益生菌安全性的现状与对策

目前益生菌至少存在四个方面的安全问题：致病性和感染能力;有害的代谢活动;过度的免疫反应和可能的基因转移。本文对我国益生菌安全性的现状和对策进行了阐述。     

益生菌的安全性

益生菌是一类重要的微生物调节剂,对人类的营养和健康具有重大的意义。目前,益生菌具有医疗和保健作用毋庸质疑,但是对于益生菌的安全性还存在争议。本文对益生菌的安全性和不安全性研究进行综述,以利于临床正确认识、了解和使用益生菌制剂,对进一步开发利用益生菌也有积极意义。 更多还原     

应用益生菌对代谢综合征患者干预效果的系统评价

目的系统评价应用益生菌对代谢综合征患者干预的效果。方法应用计算机检索Web of Science、PubMed、Cochrane Library、EMBASE、中国知网、维普、万方和CBM数据库中应用益生菌干预代谢综合征患者的随机对照试验,对纳入文献采用Cochrane Handbook(5.1.0)进行质量评价,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入9项研究。评价结果为口服益生菌可以降低代谢综合征患者腰围[MD=-2.39,95%CI(-4.58,-0.19),P=0.03]和低密度脂蛋白水平[SMD=-0.41,95%CI(-0.78,-0.04),P=0.03],在一定程度上改善胰岛素抵抗水平,但对空腹血糖水平[SMD=-0.03,95%CI(-0.31,0.24),P=0.83]没有影响。结论应用益生菌干预代谢综合征患者可产生减肥效果,同时在一定程度上改善代谢综合征患者糖代谢紊乱状态,调节脂质代谢水平。但未来仍需要本土化、大样本、高质量的研究进一步探索益生菌干预代谢综合征患者的效果及最有效方案。     

益生菌食品和益生菌补充剂的安全性

益生菌的安全性受到了很多关注,主要是围绕细菌易位引发的败血症和获得性耐药基因水平转移等问题.为了消除人们的担心,生产者需要对每株益生菌的安全性进行说明,因为每株益生菌的性状都是不同的.并且为了防止耐药病原菌的爆发,若益生菌携带有获得性耐药基因(如tetW),那么在没有排除此基因具有转移的可能性时,是不能被使用的.     

分子水平上益生菌研究进展

益生菌是指能在生物体内存活 ,对生物体的健康有益的一类微生物。目前已经对益生菌的作用机理进行了深入和广泛的研究 ,获得了许多使用益生菌的经验。近些年来 ,分子生物学特别是基因工程技术的发展将益生菌的理论和应用研究推向了一个新的高度。从益生菌菌株的鉴定、菌株的遗传学修饰、益生菌功能基因组学和安全性等几个方面 ,综述了近年来国际上在分子水平上研究益生菌的技术方法、获得的主要研究成果和面临的挑战 ,并提出了益生菌研究的发展方向。     

益生菌用途及其工艺化研究进展

益生菌是通过定殖在动物体内,对宿主健康有益的一类"活性微生物",是宿主代谢的重要参与者。高密度发酵已经成为提高益生菌活菌数的重要手段之一,其中发酵工艺在高密度发酵过程中起着关键性的作用。在饲料添加剂市场上,益生菌制剂亟需一种生产成本低且制粉简便的生产方法。对益生菌的种类、功能、高密度发酵条件探索以及制剂化等方面的已有研究成果进行了总结,并对该领域未来的研究进行了展望,旨在为益生菌生产提供有价值的参考。     

益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢的研究进展

骨质疏松症已成为威胁中老年人健康的主要疾病之一,越来越多的人受到该病症的危害.肠道菌群是定殖在机体肠道内,与宿主形成共生关系的微生物,对宿主的免疫及代谢等产生重要影响,研究发现,肠道菌群与骨代谢之间存在密切关系,本文从肠道菌群与免疫、骨代谢与免疫、肠道菌群与骨代谢、益生菌及益生元调节骨代谢等几个方面阐述,肠道菌群有望成为骨质疏松症治疗的一个新靶点,通过益生菌或益生元来干预肠道菌群组成,进而调节免疫系统状态,抑制促炎因子的生成,从而降低骨吸收作用,达到预防和治疗骨质疏松症的目的.     

