Pupal diapause of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): sensitive stage for thermal induction in the Okayama (western Japan) population

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) exhibits a facultative pupal diapause, which depends on temperature and photoperiod. Pupal diapause is induced at 20 degrees C by short photoperiods and inhibited by long photoperiods during the larval stage. However, in some pupae (35% of males and 57% of females) of a non-selected field population from Okayama Prefecture (34.6 degrees N), diapause is not induced by short photoperiods. In the present experiment, the importance of temperature for diapause induction was studied in the non-diapausing strain, which was selected from such individuals reared at 20 degrees C under a short photoperiod of 10L:14D. Furthermore, the sensitive stage for thermal determination of pupal diapause was determined by transferring larvae of various instars and pupae between 20 degrees C and 15 degrees C. Diapause was induced by 15 degrees C without respect to photoperiod. When larvae or pupae reared from eggs at 20 degrees C under a short or a long photoperiod were transferred to 15 degrees C in the periods of the middle fifth instar to the first three days after pupation, the diapause induction rate was significantly reduced in both males and females, especially in females. In contrast, when larvae or pupae reared at 15 degrees C were transferred to 20 degrees C in the same periods, diapause was induced in males, but not in females. However, the diapause induction rate of pupae transferred to 20 degrees C on the fourth day after pupation was significantly increased in females. The results show that temperature is the major diapause cue in the photoperiod-insensitive strain and the periods of middle fifth larval instar to early pupal stage are the thermal sensitive stages for pupal diapause induction with some different responses to temperatures between males and females in H. armigera.     

Effects of larval host plants on over-wintering preparedness and survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Laboratory colonies of cotton bollworm larvae, Helicoverpa armigera, kept at 20 degrees C under a photoperiod of L:D=10:14 were fed on five host plants (cotton, corn, kidney bean, tobacco and tomato) and an artificial diet (control) to determine the effects of larval host quality on survival and pupal over-wintering preparedness. A separate experiment showed that diapausing pupae weighed more and contained greater nutrient stores than did non-diapausing pupae. Diapausing pupae reared on different host plants showed significant differences in terms of over-wintering reserve storage, and degree of cold-hardiness (extent of low-molecular-weight substances and SCPs), and survivorship. The more nutrients the host plant had, the more the pupae weighed and the higher the levels of total lipids and glycogen. Body water content was also significantly affected by larval food quality. The mean pupal super-cooling capacities varied significantly from -16.7 to -18.9 degrees C according to host plants the larvae feed on, and these significantly related to water content, pupal weight, lipid and glycogen content, and the levels of glycerol. Levels of trehalose, glycerol, and inositol, which were mainly low-molecular-weight substances, showed no significant differences among different host plants, except for trehalose. Pupal mortality varied from 39.7% on corn to 3.3% on the artificial diet, which was significantly related to pupal weight, total lipid content, trehalose levels, and super-cooling points. These results suggest that larval food quality can affect survival and influence the over-wintering preparedness of the cotton bollworm.     

Effects of transgenic Bt cotton on overwintering characteristics and survival of Helicoverpa armigera

The effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the overwintering generation of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), are unknown. We hypothesized that a Bt cotton diet may adversely affect fitness of this generation and examined fresh weight, lipids, glycogens, low-molecular-weight sugars and SCPs (supercooling points) of pupae, as well as survival of larvae, diapausing pupae and adult emergence in comparison with controls. Field and laboratory experiments showed that larvae fed on Bt cotton had a decreased pupation rate, and fewer entered diapause and emerged as adults compared with larvae fed non-Bt cotton. Furthermore, larvae fed Bt cotton had reduced pupal weight, glycogen content and trehalose levels both in diapausing and in non-diapausing pupae, and only diapausing pupae had an increased SCP compared to controls. The SCPs of diapausing pupae reared on Bt cotton were significantly higher than those reared on non-Bt cotton. The trehalose levels of diapausing pupae reared on Bt cotton were significantly lower than those of larvae reared on non-Bt cotton. Thus, these results suggest that a Bt cotton diet weakens the preparedness of cotton bollworm for overwintering and reduces survival of the overwintering generation, which will in turn reduce the density of the first generation in the following year. Effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the overwintering generation of cotton bollworm appear to have significantly contributed to the suppression of cotton bollworm observed throughout northern China in the past decade.     

