLS)回归显示,土壤铝饱和度(AlS)是影响A层土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的首要因素;土壤铝饱和度愈高,土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值愈高.5个流域中,尽管流溪河流域酸沉降量偏低,但由于土壤铝饱和度较高,A层土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值高于其他流域.土壤水中无机铝(Al_i)浓度是影响深层(B₁、B₂、BC层)土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值的主导因素;土壤水中无机铝浓度愈高,Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值愈高.各流域内摩尔比值沿土壤深度的变化与无机铝浓度的变化基本一致.可以认为,土壤铝饱和度是影响土壤水中Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值区域性差异的主要因素,土壤水中无机铝浓度是影响Al_i/(Ca+Mg)摩尔比值纵向差异的主要因素.     

Protein and free amino acids in wheat grain as affected by soil types and salinity levels in irrigation water

Summary The effects of four lysimeter soil series under three salinity levels were evaluated for grain yield, wt/1000 seeds, protein, and amino acids in Mexican dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Cajeme 71). The soil series consisted of: Holtville clay loam, Greenfield sandy loam, San Emigdio sandy loam, and Altamont clay loam. The irrigation water salinity levels were designated: low –2.2 mmho, medium –4.2 mmho, and high –7.1 mmho.No significant differences were found in the amount of grain harvested or wt/1000 seeds in the 1976 crop produced on the differential soil series. The yield of the 1977 crop was significantly affected by the soil types.Effects of soil type on the protein amino acids in the grain in both years were similar. Significantly higher protein amino acid levels of histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were found in the grain grown on Altamont clay loam soil than the other types.The free amino acids in grain from the 1976 and 1977 crops were similarly affected by the soil types, except that the quantitative values of the free amino acids were substantially lower in 1977 than in 1976. The free amino acids significantly influenced by soil types were tryptophane, lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine. In both years' crops, the sum of the free amino acid fractions was significantly higher in the grain produced on the Altamont soil than on the other soils.Salinity level in the irrigation water did not affect the 1976 crop yield or wt/1000 seeds. Although yields of the 1977 crop were significantly reduced by salinity, the wt/1000 seeds was not. The sum of protein amino acids was significantly higher in the 1976 and 1977 grain crops irrigated with high salinity water than in low salinity irrigated crops.An increased salinity irrigation water significantly reduced the sum of free amino acid fractions in the 1976 grain crop. Since some of the free amino acids in the 1977 grain crop increased while the others decreased due to the salinity level in the irrigation water, the sum of the free amino acid fractions was not significantly influenced.Significant interactions were found between soil types and salinity levels on free arginine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, and alanine, and also on the sum of the free amino acids in the 1976 wheat grain. In the 1977 wheat grain, there were significant interactions between soil types and salinity levels on the free glutamic acid, valine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, and on protein serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, and the sum of the protein amino acids.The amounts of essential amino acids expressed as mg of amino acid/g of protein were not affected by the soil types or salinity levels. With the exception of lysine, and possibly threonine and methionine plus cystine, the essential amino acids were present in the grain at concentrations equal to or greater than recommended by WHO and FAO.     

施用保水剂和稻草覆盖对作物和土壤的效应

在江苏淮北东海县季节性干旱严重的岭沙土上,开展了施用保水剂和稻草覆盖对保持土壤水分和作物产量的效应的比较试验,保水剂和稻草的用量各分4级,分别为1,2,3,6g.kg^-1土和1500,3000,4500,6000kg/hm^-2,结果表明,两者均可促进小麦生长,提高当季及后茬作物产量,覆盖稻草和施用保水剂分别比对照增产小麦12．5％和10％,其作用机制在于两者均能减少土壤水分蒸发,提高土壤持水能力,增加有效水供应,并对土壤容重,温度及养分状况有一定的改善作用。     

The Characterization of Intracellular and Extracellular Biomineralization Induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Cultured under Low Mg/Ca Ratios Conditions

In order to simulate the precipitation process of microbial limestone at the offshore of the ancient ocean, different calcites induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in culture media with low Mg/Ca ratios (0.01 M Ca²⁺, Mg/Ca = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) were investigated, and the characteristics of intracellular and extracellular biomineralization were described. Carbonic anhydrase activity of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in different culture medium was further detected. The ultrathin slices of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 cells were analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Then the precipitates were analyzed by polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the biomineralization precipitates of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under low Mg/Ca ratios were mainly calcites with different morphologies. The CA accelerated the pivotal rate limiting step of the calcite precipitation. It was also found that the morphology, microstructure, particle size, preferred orientation, crystallinity and cell volume of calcites changed gradually with the increasing Mg²⁺ concentrations. What is more important, it was found that Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 had the ability of intracellular biomineralization without crystal structure. The intracellular biomineralization product could be divided into two types. This study can provide some useful information for further understanding the characteristics and mechanisms of biomineralization and even the diagenetic environment research of microbial limestone.     

