A SUSPECTED CASE OF MYCOPHYCOBIOSIS BETWEEN MYCOSPHAERELLA APOPHLAEAE (ASCOMYCETES) AND APOPHLAEA SPP. (RHODOPHYTA)1

Apophlaea lyallii Hooker f. et Harvey and A. sinclairii Harvey in Hooker et Harvey, endemic Rhodophyta from New Zealand, were found to harbor a systemic fungus, Mycosphaerella apophlaeae Kohlmeyer. The algae occur on rocks in the upper intertidal zone and are resistant to desiccation and insolation. These suspected symbiotic associations which are similar to, but different from, lichens, are considered mycophycobioses. This is the first report of a supposed mycophycobiosis in members of the Rhodophyta.     

SYNARTHROPHYTON,A NEW GENUS OF CORALLINACEAE (CRYPTONEMIALES,RHODOPHYTA) FROM THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE1

Synarthrophyton gen. nov. is described based on southern Australian material of Melobesia patena Hooker fils & Harvey, which shows features intermediate between Mesophyllum Lemoine and Lithothamnium Philippi. It has the thin-walled rounded epithallial cells and coaxial hypothallium characteristic of Mesophyllum and the type of procarp and male structures common to Lithothamnium. Synarthrophyton is unique within the subfamily Melobesioideae (J. E. Areschoug) Yendo because it displays secondary pit connections. Details of the vegetative and reproductive morphology of S. patena (Hooker fils. & Harvey) comb. nov. are given and its taxonomic position in the Corallinaceae Lamouroux discussed.     

Taxonomic identity and typification of selected names of North American Potamogetonaceae

Most names in North American Potamogetonaceae have not been typified. Details of typifications are given for 72 names based on North American material published in the genus Potamogeton mainly by North American botanists. All names are reviewed for their nomenclatural validity and legitimacy, and interpreted taxonomically. Holotypes are indicated for 31 names and previously declared lectotypes or neotypes are listed for eight names. Lectotypes are designated for 24 previously untypified names and step-2 lectotypifications are proposed for three names that were based on heterogeneous material. Type material for three Rafinesque names and one proposed by Wood have not been located. An annotated list provides collection data, type status, homotypic synonyms, and currently accepted names. Two names are excluded from Potamogeton, being based on species of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae).     

AGLAOTHAMNION WESTBROOKIAE SP. NOV. (RHODOPHYTA), A SPECIES PREVIOUSLY CONFUSED UNDER THE NAME CALLITHAMNION BYSSOIDES1

We propose the name Aglaothamnion westbrookiae sp. nov. for the alga referred to as Callithamnion byssoides Arnott ex Harvey in Hooker by Edwards and others from the eastern coast of North America. A. westbrookiae differs from the European A. byssoides (Arnott ex Harvey in Hooker) L'Hardy-Halos et Rueness (= C. byssoides, type locality Cornwall, England) by having fronds branched pinnately, not spirally as in A. byssoides. The gonimolobes in A. westbrookiae are rounded, not conical and lobed as in A. byssoides. The spermatangia are in dense hemispherical clusters whereas in A. byssoides the equivalent structure is elongated. The two taxa are sexually incompatible. Aglaothamnion westbrookiae also differs in morphological features and is not interfertile with A. pseudobyssoides from France. We suggest that A. westbrookiae and A. feldmanniae Halos from Europe are similar in most features, including the involucral branches subtending carposporophytes. However, cross-ability tests demonstrated that they are not interfertile, and differences in vegetative structure suggest that they should be treated as two different species.     

Typification of three names in Antirrhinum (Plantaginaceae: Antirrhineae)

Typification of the names Antirrhinum barrelieri Boreau, A. controversum Pau and A. litigiosum Pau (Antirrhineae, Plantaginaceae) is needed to clarify the use and concept of these three names. The origin of a misinterpretation of the name A. barrelieri, which conditioned the subsequent use of these three names, is discussed. The previous ‘lectotype’ of A. barrelieri designated by Rothmaler from a Barrelier's illustration is shown to be ineffective, being contrary to Art. 9.12 of the ICN, and therefore a lectotype is designated from a syntype preserved in the herbarium of the Muséum des sciences naturelles d'Angers (France) at ANG. The Pau's names A. controversum and A. litigiosum have not been typified before, and lectotypes are here designated from specimens preserved at P and MA, respectively. As a consequence, the name A. litigiosum should be treated as a later heterotypic synonym of A. barrelieri.     

A myrionemoid variant of Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harv.