A comparison of photoperiodic control of diapause between aestivation and hibernation in the cabbage butterfly Pieris melete

In the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete, summer and winter diapause are induced principally by long and short daylengths, respectively; the intermediate daylengths (12-13 h) permit pupae to develop without diapause. In this study, photoperiodic control of summer and winter diapause was systematically investigated in this butterfly by examining the photoperiodic response, the number of days required to induce 50% summer and winter diapause and the duration of diapausing pupae induced under different photoperiods. Photoperiodic response curves at 18 and 20 degrees C showed that all pupae entered winter diapause at short daylengths (8-11 h), the incidence of diapause dropped to 82.3-85.5% at 22 degrees C without showing a significant difference between short daylengths, whereas the incidence of summer diapause induced by different long daylengths (14-18 h) was varied and was obviously affected by temperature. By transferring from various short daylengths (LD 8:16, LD 9:15, LD 10:14 and LD 11:13) to an intermediate daylength (LD 12.5:11.5) at different times after hatching, the number of cycles required to induce 50% winter diapause (7.28 at LD 8:16, 7.16 at LD 9:15, 7.60 at LD 10:14 and 6.94 at LD 11:13) showed no significant difference, whereas by transferring from various long daylengths (LD 14:10, LD 15:9, LD 16:8 and LD 17:7) to an intermediate daylength (LD 12.5:11.5) at different times, the number of cycles required to induce 50% summer diapause (5.95 at LD 14:10, 8.02 at LD 15:9, 6.80 at LD 16:8, 7.64 at LD 17:7) were significantly different. The intensity of winter diapause induced under different short daylengths (LD 8:16, LD 9:15, LD 10:14 and LD 11:13) was not significantly different with an average diapause duration of 87 days at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C and 92 days at a mean daily temperature of 19.0 degrees C, whereas the intensity of summer diapause induced under different long daylengths (LD 14:10, LD 15:9, LD 16:8 and LD 17:7) was significantly different (the diapause duration ranged from 75 to 86 days at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C and from 76 to 88 days at a mean daily temperature of 19.0 degrees C). All results suggested that photoperiodic control of diapause induction and termination is significantly different between aestivation and hibernation.     

高温条件下棉铃虫化蛹率、夏滞育率和蛹重的变化

在预蛹期,高温处理能诱导棉铃虫蛹进入夏滞育。本实验着重就33～39℃的变温下滞育蛹和未滞育蛹的失重动态进行了对比研究,同时以常温（27℃）下蛹作为参照。研究发现： 在33～39℃的变温条件下,棉铃虫化蛹率显著低于其在常温下的化蛹率,且所化蛹中有63.2%的雄性和10.9%的雌性进入高温夏滞育,其中高温滞育蛹和未滞育蛹分别都轻于正常发育蛹。化蛹后第2日至第5日期间,高温滞育蛹失重量显著低于高温未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹的失重量,分别为3.62、13.30和5.49 mg;蛹期总失重量结果与化蛹后第2～5日间蛹失重量趋势一致,高温滞育蛹、未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹失重量分别为15.60、49.35和26.30 mg。蛹失重动态研究发现高温滞育蛹在夏滞育期间其失重曲线平缓,显著低于高温未滞育蛹和正常发育蛹;高温滞育蛹滞育解除后,其失重曲线与正常发育蛹的失重趋势基本一致。结果表明,棉铃虫夏滞育蛹能通过维持低的代谢水平来度过不利环境,具有一定的生态适应意义。     

The ecological study of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa rmigera Hubner 1808) in Hungary

The cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.) is a poliphagous pest. Caterpillars feed on flowers, crops and seeds. In 2001 the meaningful catching-period was in August (Szeoke, 2001). In 2003 we detected the swarming already in June. We observed many caterpillars on its nutritive crops. It caused significant economic damage in this year. 1ST EXAMINATION: We collected larvae and reared pupae out of it in a pot. We took it into the soil. The swarming of the moths from the pots was in June. The mortality was high, more than 90%. 2ND EXAMINATION: We made cold tests with pupae. We examined 5 x 10 pupae in three treatments. In the first treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degrees C for 4 weeks. 92% of the pupae survived this cold. In the second treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degrees C for 3 weeks and to -7 degrees C for 1 week. 86% of the pupae survived this procedure. In the third treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degreesbC for 3 weeks and -15 degrees C for 1 week. 100% of the pupae were perished. 3RD EXAMINATION: In the first treatment we raised caterpillars on 13 hours lighting and 24 degrees C. The swarming was from 20th April to 4th May 2004. In the second treatment we reared the worms on 20 hours lighting and 18 degrees C. The main swarming was on 3rd January 2004. So we could say that the cotton bollworm has diapause. The more effective factor of the diapause is the length of the lighting.     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction and termination in the swallowtail,Sericinus montelus