粉煤灰滤泥混合物对土壤性质、萝卜产量与品质的影响

粉煤灰和滤泥以1：1（w/w）比例混合并添加少量化肥配制成混合物,通过盆栽试验研究该混合物农用对土壤生物化学性质、萝卜产量和品质的影响以及重金属在土壤和萝卜中的富集状况。结果表明,该混合物中Dd、Pb、Cr、As和Hg含量均明显低于国家农用粉煤灰中污染物控制标准;施用一定数量的该混合物未见导致重金属在土壤和萝卜中的明显富集作用,重金属污染指数均＜1;土壤细菌数量显著增加;脲酶、磷酸酶和纤维素酶的活性增强;促进了萝卜的生长发育和代谢作用,萝卜的生物产量、经济产量、还原糖和维生素C的含量均明显提高,因此,适量施用该混合物未见导致重金属对土壤和萝卜的明显污染,且具有较明显的改土培肥、增产和提高萝卜品质的效果。     

The K/Na and Ca/Na ratios and rapeseed yield,under soil salinity or sodicity

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is a crop relatively tolerant to salt and sodium. Our objective was to study the interactions between Na, K and Ca and their relationship with its yield under the isolated effects of soil salinity or sodicity.Two experiments were carried out using pots filled with the Ah horizon of a Typic Natraquoll. There were three salinity levels (2.3 dS m^-1; 6.0 dS m^-1 and 10.0 dS m^-1) and three sodicity levels, expressed as sodium adsorption ratios (SAR: 12; 27 and 44). The soil was kept near field capacity.As soil salinity increased, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in the tissues decreased markedly but yields and aerial biomass production were not affected. As soil SAR value increased, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in plants and K-Na and Ca-Na selectivities decreased. Plants could not maintain their Ca concentration in soil with a high SAR. The grain yield and biomass production diminished significantly in the highest SAR treatment. Our results are consistent with those showing detrimental osmotic effects of salts in Brassica napus. Conversely, under sodicity, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in plant tissues decreased considerably, in accordance with grain and biomass production. These results show that the effects of sodicity are different from those of salinity.     

黄土高原沟壑区水肥因子对冬小麦经济性状的影响

利用田间试验方法,研究了不同水肥条件对冬小麦主要经济性状的影响．结果表明,限制黄土高原沟壑区冬小麦生产的最主要因素是肥而不是水．在任何灌水条件下,施肥对冬小麦的经济性状都有明显的正效应;而只有在施肥的条件下,灌水才有正效应;否则,灌水反而有负作用．     

钙离子浓度对青檀生长和檀皮质量的影响

以Hoagland完全营养液为基质,利用5、10和15mmol·L^-13个Ca^2+浓度处理水平及一个无钙对照处理。对青檀苗木各生物组分积累的钙含量、生物量、密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维素含量进行测定分析．结果表明。对照处理下的青檀苗大部分死亡,且生长不良,其高生长量仅为有钙处理的50％左右;在有钙处理中,青檀一年苗的高生长和生物量差异不明显,但以10mmol·L^-1钙处理浓度的生长量和生物量最大;Ca^2+促进了根、叶和檀皮中钙的积累,并随着Ca^2+浓度的增加而提高,其分布为根>叶>檀皮;浓度钙处理对青檀木质部和檀皮密度、青檀木质部和檀皮的纤维形态影响不显著,其中10mmol·L^-1钙处理下木质部纤维长度和宽度最大,5mmol·L^-1钙处理下檀皮的纤维长度和长／宽比最大;不同钙处理间,檀皮(韧皮部)纤维均在2．0mm以上,檀皮的纤维长／宽比约为木质部长宽比值的4倍;浓度钙处理对青檀木质部和檀皮中纤维素含量有显著影响,且均以10mmol·L^-1。钙处理下纤维素含量最高．     

Effect of sulphate waters on soil salinity,growth and yield of tomatoes

Summary Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. VF 145) plants were grown with three soils in a greenhouse irrigated with water high in sulphates to determine their effects on soil salinity, growth and yield. Fruit fresh weights decreased by 53 and 40% when irrigated with water having 32 and 16 meq SO₄/l respectively, and no leaching was allowed, relative to irrigating with a half strength modified Hoagland solution. When a 0.3 leaching fraction was allowed the respective decrease in fruit fresh weights were 32 and 12% for the two levels of sulphate. Tops were less affected than were fruits. The electrical conductivity of solutions extracted from the soils during the growing period was highly correlated with the soil solution SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) and with Na and Cl concentrations. Leaching, although effective in controlling soil salinity caused by highly soluble salts, was ineffective in controlling salinity derived from SO₄.     