Culture experiments on Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harv. have been carried out using material from three separate localities. Under certain conditions, which have yet to be exactly defined, sporelings develop into plants quite unlike ‘normal’ Ectocarpus but resembling Myrionema corunnae Sauv. Reference is made to a field observation of a similar phenomenon by Jaasund (1965) and the status of M. corunnae is discussed.     

VARIATION IN OCHLOCHAETE HYSTRIX (CHAETOPHORALES. CHLOROPHYYCEAE) STUDIED IN CULTURE1

Six different isolates of Ochlochaete Thwaites ex Harvey have been studied under identical culture conditions. All the isolates show open branching, a character previously ascribed specifically to O. hystrix Thwaites ex Harv. sensu stricto, and all form hairs on rounded cells in the central part of the thallus, a character hitherto attributed only to O. ferox Huber. Consequently, separation of these two entities on the species level is untenable. The plant described by Huber is referred to O. hystrix var. ferox (Huber) var. nov. The type material of Chaetobolus gibbus Rosenvinger is similar to one of the isolates studied and is included in O. hystrix. Quadriflagellate zoospores have been observed in all the isolates, and in one of them also biflagellate swarmers.     

New records of temperate and sub-Antarctic marine benthic macroalgae from Antarctica

 During visits to several localities on the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula in summer 1994 we made collections of marine benthic algae. Among the algae we collected were three new records for Antarctica [Petalonia fascia (OF Müller) Kuntze; Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Nees; Rhodymenia subantarctica Ricker] and seven other species [Scytosiphon simplicissimus (Clemente) Cremades; Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton; Halopteris obovata (Hooker et Harvey) Sauvageau; Acrosiphonia arcta (Dillwyn) J. Agardh; Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Nees; Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Agardh; Porphyra plocamiestris Ricker] that had been reported on only one or two previous occasions (or, in one case, three). The ten species detailed in this paper fall into two groups: four species previously known from sub-Antarctic islands and/or locations in southern South America, and six species having a wider distribution in temperate regions. We discuss the possibility that the less accessible subtidal habitats of some species may have prevented earlier discovery. Other species may be comparatively recent adventives, most likely introduced with shipping. In view of possible global climate changes, species of this latter group are regarded as suitable organisms for monitoring changes of water temperature. Received: 12 December 1995/Accepted: 14 April 1996     

Typification of species of Codium (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) described by Okamura

Type specimens of six species of Codium described by Okamura are illustrated, including the holotype of Codium barbatum and lectotypes of Codium coactum, Codium intricatum, Codium pugniforme, Codium saccatum, and Codium subtubulosum. All species are currently recognized except C. pugniforme, which is indistinguishable from the previously described Codium spongiosum Harvey, Codium subtubulosum was abandoned by Okamura in favor of the previously described Codium divaricatum Holmes, but because of the prior existence of C. divaricatum (C. Agardh) Biasoletto, C. subtubulosum is the correct name for this species.     

Phylogeny and morphology of the freshwater red alga Nemalionopsis shawii (Rhodophyta,Thoreales) from Nepal

Phylogenetic relationships and morphological characters are presented for a population of Nemalionopsis shawii Skuja collected from Nepal. Molecular data (sequences of rbcL and cox1) were generated and morphological characters were described in detail. The rbcL sequence analyses showed that specimens from Nepal are most similar to N. shawii from Indonesia and Japan and that these entities form a clade with high support (>95% bootstrap and 0.95 posterior probability). The cox1 barcode sequence, however, only had 90.9–91.9% identity with specimens of N. shawii from Hawaii. The rbcL sequence of the specimen from Nepal was positioned in a clade having sequence identity of 99.3–99.7% with three samples: N. shawii from Indonesia and two from Japan identified as N. tortuosa. The comparison of morphological characters of Nemalionopsis from Nepal allowed unequivocal identification with N. shawii. Identifications from previous studies using molecular data were mistaken since most reports of N. shawii are actually of N. tortuosa or vice‐versa. This confusion of names presumably occurred because most specimens previously sequenced were from culture collections or from ‘Chantransia’ stages. Small tufts of ‘Chantransia’ stage were observed growing epiphytically on gametophytes and on the basal system. Carpogonia and spermatangia were fully described in specimens from Nepal. Monosporangia were not observed, whereas carposporangia were unequivocally described for the first time in the genus. An unusual flat strap‐like basal system was observed, interpreted as an additional mode of maintenance in nature under unfavorable environmental conditions.     