Abstract Sericinus montelus overwinters as diapausing pupae. In the present study, the effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction and termination of diapause are investigated. The results obtained demonstrate that high temperature can reverse the effect of short day‐lengths on diapause induction. Under an LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod, all pupae enter diapause at 15, 20 and 25 °C, whereas all pupae develop without diapause at 35 °C. No pupae enter diapause under an LD 14 : 10 h photoperiod when the temperature is above 20 °C. Photoperiodic response curves obtained at 25 and 30 °C indicate that S. montelus is a long‐day species and the critical day‐length is approximately 13 h at 25 °C. At 25 °C, the duration of diapause is shortest when the diapausing pupae are maintained under an LD 16 : 8 h photoperiod and increases under LD 14 : 10 h and LD 12 : 12 h photoperiods. Under an LD 16 : 8 h photoperiod, the duration of diapause is shortest when the diapausing pupae are maintained at 25 °C, followed by 20 and 30 °C, and then at 15 °C. These results suggest that a moderate temperature favours diapause development under a diapause‐averting photoperiod in this species. The duration of diapause induced by an LD 12 : 12 h photoperiod is significantly longer at 25 °C than those at 15, 20 and 30 °C, and is shortest at 15 °C. At 25 °C, the duration of diapause induced by LD 6 : 18, LD 12 : 12 and LD 13 : 11 h photoperiods is similar and longer than 90 days. Thus, the diapause‐inducing conditions may affect diapause intensity and a photoperiod close to the critical day‐length has significant influence on diapause intensity in S. montelus.     

葱蝇非滞育、 冬滞育和夏滞育蛹发育和形态特征比较

昆虫非滞育、 冬滞育和夏滞育蛹具有不同的生理和发育过程。本研究以葱蝇Delia antiqua作为模式种, 以黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster蛹的发育形态特征和命名为参照, 用解剖、 拍照、 长度测量和图像处理等方法系统地比较研究了非滞育、 冬滞育和夏滞育蛹的发育历期和形态变化, 重点在头外翻和滞育相关发育和形态特征, 目的在于弄清非滞育、 冬滞育和夏滞育蛹发育和形态特征差异, 为滞育发育阶段的识别、 滞育分子机理研究奠定形态学基础。冬滞育蛹的滞育前期、 滞育期和滞育后期分别为4, 85和27 d, 夏滞育蛹的滞育前期、 滞育期和滞育后期分别为2, 8和22 d。从化蛹至头外翻完成为滞育前期, 头外翻完成约10 h内复眼中央游离脂肪体可见。头外翻的完成是滞育发生的前提, 非滞育、 夏滞育和冬滞育蛹头外翻发生在化蛹后的48, 36和83 h, 在头外翻过程中发育形态没有差异。头外翻的过程为： 首先, 头囊和胸部附肢从胸腔外翻, 头部形态出现; 然后, 腹部肌肉继续收缩, 将血淋巴和脂肪体推进头部及胸部附肢。葱蝇蛹在完成蛹期有效积温约15%时进入冬滞育或夏滞育。在滞育期, 蛹的形态一直停留在复眼中央游离脂肪体可见这一形态时期, 且冬滞育和夏滞育的蛹在形态上没有区别。在体长、 体宽和体重上, 冬滞育蛹最大, 夏滞育蛹次之, 非滞育蛹最小。在滞育后期, 在黄色体出现期间, 非滞育蛹的马氏管清楚可见, 呈绿色, 而滞育蛹的马氏管几乎不可见。本研究为认知昆虫滞育生理、 从发育历期和形态上推断滞育发育进程提供了依据。     