益生菌在血糖调控中的研究进展

随着经济的快速发展和人们生活方式的改变,糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发病率在全球范围急剧上升,特别是在我国形势尤其严峻。以往研究结果表明,肠道微生物与人体健康密切相关,糖尿病患者的菌群结构与健康人群存在显著差别。益生菌疗法由于具有低成本、高安全性和高可靠性的特点,在疾病预防和重塑肠道微生态健康方面具有良好的应用前景,逐渐成为糖尿病防治的研究热点。本文系统地阐述了血糖调控益生菌的基础研究和应用开发进展,为血糖调控益生菌制剂及相关功能性食品的开发提供理论参考和指导依据。     

灭活益生菌的研究进展

益生菌是一种对人体有益的细菌,含生理活性菌或死细胞(包括代谢产物与细胞组成)。随着对益生菌研究的深入,人们发现灭活状态的益生菌在多个方面较活菌具备更大的优势。研究灭活益生菌,主要采用的灭活方法有热灭活、γ-射线灭活、紫外线灭活和酸灭活。结合近年来对灭活益生菌研究的情况,总结出灭活益生菌在增强免疫、抗肿瘤、抑制病源微生物、吸附有害物、缓解过敏症状、调整肠道菌群、预防龋齿和降低血清胆固醇等方面均具有效性。灭活益生菌目前已被广泛的应用于食品、医药卫生和饲料等多个领域。     

益生菌预防2型糖尿病研究进展

糖尿病是一种常见的慢性代谢性疾病,已成为继恶性肿瘤和心脑血管疾病之后的第三大疾病。目前,对2型糖尿病发病机制尚不明确。近几十年来,研究表明肠道菌群与2型糖尿病的预防和治疗密切相关。益生菌及其补充剂预防2型糖尿病,是近年来随着人们对养生保健追求的逐渐提高才发展起来的一项新的研究课题,其价值受到许多微生物学家、营养学家、免疫学家高度重视。本研究综述了益生菌对2型糖尿病的潜在作用机制和研究方法进展,以期对以后精准医疗模式下防治2型糖尿病提供新的思路和靶点。     

乳酸菌的系统分类概况

乳酸菌是重要的益生菌资源,在食品、农业、化工业、医学等领域具有广阔的应用前景。目前,人们熟知的乳酸菌主要集中在乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、链球菌属、肠球菌属、乳球菌属、片球菌属和明串珠菌属等少数属种。为了拓宽人们对乳酸菌的认知,本文就乳酸菌的系统分类学进行阐述。在系统分类学上,乳酸菌分别隶属于厚壁菌门4纲7目18科39属653种和放线菌门2纲2目3科12属88种。最后,对乳酸菌的益生作用、安全性与有效来源、益生潜能的体外评价指标等进行简要的讨论。     

Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health

Probiotics are usually defined as microbial food supplements with beneficial effects on the consumers. Most probiotics fall into the group of organisms' known as lactic acid-producing bacteria and are normally consumed in the form of yogurt, fermented milks or other fermented foods. Some of the beneficial effect of lactic acid bacteria consumption include: (i) improving intestinal tract health; (ii) enhancing the immune system, synthesizing and enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients; (iii) reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance, decreasing the prevalence of allergy in susceptible individuals; and (iv) reducing risk of certain cancers. The mechanisms by which probiotics exert their effects are largely unknown, but may involve modifying gut pH, antagonizing pathogens through production of antimicrobial compounds, competing for pathogen binding and receptor sites as well as for available nutrients and growth factors, stimulating immunomodulatory cells, and producing lactase. Selection criteria, efficacy, food and supplement sources and safety issues around probiotics are reviewed. Recent scientific investigation has supported the important role of probiotics as a part of a healthy diet for human as well as for animals and may be an avenue to provide a safe, cost effective, and 'natural' approach that adds a barrier against microbial infection. This paper presents a review of probiotics in health maintenance and disease prevention.     

益生菌的应用现状和发展前景

益生菌是一类严格选择的，如果给予足够的量，能够为宿主带来健康益处的活性微生物。常见的具有益生功能的微生物，包括传统益生菌乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria)和酵母菌(Saccharomyces)等，以及下一代益生菌普拉梭菌(Faecalibacterium prausnitzii)、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis)、嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)和普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella copri)等。益生菌与人体健康之间存在密切的关系，这些微生物可通过肠道刺激胃肠道反应或直接作用于口腔、阴道、皮肤等其他部位以调节宿主健康。因此，它们在食品、种植业、畜牧业以及医疗领域中得到广泛应用，成为改善宿主健康的有力工具。本文对乳酸菌等传统益生菌以及嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌等下一代益生菌的功能的开发与应用进行了综述，总结了这几种益生菌在食品生产、疾病治疗以及农业生产等方面的应用潜力，展望了益生菌资源研究与应用的发展趋势，以期为研究新老益生菌功能的开发与应用提供参考。     

