Chlorophyll isolation,structure and function: major landmarks of the early history of research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

This paper covers major events of the early history of chlorophyll research in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union from 1771 until 1952, when the modern period of studies on photosynthesis began in full swing. Short biographical sketches of key scientists, reviews of their major research contributions and some selected photographs are included. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系的研究

分析了甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系,用主成分分析（Ｐ．Ｃ．Ａ）和信息聚类（Ｉ．Ｃ．Ａ）方法对该区系与国内其它１０个有代表性地区的种子植物区系进行了对比分析。其结果为：１．该区系温带性质十分明显,是一个汇集四大区系成分的过渡带;２．该区系起源于第三纪亚热带亚高山森林植物区系,随青藏高原的隆起和中亚干旱区的形成而分化形成;３．该区系与六盘山植物区的关系最近。该区系隶属于泛北极植物区,中国－日本森林植物     

Effect of rhythmic gymnastics on the rhythm perception of children with deafness

This study was designed to examine the effect of a rhythmic gymnastics program on the rhythm perception of children with deafness. Two groups--control and experiment--of 12 and 17 children, respectively, coming from the same school for the deaf participated in this study. The duration of the program for the individuals in the experiment group was 16 weeks (at a frequency of 3 lessons per week, for 40 minutes each lesson), while children of both groups adhered to their regular school schedules. Five rhythmic patterns in 3 speeds (tempi) were reproduced both by a metronome and each child's performance and were recorded on a digital disk before and after the application of the program. The rate of time deviation (in seconds) between the 2 beats represented the score for each child. The average rate of the 5 rhythmic patterns in each tempo was calculated separately, giving 3 scores (one for every tempo) for each child. Significance was set at p < or = 0.05. The data revealed significant postexercise differences in favor of the experiment group, an improvement of the experiment group in all pre-post values, as well as an improved medium tempo with relation to the control group. The findings show the effectiveness of the specific program in terms of improving rhythm ability, thus indicating its use in educating children with deafness on rhythm instead of preferring the routine of the adapted school program.     

Impact of health educational programmes on the prevalence of enterobiasis in schoolchildren in Thailand

Enterobiasis is a worldwide prevalent disease particularly in low income areas. The budget needed for the prevention, treatment and eradication of the disease has thus far frustrated the limited budgets of global public health systems. A study was undertaken to determine if education in addition to medical treatment of enterobiasis could make a difference to the rates of infection. A total of 777 children (399 male and 378 female) from 11 elementary schools in five districts of Samut Prakan Province, Thailand were examined between December 2000 and March 2002. In five of the 11 schools studied, medical treatments were applied, followed by a programme of educating the children in the prevention of infection. Children in the remaining six schools received medical treatment only. The study showed a decrease in infections among children who received supplementary education. This decrease was significant in comparison to the decrease shown among children who received medical treatment only. The study therefore showed that educating high risk individuals played a key role in the prevention of enterobiasis.     

Combining two teaching techniques for young children on Aedes aegypti control: effects on entomological indices in western Mexico

A study of the effect of educating four- to six-year-old children in mosquito control was recently conducted in a city in the state of Jalisco, western Mexico. Four neighborhood districts were selected. Children attending one kindergarten in each of two experimental districts were taught mosquito control with a video from the American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA), joined to the use of the AMCA Touch Table Technique. The entomological indices monitored in the study decreased significantly (P<0.05) in houses in the experimental districts, apparently because parents acted on the comments and suggestions of the children and eliminated or monitored containers used as oviposition sites by mosquitoes. Based on these results, combining both techniques for teaching children mosquito control is a potentially useful tool for control efforts in Mexico and other places in Latin America.     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

Straits used for international navigation

Abstract

This article summarizes our perspective of U.S. and Soviet interactions during a joint physical oceanography experiment. One author (RHH) was involved in early instrumentation and logistic work with the Soviets beginning in 1970, and was U.S. executive manager for the program from 1976–84. One author (CAC) was the National Science Foundation program manager responsible for administering the program. The experiment began with a preliminary meeting of Soviet and American oceanographers in 1973 and activities concluded with the publication of an atlas (see n. 9) in 1986. The intervening years included a variety of joint scientific activities which spanned a broad spectrum from theory and numerical modeling to at‐sea experiments. The total cost of U.S. activities as part of this program was about $25 million.     