中国各棉区棉铃虫滞育解除特点

试验研究了我国华南棉区、长江流域棉区、黄河流域棉区、北部特早熟棉区和西北内陆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)13个地理种群的滞育解除特点。随纬度升高地理种群滞育蛹在高温下的发育时间显著延长,羽化格局趋于松散,在30℃下湖南衡阳种群和新疆哈密种群的发育时间分别为(15.6±4.9)d和(41.4±9.0)d。低温处理可明显降低长江流域以北种群的滞育历期,但对华南棉区北部种群则无明显的活化作用。湖南衡阳种群、湖北武穴种群、北京种群和新疆哈密种群活化滞育蛹的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为17.4℃和146.O日度,16.6℃和146.5日度,15.7℃和156.4日度及15.7℃和167.7日度。     

Effects of photoperiod and temperature on the development and diapause of the bark beetle Ips typographus

Abstract:  Diapause was induced in a Central European population of Ips typographus grown at 20°C when the day length decreased below 16 h [50% diapause incidence occurred in the 14.7:9.3 h L:D (light:dark) regime]. The non-diapausing adults fed on days 2–6 and 10–14 after the ecdysis and swarmed after the second feeding bout with chorionated eggs in the ovaries and sperm in the spermiducts. Neither gonads nor the flight muscles matured and no swarming occurred in the diapausing adults. The development from egg to adult took about 34 days in both 18:6 h (no diapause) and 12:12 h L:D (diapause) regimes, but it was extended by up to 30% without diapause induction when only larvae or pupae were exposed to L:D 12:12 h. Diapause was induced in insects reared at L:D 12:12 h through the last larval and the pupal instars and/or in the adult stage. Temperature ≥ 23°C prevented diapause induction at L:D 12:12 h but diapause occurred at L:D 14:10 h associated with 26:6°C thermoperiod. The effect of thermoperiods on the developmental rate requires further research. Exposure of the non-diapausing adults to 5°C for several days blocked feeding and evoked a diapause-like state, whereas diapausing adults fed and their gonads slowly developed at this temperature. Diapausing adults exposed in forest to low night temperatures and transferred in October to 20°C readily reproduced at 18:6, but not 12:12 h L:D photoperiods. After 2-months at 5°C and darkness, they became insensitive to the photoperiod, matured and most of them also swarmed at 20°C in the 12:12 h L:D regime. In a Scandinavian population, diapause occurred at 18:6 h L:D and was terminated either by exposure to 5°C or by very long photoperiod (L:D 20:4 h) combined with high temperature (23°C).     

Influence of photoperiod on low temperature acclimation for cold-hardiness in Drosophila auraria

ABSTRACT. Imagines of Drosophila auraria Peng, a reproductive diapause species, developed cold-hardiness at low temperatures to a greater extent when exposed to a diapause-inducing photoperiod (LD10:14 h) than when exposed to a diapause-preventing photoperiod (LD 16:8h). Imagines kept at 18°C, which was the temperature at which they were reared to eclosion, did not survive a test exposure to -5°C for 8 days regardless of age or photoperiod. When transferred to 10 or 5°C, either from eclosion or from 8 days after eclosion, the survival rate, on testing, rose with time since transfer and rose faster and higher with a photoperiod of LD 10:14h than with LD16:8h. Flies transferred to 15°C only showed improved ability to survive the test if they were kept in LD 10:14h. When cultured at 18°C to the age of 8 days after eclosion, diapause was terminated in about 30% of females even at LD 10:14h. In these post-diapause females the ability to develop cold-hardiness at lower temperatures was somewhat less than in the diapausing females, but apparently greater than in the non-diapause females. These results suggest that the physiological mechanism which promotes cold-hardiness under a diapause-inducing photoperiod is not directly linked to the process causing reproductive diapause.
In Sapporo, flies from a natural population became tolerant to cold in October when they entered diapause and daily mean temperature fell below 15°C and the light/dark cycle fell below LD 12:12h.     

The role of photoperiod and temperature in determination of summer and winter diapause in the cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi, is a short-day species undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause. Its photoperiodic response highly depends on temperature. All adults entered diapause at ≤ 20 °C regardless of photoperiods. High temperatures strongly weakened the diapause-inducing effects of long daylengths. The diapause-averting influence of short daylengths was expressed only at high temperatures (above 20 °C). This indicates that the beetle has a cryptic ability to reproduce in summer. In fact, summer and winter diapause were induced principally by relatively low temperatures in the field, whereas photoperiod had less influence on diapause induction. The critical daylength for the autumnal population was between 12 h and 13 h. By transferring from a long day to a short day or vice versa at different times after hatching, it was shown that the sensitive stage with regard to photoperiod was the larva, whereas a long day was photoperiodically more potent than a short day. The sensitive stage to temperature encompassed the larval, pupal and adult stages. This different response pattern serves to ensure that the beetle enters summer and winter diapause in time. The selections for non-diapause trait under laboratory (at 25 °C) and natural conditions (at >24 °C) showed that the beetle could lose its sensitivity to photoperiod very rapidly.     