A revision of the desert shrub Fagonia (Zygophyllaceae)

The taxonomy of the desert shrub genus Fagonia is revised in detail. In total 167 names are accounted for, lectotypes are selected for 33 names, and two names are neotypified. A key to the 34 species is presented, as well as distribution maps for each species. Three new species are described and illustrated, F. densispina and F. latistipulata from Somalia, and F. hadramautica from Yemen. Of the accepted species, 24 are restricted to the Old World and eight to the New World. Most of the Old World species are confined to the Saharo‐Sindian region, with two extending to parts of Macaronesia. Eight species are endemic to the Somali‐Masai region, and two are restricted to southern Africa. In the New World four species are endemic to Baja California, two to northern Baja California and adjacent parts of southwestern USA, one to the province of Coahuila in northeastern Mexico, and one to Chile and Peru. The names of all four species of Fagonia currently on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants are put into synonymy.     

Lectotypification of the Bertoloni's names in the genus Senecio L. (Asteraceae)

Original material of the four Senecio taxa described by A. Bertoloni has been examined, and the typification of their names is discussed. A specimen from the Monti Herbarium (kept in BOLO) and iconographies from Bonanni and Bertoloni are designated as lectotypes, whereas another specimen from the Monti Herbarium is selected as neotype. The nomenclature of the names Senecio erucifolius L., Senecio tenuifolius Jacq., Senecio delphinifolius Vahl and Senecio rupestris Waldst. & Kit. is also analysed. The names S. crinitus Bertol. and S. laciniatus Bertol. belong to S. delphinifolius [now Jacobaea delphinifolia (Vahl) Pelser & Veldkamp] and S. rupestris [now Senecio squalidus subsp. rupestris (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter], respectively, whereas S. erraticus Bertol. and S. praealtus Bertol. are accepted as separate taxa as Jacobaea erratica (Bertol.) Fourr. and Jacobaea erucifolia subsp. praealta (Bertol.) Greuter & B.Nord., respectively.     

A new species of Tontelea from Amazonian Peru and Ecuador, and notes on the Tontelea attenuata species group (Celastraceae, Hippocrateoideae)

Tontelea fuliginea differs from other species whose stamens alternate with undivided stigma-lobes by its profusely ramified, many flowered, and densely dirty-brown puberulous inflorescences. This paper also provides a synopsis and key of the group of species with alternate stamens and 3-lobed stigmas with undivided lobes (T. attenuata group). Four lectotypes are designated for previously published names:Tontelea longifolia, Tontelea micrantha, Tontelea corrugulata, andSalacia micrantha var.lancifolia.     

Contribution to the seaweed flora of Namibia: new records of Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae

Six species of benthic marine Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae are recorded for the first time from the coast of Namibia: Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harvey, Feldmannia irregularis (Kützing) G. Hamel, Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff, Straguloria clavata (Harvey in Hooker) Hamel, Entocladia leptochaete (Huber) Burrows and Ulvella lens P. Crouan & H. Crouan. Data concerning local and world distribution of these species as well as some taxonomical remarks are provided.     

Revision and typification of names in Canarian Sonchus (Asteraceae: Cichorieae) published by or based on material from E. R. Sventenius

In the present paper we analyse the validity and nomenclatural status of the names of 16 taxa (eight species, four interspecific hybrids, one subspecies and three varieties) in Macaronesian Sonchus described or collected by E. R. Sventenius. As there is much controversy regarding their validity, mainly concerning the proper indication of the types and their location, we conducted a general revision of exsiccata, collected by Sventenius and kept at ORT, GB and BC, in order to locate possible type material. As a result, we located five holotypes, designated six lectotypes (four of which are illustrations), two neotypes and two epitypes, and located six isotypes and one paratype. We propose accepting the validity of most of Sventenius's names in the group with the exception of those whose protologue includes more than one gathering. Because except for S. ortunoi Svent. the taxa have valid names subsequently published by L. Boulos, we introduce a valid name for S. ortunoi here. Furthermore, we indicate legitimate names in the more widely circumscribed Sonchus that is now recognized based on recent phylogenetic reconstructions; in addition, we introduce the new combinations S.×rupicola (Svent.) A. Santos & Mejías and S.×decipiens (Svent.) A. Santos & Mejías.     

About the application of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii (Asteraceae,Anthemidae)

The typification of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is discussed. Specimens from LINN (no. 1016.4) and SBT (no. 72) are designated as lectotypes. The name A. italica is proposed as a synonym of A. maritima, while A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is currently accepted under the genus Cota, as C. triumfettii.