3种园蛛幼蛛各龄形态比较

实验室恒温条件下,研究了园蛛属3种园蛛——角园蛛(Araneus cornutus),叶斑园蛛(A.sta),大腹园蛛(A.ventricosus)的各龄幼蛛。描述它们各自的形态特征;指出它们之间的形态差异。     

黄曲霉群菌种产生黄曲霉毒素B1的调查研究

本文对来自我国20个省、市、自治区的不同基物上分离的和中国科学院微生物研究所菌种保藏室以及其他单位提供的黄曲霉群菌种,经随机选取82株进行了黄曲霉毒素B_1的测定,证明在测试的9个已知分类群中产生黄曲霉毒素B_1的菌种只限于寄生曲霉和黄曲霉,另外4株种名未定者也能产生此种毒素。在黄曲霉中产毒菌株约占30％(28.3％),其在GAN(葡萄糖硝酸铵)和大米培养基中的黄曲霉毒素B_1的最高产量分别为133,333.3和160,000.0ppb。总的来说,大体上可以反映在我国一般基物上黄曲霉产毒菌株存在的现状。在实验过程中,还对黄曲霉群菌种在GAN和大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量和产毒菌株数作了比较。发现在大米培养基中黄曲霉毒素B_1的产量高于GAN,而且测试的黄曲霉产毒菌株在这两种培养基中均各有不能产毒的菌株,因此,在测定产毒菌株时,若仅采用其中一种产毒培养基,往往会有漏掉产毒菌株的可能性。     

Fuzzy methods for assessing criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management

This paper describes the general concepts, meaning, and definitions of sustainability and proposes the use of soft methodologies, particularly fuzzy set theory, for its assessment. Criteria and indicators (C&I) are described as instruments to assess forest sustainability. Basic elements and concepts of fuzzy sets are described, including membership functions and their interpretations in the context of sustainable forest management. Moreover, fuzzy operators that can combine the operational concepts of sustainability, namely criteria and indicators are described. A simple illustrative example is described to demonstrate the application of these methodologies.     

The role of parental investments for cognitive and noncognitive skill formation—Evidence for the first 11 years of life

This paper examines the impact of parental investments on the development of cognitive, mental and emotional skills during childhood using data from a longitudinal study, the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, starting at birth. Our work offers three important innovations. First, we use reliable measures of the child's cognitive, mental and emotional skills as well as accurate measures of parental investments. The observed investments include parental health behaviour, playing and talking with the child, play materials, leisure activities and others. Second, we estimate latent factor models to account for unobserved characteristics of children. Third, we examine the skill development for girls and boys separately, as well as for children who were born with either organic or psychosocial risk. We find a decreasing impact of parental investments on cognitive and mental skills over time, while emotional skills seem to be unaffected by parental investments in childhood. Thus, inequality at birth persists during childhood. Since families are the main sources of education during the first years of life, our results have important implications for the quality of the parent-child relationship. Improving maternal health during pregnancy and parental investments in infancy can yield large benefits for cognitive and mental development later in childhood.     

Four New Species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) from China

In the paper four new species of the genus Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) are described from China. They are Impatiens fenghwaiana Y. L. Chen, I. wuyuanensis Y. L. Chen,I. jinggangensis Y. L. Ghen, and 1. hunanensis Y. L. Chen.     

