Experimental Psychology and Child Development

It was not so long ago that investigators of human development thought that the empirical study of the child was almost completely impossible. The child was considered too variable a creature, during his first years of life, to conduct experiments on, so that one could assess child development in the best of cases only by observations, by keeping diaries and such.     

Investigations on Educational and Child Psychology in Armenia

The leading Soviet psychology journal, Problems of Psychology, which is a major source of articles for this journal, regularly contains summary articles on research. Sometimes these reviews summarize a particular topic of research (e.g., programmed instruction); sometimes, as in the case of this article on Armenian psychology, the review covers research from a particular locale.     

The Problem of Child Development In Soviet Psychology

The problem of child development was central in Soviet psychology from the start. Interest in child development arose, on the one hand, in connection with the needs of pedagogical practice, for the reconstruction and improvement of the educational system for the new generation, and, on the other hand, as a result of the theoretical importance of the problem in working out a genetic approach to the study of the human mind [psikhika].     

Current Status and Tasks of Child,Developmental, and Educational Psychology

In the period between the Fifth and Sixth Congresses of the All-Union Society of Psychologists (1978-1983), child, developmental, and educational psychology-indeed, all Soviet psychology-successfully developed in accordance with the historic ideas and resolutions of the 26th Congress of the CPSU.     

Play and Intentionality Among Today's Preschoolers

A comparison is made of data on the level of development of play activity and its influence on the volitional behavior of today's preschoolers and the preschoolers of the 1940s–1950s. The results of the comparison point to a substantial decrease in the level of narrative role-playing among children today. The study reproduces the widely known experiment of Z.V. Manuilenko (1948). The comparison of data on preschoolers of the mid-twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first shows a significant decrease in the level of volitional behavior in both play and nonplay situations. The results suggest that primitive, underdeveloped play cannot define a zone of proximal development and fulfill the status of primary activity.     

The Biosemiotic Glossary Project: Intentionality

In 2014, Morten Tønnessen and the editors of Biosemiotics officially launched the Biosemiotic Glossary Project in the effort to: (1) solidify and detail established terminology being used in the field of Biosemiotics for the benefit of newcomers and outsiders; and to (2) by involving the entire biosemiotics community, to contribute innovatively in the theoretical development of biosemiotic theory and vocabulary via the discussions that result. Biosemiotics, in its concern with explaining the emergence of, and the relations between, both biological ‘end-directedness’ and semiotic ‘about-ness’, would seem a fertile field for re-conceptualizing the notion of intentionality. The present project is part of a systematic attempt to survey and to document the current thinking about this concept in our field.     

Will

[Specially designed] problems (or tasks) are now universally used to study and diagnose human intellectual capacities. The problem places the subject in a problem situation that is to be solved (and the assignment carried out) by thinking. Of course (as Dunker [2] once pointed out), this means that the problem situation (or task) must have at least some minimal intellectual content so far as the subject is concerned, a fact that must certainly be taken into account in planning tasks and analyzing experimental data, although we shall not here deal especially with this requirement. For our present purposes it is more important to point out that in experimental studies, problem tasks are assigned both singly and in sets. In the latter case, the relations among the individual tasks in an experimental series may be quite diverse. If these relations are such that the problem tasks constitute a certain class whose solution is governed by a common principle, which the subjects come to understand by successfully performing the individual tasks in a series, then this class of tasks (in the terminology used by I. Lenhart [3]) is a "multiple problem."     

Intention Seekers: Conspiracist Ideation and Biased Attributions of Intentionality

Conspiracist beliefs are widespread and potentially hazardous. A growing body of research suggests that cognitive biases may play a role in endorsement of conspiracy theories. The current research examines the novel hypothesis that individuals who are biased towards inferring intentional explanations for ambiguous actions are more likely to endorse conspiracy theories, which portray events as the exclusive product of intentional agency. Study 1 replicated a previously observed relationship between conspiracist ideation and individual differences in anthropomorphisation. Studies 2 and 3 report a relationship between conspiracism and inferences of intentionality for imagined ambiguous events. Additionally, Study 3 again found conspiracist ideation to be predicted by individual differences in anthropomorphism. Contrary to expectations, however, the relationship was not mediated by the intentionality bias. The findings are discussed in terms of a domain-general intentionality bias making conspiracy theories appear particularly plausible. Alternative explanations are suggested for the association between conspiracism and anthropomorphism.     

Genomics in Psychology and Psychiatry

The review considers the most interesting data on the molecular genetic basis of mental disorders and personality traits, which were obtained within the framework of the Russian program Human Genome. Polymorphic markers Taq1A of the dopamine receptor gene and T102C of the serotonin receptor type 2A gene were associated with schizophrenia, in particular, chronic forms with poor prognosis. In mentally health people, the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene was associated with schizoid traits.     

Chimpanzee Alarm Call Production Meets Key Criteria for Intentionality

Determining the intentionality of primate communication is critical to understanding the evolution of human language. Although intentional signalling has been claimed for some great ape gestural signals, comparable evidence is currently lacking for their vocal signals. We presented wild chimpanzees with a python model and found that two of three alarm call types exhibited characteristics previously used to argue for intentionality in gestural communication. These alarm calls were: (i) socially directed and given to the arrival of friends, (ii) associated with visual monitoring of the audience and gaze alternations, and (iii) goal directed, as calling only stopped when recipients were safe from the predator. Our results demonstrate that certain vocalisations of our closest living relatives qualify as intentional signals, in a directly comparable way to many great ape gestures. We conclude that our results undermine a central argument of gestural theories of language evolution and instead support a multimodal origin of human language.