Cold hardiness and sugar content in photo‐insensitive individuals of the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera

Abstract A proportion of Helicoverpa armigera collected from fields in Okayama Prefecture (Western Japan; 34.6°N, 134.1°E) does not enter diapause when reared under a short days at 20 °C during the larval stages. However, diapause in such photo‐insensitive individuals can be induced when they are reared at moderately low temperatures, such as 15 °C, regardless of photoperiod. To determine whether such photo‐insensitive individuals can survive overwintering in fields, the present study compares the cold hardiness and sugar content between nondiapausing and diapausing pupae of photo‐insensitive individuals selected over several generations at 20 °C under a short day photoperiod (LD 10 : 14 h). Diapausing and nondiapausing pupae are obtained under the short days by rearing at 15 and 20 °C, respectively, during larval and pupal stages. These pupae are stepwise acclimated at a reduction of 5 °C every 5 days to 0 °C. Maximum survival periods of nondiapausing and diapausing pupae at 0 °C are approximately 30 and 90 days, respectively. Trehalose content in diapausing pupae increases, reaches a maximum level (1.95 mg 100 mg^?1 in males and 2.1 mg 100 mg^?1 in females) 28 days after exposure to 0 °C and then decreases. On the other hand, glucose content in diapausing pupae increases (maximum level: 0.32 mg 100 mg^?1 in males and 0.21 mg 100 mg^?1 in females) with decreasing trehalose content 42 days after exposure to 0°C. The decrease in trehalose content and the increase in glucose content may be linked to termination of diapause in H. armigera. These results suggest that, in Japan, the photo‐insensitive individuals can only survive in the mild winters of southern regions, and not in the severe winters of northern regions.     

光温条件明显影响棉铃虫的滞育强度

为了探明不同地理种群棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera滞育强度的地理变异, 本研究系统地比较了光温条件（光照时数 11～16 h, 恒温20, 22, 25, 28和31℃及变温）对来自中国的4个地理种群（广东广州、 江西永修、 山东泰安和辽宁喀佐）棉铃虫滞育强度的影响。结果表明： 滞育诱导的光周期对继后棉铃虫的滞育强度有明显影响。在光照时数11～14 h范围内, 各地理种群的滞育持续期均随着光照时数的增加而延长。滞育强度也受到滞育诱导的温周期影响, 当光期温度相同时, 低纬度的GZ种群温周期比恒温有更强的诱导效应; 中纬度的YX种群温周期与恒温具有相同的滞育诱导强度; 高纬度的KZ和TA种群温周期所诱导的滞育强度一般低于恒温。滞育解除过程中的温度也显著影响到滞育的解除, 在20~31℃下, 温度愈高滞育解除愈快; 滞育持续期同时受到滞育诱导温度的影响, 对于北方的泰安种群和喀佐种群, 较高的滞育诱导温度能诱导更强的滞育。     

Physiology of diapause and cold hardiness in overwintering pupae of the apple leaf miner Phyllonorycter ringoniella in Japan

Abstract The apple leaf miner Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) overwinters as a diapausing pupa. The diapause rate reaches 100% in early October. Diapause intensity decreases gradually from early October and diapause terminates in early February. The fresh body weight of diapausing pupae is 1.6 times that of non-diapausing pupae. The main cryoprotectant in P. ringoniella pupae is trehalose. Three stages are distinguishable as indicated by the correlations between diapause intensity, levels of cold hardiness and the trehalose content: diapause induction occurred in October, diapause development from November to December, and post-diapause quiescence from January to April. During diapause induction, the pupae accumulate low levels of trehalose and do not survive exposure to −15 °C. During diapause development, the pupae gradually accumulate more trehalose and show some ability to survive exposure to −15 °C, but not to −20 °C. During post-diapause quiescence, the pupae accumulate relatively more trehalose and cold hardiness fully develops, but decreases quickly in April. The trehalose content in pupae sampled in December is unaffected by acclimation temperatures in the range 0–30 °C, but decreases in pupae sampled in March after acclimation at temperatures from 5 to 15 °C. These results suggest that overwintering pupae of P. ringoniella have the ability to accumulate trehalose and develop a high level of cold hardiness during diapause development.     