遮光条件下裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔行为的对比研究

通过遮光实验研究了裂叶沙参(Adenophora lobophylla)和泡沙参(A. potaninii)叶片的气孔行为,比较了不同遮光处理对裂叶沙参和泡沙参气孔的生理特性以及生态适应的影响。结果表明:裂叶沙参对不同遮光处理的适应性较差,相反,泡沙参具有较强的适应性和抗逆性;在自然光照和轻度遮光条件下,中午时泡沙参叶片的气孔开度逐渐减小和部分气孔关闭;裂叶沙参光合作用的非气孔限制占主要地位,泡沙参光合作用的气孔限制较明显。     

八角属(八角科)三种植物之小记

根据对腊叶标本的研究,将少药八角Illicium oligandrum Merrill & Chun、I. parvifolium Merrill subsp. oligandrum(Merrill & Chun)Q. Lin作为小叶八角I. parvifolium Merrill的新异名,将苏门答腊八角I. sumatranum A. C. Smith作为里德利八角I. ridleyanum A. C. Smith的新异名,发现厚皮香八角I. ternstroemioides A. C. Smith在越南的新记录。     

Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulation of lapine articular chondrocyte prostaglandin synthesis

The effect of estradiol and tamoxifen on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes in secondary monolayer cultures was investigated. Radioimmunoassay for PGE₂, PGF_2α, 6-oxo-PGF_1α and thromboxane B₂ was performed on media from cultures containing estradiol and tamoxifen (10⁻¹²M-10⁻⁷-M). Radiometric thin-layer chromatography was also carried out. The time course of estradiol/tamoxifen effect on chondrocyte PG synthesis was evaluated and its relationship to cell density in culture examined. Estradiol stimulated the synthesis of PGs by chondrocytes. Stimulation was noted at picomolar concentrations of estradiol without further stimulation at markedly higher concentrations. In time studies, after a lag, the effect of estradiol was present fully by 5 hrs, remained steady for 24 hrs and then declined by 48 hrs. Estradiol stimulation of PG synthesis was dependent upon chondrocyte culture plating density. Tamoxifen stimulated chondrocyte PG synthesis to relatively lower levels than estradiol. The characteristics of estradiol/tamoxifen stimulation of chondrocyte PG synthesis suggest a mechanism involving estradiol cytoplasmic receptors.     

Differences in nutritional outcomes between Brazilian white and black children

This paper analyzes whether differences in nutritional outcomes between white and black children are related to disparities in socioeconomic status and how improvements in nutritional indicators for each racial group over time are associated with changes in household income, parent's education and other socioeconomic attributes. According to the results, the gap in anthropometric measures would be substantially reduced if black and white children had similar characteristics. Evidence also shows that better economic and social attributes explain only a small part of the large improvement in nutritional measures verified between 2002-2003 and 2008-2009 for both racial groups.     

中国顶丝藻科新记录

继续报导中国顶丝藻科新记录６种。渐尖旋体藻Ａｕｄｏｕｉｎｅｌａａｔｅｎｕａｔａ,球状旋体藻Ａ．ｇｌｏｂｏｓａ,纤细旋体藻Ａ．ｇｒａｃｉｌｉｓ,无柄旋体藻Ａ．ｈｙｐｎｅａｅ,偏枝旋体藻Ａ．ｓｅｃｕｎｄａｔａ,连续旋体藻Ａ．ｓｅｒｉａｔａ。     

中国顶丝藻科新记录Ⅳ

继续报导中国顶丝藻科新记录6种。柏桉旋体藻Audouinella bonnemaisoniae,网地旋体藻A.dictyotae,德氏旋体藻A.drewii,网状旋体藻A.netrocarpa,太平洋旋体藻A.pacilica,异形旋体藻A.vaga。     

中国顶丝藻科新记录Ⅲ

继续报导中国顶丝藻科新记录6种。渐尖旋体藻Audouinella attenuata,球状旋体藻A.globosa,纤细旋体藻A.gracilis,无柄旋体藻A.hypneae,偏枝旋体藻A.secundata,连续旋体藻A.seriata。