Potential probiotic strains with heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval capacity for application in foodstuffs

Heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs are one of the major concerns of our world nowadays. Food decontamination with the help of microbial biomass is a cheap, easy, efficient and green method known as bioremoval. Probiotics are able to reduce the availability of heavy metals and toxins in food products. The purpose of this review is to summarize the probiotics and potential probiotics' interesting role in food bio-decontamination. After a brief glance at the definition of potential probiotic strains with bioremoval ability, LABs (lactic acid bacteria) are described as they are the most important groups of probiotics. After that, the role of the main probiotic and potential probiotic strains (Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Streptococcus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for heavy metals and mycotoxins bioremoval are described. Additionally, the bioremoval mechanism and the effect of some factors in bioremoval efficiency are explained. Finally, the investigations about probiotic and contaminant stability are mentioned. It is worth mentioning that this review article can be exerted in different food and beverage industries to eliminate the heavy metals and mycotoxins in foodstuffs.     

广西传统发酵米粉中乳酸菌的分离鉴定

对广西传统米粉发酵液中的乳酸菌进行分离筛选,获得6株纯培养优势菌株。通过形态学鉴定及16S rDNA序列分析,结果表明其中4株乳酸菌属于戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus),另外2株鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。这2种乳酸菌均为对人类及动物安全的益生菌,该结果将为传统发酵米粉中有益微生物资源的挖掘和利用奠定基础。     

Diversity, vitality and activities of intestinal lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria assessed by molecular approaches

While lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria have been scientifically important for over a century, many of these are marketed today as probiotics and have become a valuable and rapidly expanding sector of the food market that is leading functional foods in many countries. The human gastro-intestinal tract with its various compartments and complex microbiota is the primary target of most of these functional foods containing lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria (LAB&B). In addition, their use as vectors for delivery of molecules with therapeutic value to the host via the intestinal tract is being studied. This review focuses on molecular approaches for the investigation of the diversity of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria in the human intestine, as well as tracking of probiotic bacteria within this complex ecosystem. Moreover, methodologies to determine the viability of the lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria and molecular approaches to study the mechanisms by which they adapt, establish and interact with the human host via the digestive tract, are described.     

Probiotic Strains Influence on Infant Microbiota in the In Vitro Colonic Fermentation Model GIS1

The main goal of our study was to evaluate the effect of the individual administration of five lyophilized lactic acid bacteria strains (Lactobacillus fermentum 428ST, Lactobacillus rhamnosus E4.2, Lactobacillus plantarum FCA3, Lactobacillus sp. 34.1, Weissella paramesenteroides FT1a) against the in vitro simulated microbiota of the human colon using the GIS1 system. The influence on the metabolic activity was also assessed by quantitative determination of proteins and polysaccharides at each segment of human colon. The obtained results indicated that the lactic acid bacteria L. rhamnosus E4.2 and W. paramesenteroides FTa1 had better efficiency in synthesising exopolysaccharides and also a better probiotic potential and therefore could be recommended for use in probiotics products or food industry.     

乳酸菌生理功能的系统解析与代谢调控

作为工业化的细胞工厂,乳酸菌广泛应用于食品、农业和医药等行业。然而在乳酸菌的工业生产中以及作为益生菌在人体胃肠道系统中都会面临多种环境胁迫,这些胁迫环境严重影响乳酸菌的生理功能,从而影响食品微生物制造的效率。近年来,随着代谢工程和系统生物学的发展,为乳酸菌生理功能的改造带来了前所未有的机遇。本文综述了系统生物学和代谢工程在乳酸菌生理功能的优化和调控中的具体应用。     

Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria: overview of the approaches and results of pathway rerouting involved in food fermentations.

Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis are the microorganisms of choice for performing metabolic engineering in relation to food fermentation. These bacteria are used extensively in food fermentations, they have a simple and therefore controllable metabolism and the molecular genetics of these food bacteria is well-developed. There have been recent successes in metabolic engineering in these lactic acid bacteria, including examples of changes in both primary metabolism (diacetyl and alanine) and secondary metabolism (exopolysaccharides and flavour).