Morphofunctional characteristics of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the canine pericardium

The hemomicrocirculatory bed in the canine pericardium is presented by arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries, postcapillaries and venules situating in various connective tissue layers of the pericardium. Certain morphological peculiarities of the structure of the hemomicrocirculatory bed links are revealed in various parts of the pericardium. As demonstrate morphometry data, the diameter of all the vessels of the hemomicrocirculatory bed in various parts of the pericardium has no precise differences. There are some fluctuations in the number of the capillaries per 1 mm2 in various parts of the pericardium. Their number is comparatively greater in the area of the vascular porta (transitional fold), in the left lateral, in the ventral and dorsal parts of the pericardium. In these parts of the pericardium the density of the capillaries is increased, the network is especially dense in the area where the pericardial transitional fold passes into the epicardium. In the pericardial microcirculatory blood bed adaptive mechanisms (glomeruli, arteriolo-venular anastomoses, microsphincters) performing regulation of the organ's blood stream, are widely presented.     

Daily zinc supplementation effect on zinc deficiency in rats during prolonged restriction of motor activity

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of 47 mg zinc supplementation on deficiency of zinc in rats during 98 d of restriction of motor activity (hypokinesia), which appeared by higher plasma zinc concentration. One Hundred 13-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 360–390 g were used to perform the studies: They were equally divided into four groups: 1. Unsupplemented control animals (UCA); 2. Unsupplemented hypokinetic animals (UHA); 3. Supplemented control animals (SCA); and 4. Supplemented hypokinetic animals (SHA). For the simulation of the effect of hypokinesia (HK), the UHA and SHA were kept in small individual cages made of wood, which restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intake. The SCA and SHA received daily with their food an additional amount of zinc. Before and during the experimental period of 98 d, plasma, urinary and fecal zinc, balance of zinc, food intake, and body weight were determined at different intervals. In the SHA and UHA, the concentration of zinc in plasma, and the elimination of zinc in urine and feces increased significantly when compared with the SCA and UCA, whereas the balance of zinc was negative. The body weight and food intake decreased significantly in the SHA and UHA when compared with the SCA and UCA. The increased plasma concentration of zinc in both the SHA and UHA groups was in contrast to the observed hypozincnemia during prolonged immobilization as during prolonged hospitalization. This reaction suggests that there may be some other mechanisms that are affecting the process of control and regulation of zinc metabolism during prolonged HK. It was concluded that exposure to prolonged restriction of motor activity of rats induces significant increases in plasma concentration, fecal and urinary elimination of zinc in the presence of negative zinc balance and regardless the daily intake of large amounts of zinc with their food, leading to zinc deficiency.     

Effect of hypodynamia on the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the triceps muscle and brachial fascia in the rat

By means of amputation of the forearm (the place of the brachial musculus attachment is kept intact) in 30 male rats certain conditions are produced for decreasing force activity in the m. triceps brachii. Anatomical changes in structure and in distribution of links of the hemomicrocirculatory bed (HMCB) are followed in the medial head of the muscle and in the fascia covering it. Time of observations - 1-60 days. The sections of the muscles and some parts of the fascia are impregnated with silver nitrate solution. The greatest changes are observed to occur in the capillary-venular links of the HMCB during the interval of 1.14-4.5 days and are manifested as initial congestion of venous blood in these links. Later (4.5-15.3 and further 60 days) together with stable dilatation of all venous components of the blood bed certain qualitative changes take place in the arteriolar links of the HMCB.     

Histo-functional interrelations of the atrial hemomicrocirculatory bed in ontogenesis

In 110 hearts of corpses of fetuses beginning from 7 months of age and those of persons up to the age of 86 years, using various histological techniques, as well as in 20 canine hearts, using certain histochemical techniques, interrelations of the hemomicrocirculatory bed, myocardiocytes, elements of the connective tissue have been studied. Application of correlative and analysis of variance makes it possible to reveal direction and significance of the connections between the structural components of the atrial walls, as well as influence of age on the parameters investigated. The interrelations and interconnections between separate components of the atrial structural organization are complex, they change in the process of individual development, reflect development of the atrial wall and the heart as a whole.     

Daily magnesium supplementation on serum and urinary magnesium changes in rats during prolonged restriction of motor activity

The objective of this investigation was to determine whether a plentiful magnesium (Mg²⁺) supplementation might be used to normalize or prevent Mg deficiency. This is manifested by increased rather than decreased serum Mg²⁺ concentration as is observed during prolonged hospitalization, which is developed during prolonged hypokinesia (HK) (decreased motor activity). Eighty male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 370–390 g were used to perform the studies: They were equally divided into four groups:

1. Unsupplemented control animals (UCA);
2. Supplemented control animals (SCA);
3. Unsupplemented hypokinetic animals (UHA); and
4. Supplemented hypokinetic animals (SHA).

For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the hypokinetic animals were kept in small individual cages made of wood, which restricted their movements in all directions without hindering food and water intake. The control and hypokinetic supplemental animals receive 0.9 mg/mL Mg sulfate daily with their drinking water. Prior to and during the experimental period, urinary excretions of Mg, calcium, and phosphate along with their concentrations in serum, water intake, and urine excretion, and body weight were determined in the control and hypokinetic animals. In the supplemental and unsupplemental hypokinetic rats, urinary excretions and serum concentrations of electrolytes increased significantly, whereas serum concentration and urinary excretion thereof remained unchanged in the supplemented and unsupplemented control animals. It was concluded that a daily intake of large amounts of Mg supplementation cannot be used to prevent or normalize Mg deficiency in rats during prolonged exposure to HK.     