取食Bt棉与玉米的越冬代棉铃虫抗寒性特征比较

【目的】针对由Bt棉花和玉米构成的华北农田景观, 探讨不同寄主作物对棉铃虫 Helicoverpa armigera 越冬抗寒的影响。【方法】2013年在河北廊坊科研中试基地的作物田中将棉铃虫幼虫接到Bt棉和玉米上, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的化蛹率、存活率和越冬蛹羽化率;在室内控制条件下分别用棉蕾和鲜玉米粒饲喂棉铃虫幼虫。 测定滞育蛹和非滞育蛹的鲜重、干重、以及脂肪、糖原和低分子物质含量等指标, 比较取食不同作物后棉铃虫的抗寒能力。【结果】取食玉米的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（117.5 mg）、脂肪含量（457.2 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（86.45 μg/g）均显著高于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫滞育蛹干重（56.6 mg）、脂肪含量（239.6 μg/mg DW）以及海藻糖浓度（13.87 μg/g）;取食玉米的棉铃虫冰点(-10.2℃)显著低于取食Bt棉的棉铃虫冰点(-6.5℃)。【结论】结果表明取食玉米更加有利于棉铃虫越冬。 据历史数据, 近年来玉米种植面积不断增加, 这将提高棉铃虫成功越冬比率, 对棉铃虫种群扩张起到促进作用, 因此注重玉米上棉铃虫的防治尤为重要。     

Alternative life cycles controlled by temperature and photoperiod in the oligophagous bug, Dybowskyia reticulata

Abstract. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the induction and re-induction of adult diapause were examined in Dybowskyia reticulata (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Adults collected from the field after overwintering in early summer continued oviposition under long-day conditions of LD 16:8 h at 20 or 25°C, while they re-entered diapause under short-day conditions of LD 12:12 h at 25, 27.5 or 30°C. By contrast, adults reared in the laboratory from eggs at 20 or 25°C entered diapause under both long-day and short-day conditions, whereas those reared at 27.5 and 30°C entered diapause only under short-day conditions. Under quasi-natural conditions in 1993, when summer temperature was low, most adults of the first generation entered diapause in late July. However, in the warmer summer of 1996, oviposition was recorded in many females that ecdysed into adults from July to early August. Even though the seeds of the host plants occur in a restricted period from early summer to early autumn, in warmer years D. reticulata may produce a second generation. The response to temperature with a threshold between 25 and 27.5°C in D. reticulata brings about a switch between the univoltine and bivoltine life cycles.     

南京地区棉铃虫越冬蛹滞育的解除与发育

南京地区棉铃虫Heliclverpa armigera (Hubner)越冬蛹滞育的解除时间及解除后发育与温度的关系等问题。结果表明,该地区越冬蛹于12月中旬前后解除滞育,12月下旬至3月上旬处于休眠状态,3月下旬至4月上旬温度上升至约10℃～12℃后眼点开始移动。发现该虫在滞育后的发育中,眼点移动前期的发育速率、发育起始温度及血淋巴总蛋白含量动态明显不同于眼点移动后期或非滞育蛹。     

Coexistence of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) with different capacities for diapause: comparative life-history traits

Summary Individuals of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae), with and without a capacity for diapause, coexist in central Japan. Diapause appears to be adaptive because females in diapause suffered less mortality than non-diapausing individuals when frozen at –24°C for more than 4 h. However non-diapausing females showed good survival up to 4 h of freezing. Active non-diapausing mites survived on rose leaves in Kyoto (35°N) throughout the winters of 1988–1989 and 1989–1990. Cultures of mites with low (LD) and high (HD) diapause capacities at 18°C and 9L-15D photoperiod were successfully selected from the rose population and from a population on chrysanthemum in Nara (34.4°N). Their life-history traits at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C were characterized. HD and LD mites from both populations were of similar ages at first reproduction at 15–30° C. However, at temperatures 20° C, HD individuals produced more eggs than LD individuals, resulting in higher fecundity and intrinsic rate of natural increase. These traits allow HD individuals, which stop breeding between October and April, to increase faster in summer than LD individuals. This provides a mechanism, together with climatic fluctuations, in maintaining the coexistence of diapausing and non-diapausing T. urticae in Kyoto where winter conditions are rarely lethal to the non-diapausing individuals.