新疆冬小麦籽粒灌浆和品质性状对滴灌用水量的响应

为给滴灌冬小麦节水高产优质栽培提供科学依据,于2012—2013和2013—2014年连续两个冬小麦生长季,以‘新冬22号’为试验材料,在大田滴灌条件下,设置了灌水量为3150、3900、4650、5400和0 m³·hm^-2共5个处理(分别用W₁、W₂、W₃、W₄和CK表示),研究了不同滴灌量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆及品质性状的影响.结果表明: 不同处理滴灌冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性呈“S”型变化曲线,均符合Logistic生长函数模型,且拟合度较高;籽粒灌浆快增期出现在花后12~20 d,最大灌浆速率(V_m)随滴灌量的增加呈“先增后降”的变化趋势,且两年均以W₃处理最大,分别为2.16和2.59 g·d^-1.随着滴灌量的增加,籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、出粉率、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间、弱化度及面团拉伸阻力和拉伸比均呈“先增后降”的变化趋势,均在W₃处理下达到最高;而面团吸水率和延伸度则呈“先降后增”的变化趋势,在W₃处理最低;沉降值逐渐增大,面团形成时间逐渐变短;籽粒产量均以W₃处理最高,为8913(2013年)和8602 kg·hm^-2(2014年),分别较同年W₁、W₂、W₄、CK高25.0%、14.8%、4.4%、35.6%和12.4%、2.8%、1.1%、33.0%.综上,在本试验条件下冬小麦滴灌量在4650 m³·hm^-2时可达到高产和优质的统一.     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

地下滴灌下土壤水势对毛白杨纸浆林生长及生理特性的影响

在6、7年生三倍体毛白杨(triploid Populus tomentosa)纸浆林中研究了地下滴灌(SDI)下不同土壤水势(-25、-50、-75kPa,即灌溉起始阈值)对林木生长及生理特征的影响。结果表明:与不灌溉(CK)相比,SDI使6、7年生林分的生产力分别平均提高24%和28%;其中,-25 kPa使6年生林分的生产力达到39.90 m3hm-2a-1,较CK极显著提高43.5%(P<0.01)。各水势处理间,-25 kPa的生产力在林分6年生时分别较-50和-75 kPa极显著提高20%和31%(P<0.01),在7年生时分别提高13%和14%(P>0.05)。能在毛白杨速生期内(4—7月)大幅提高土壤含水率(20和50 cm处分别平均提高35%和27%)、树干日平均液流速率(46%,SFmean)、黎明前叶水势(41%,ψpd)是SDI促进林木生长的重要机制。灌溉起始水势阈值的差异对毛白杨SFmean和ψpd无显著影响(P>0.05)。3个水势处理中,-25 kPa的平均SFmean和ψpd均最高,且其能使根系活动剧烈的表土层(0—20cm)的水分有效性有最大幅的提高,这可能是其对林木生长有最大促进作用的主要原因。综上,应在毛白杨纸浆林培育中大力推广SDI,并在应用时可将距滴头10cm、地下20 cm处的土壤水势达到-25 kPa作为灌溉起始阈值。另外,在与试验地环境相似地区栽植毛白杨时,应于4—7月灌溉,8—10月一般可不灌溉。     

辽西水土保持林土壤改良效应的研究

通过分析比较油松纯林和油松-固N树种混交杯土壤的理化性质和油松生长量,结果表明,油松-固N树种混交杯土壤有机质含量、全N、全P、速效P和水解N含量都比油松纯林显著提高,土壤容重减小,硬度降低,初渗速度增大．油松胸径和树高生长量也有较明显提高,对土壤的改良作用比油松纯林效果更加显著．通过土壤酶活性和固N树种固N活性的测定,对不同水土保持林的土壤肥力状况作出了综合评价。     

污灌对小麦幼苗生长及活性氧代谢的影响

通过水培的方式研究了污水灌溉对小麦幼苗生长及活性氧代谢系统的影响 .结果表明 ,经污水浇灌的小麦幼苗与对照组相比 ,植株矮小 ,根短 ,根数目少 ,茎、叶、根的干重、鲜重和可溶性蛋白含量均明显减少 ,并出现叶尖枯黄 ,叶片色素含量下降 ,叶绿素a/b与电导率明显上升现象 ,几种色素对污灌的敏感性为叶绿素b >叶绿素a >类葫萝卜素 .同时MDA水平上升 ,而SOD、POD和CAT活性显著下降 .其中SOD对环境胁迫最敏感 .三者活性分别下降 19.1%～ 33.1%、37.8%～ 4 7.8%和 30 .2 %～ 35 .9% .