Water metabolic parameter changes in rhesus monkeys during exposure to prolonged restriction of motor activity

The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of prolonged restriction of motor activity (hypokinesia [HK]) on several parameters of water metabolism in primates. The studies were performed on 12 rhesus monkeys aged 4–5 yr (5.10–6.85 kg) during the hypokinetic period of 90 d and during the prehypokinetic period of 30 d. They were divided into two equal groups: the first group was placed under ordinary vivarium conditions (vivarium control animals) and the second group was subjected to 90 d of HK (hypokinetic animals). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect, the primates were immobilized on their abdomens in special tables. The legs of the monkeys were immobilized with hip and knee joints extended. The primates retained freedom of movement at elbow, wrist, and ankle. During the preexperimental period of 30 d and during the experimental period of 90 d, the following variables were determined: body weight, total body fluid content, specific total body fluid, mean fluid consumed and eliminated in urine, specific plasma resistance, hematocrit level, and plasma concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K). In the hypokinetic primates, body weight decreased significantly when compared to the controls. Mean fluid intake, total body fluid, and specific total body fluid decreased, whereas mean daily fluid loss and specific mean daily fluid elimination increased significantly. Specific plasma resistance, hematocrit level, and plasma electrolyte concentrations increased significantly when compared to the control primates. It was concluded that prolonged restriction of motor activity induces significant changes in water metabolic parameters of primates leading in decreased total water content of the body.     

Relation between neural structures possessing acetylcholinesterase activity and the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the fascia of the rat

By means of Karnovsky--Roots method the nervous apparatus of the hemomicrocirculatory bed has been revealed in the subcutaneous muscle fascia possessing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Innervational peculiarities in some microvascular branches, bushy pattern of AChE-positive nervous structures have been stated, as well as their uneven distribution along the vessels.     

Morphometric examination of glomerulus and juxta glomerural system of rat kidney during prolonged restriction of motor activity

The aim of this study was to examine the structural changes of glomerular and juxta glomerular system (JGS) of the kidney of rats during prolonged restriction of motor activity (hypokinesia). The studies were performed during 90 days of hypokinesia (HK) on 144 male Wistar rats divided into two groups: Group one placed under ordinary vivarium conditions and serving as vivarium control rats (VCR) and Group two subjected to HK and serving as hypokinetic rats (HKR). For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect the HKR group was kept in small individual cages made of wood that restricted the movements of rats in all directions without hindering food and water intake. During a prehypokinetic period of 15 days and the hypokinetic period of 90 days, body weight and food intake were measured and morphometric examinations were done to measure the cortical and juxta medullary glomerulus on kidney sections from the VCR and HKR groups (eight rats from each group). Body weight and food intake decreased significantly in the HKR groups when compared with the VCR group. Kidney weight of rats increased, the superficial volume decreased and that of the juxta medullary glomerules increased, whereas juxta glomerular granularity indexes decreased significantly in the HKR group when compared with the VCR group. The measured parameters did not change significantly in the VCR group when compared with the baseline control values. It was concluded that prolonged exposure to HK induces a significant increase in the kidney weight and a relationship appeared between variations of the volume of cortical and juxta medullary glomerulus and the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.     

Effect of daily hyperhydration on fluid-electrolyte changes in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of a daily intake of fluid and salt supplementation on fluid and electrolyte losses in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity (hypokinesia). The studies were performed on 30 long-distance runners aged 23–26 who had a peak oxygen uptake of 65.5 mL/kg/min and had taken 13.8 km/d on average prior to their participation in the study. The volunteers were divided into three groups: The volunteers in the first group were placed under normal ambulatory conditions (control subjects), the second group of volunteers subjected to hypokinesia alone (hypokinetic subjects), and the third group of volunteers was submitted to HK and consumed daily 0.1 g sodium chloride (NaCl)/kg body wt and 26 mL water/kg body wt (hyperhydrated subjects). The second and third group of volunteers were kept under an average of 2.7 km/d for 364 d. During the pre-experimental period of 60 d and during the experimental period of 364 d sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in urine and plasma were determined. Blood was also assayed for osmolality, hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma volume, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone. Mean arterial blood pressure was also determined. In the hyperhydrated volunteers plasma volume and arterial blood pressure increased, whereas plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and urinary excretion and concentrations of electrolytes in plasma decreased. In the hypokinetic volunteers, plasma volume and arterial blood pressure decreased significantly, whereas hematocrit values, hemoglobin concenfration, plasma osmolality, plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone, and electrolytes in urine and plasma increased significantly during the experimental period. It was concluded that chronic hyperhydration may be used in minimizing fluid and electrolyte losses in endurance-trained volunteers during prolonged restriction of muscular activity.     

Development of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the human gonads during the prenatal period of ontogeny

The formation of the organospecific hemomicrocirculatory bed of the ovaries and testes has been studied by a complex of light, transmissive and scanning electron microscopy in 3--9-month-old human fetuses. The change of the diffusive protocapillary bed is secured by: 1) reduction of some protocapillaries; 2) appearance of secondary capillaries from the growth buds of the preceeding microvessels; 3) formation of arteriolar and venular links of the hemomicrocirculatory bed from the protocapillaries at the expense of differentiation of the developing paravasal connective tissue into cellular elements of the muscular and adventitial tunics. The secondary blood capillaries of the human gonads are predominantly formed intraendothelially. During the prenatal ontogenesis presence of the secondary blood capillaries of somatic uninterrupted type is specific for the human gonads.     

Organizational features and morphometric characteristics of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the human brain dura mater

By means of silver nitrate impregnation and hematoxylin -- eosin staining the microcirculatory bed of the human brain dura mater (the second half of the mature age) has been investigated. Owing to the analysis of the morphometrical data of module organization of the hemomicrocirculatory bed, an objective quantitative characteristics of its peculiarities in various layers and areas of the dura mater is presented. In three layers of the dura mater in the fornix and skull basis area, falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli venular links predominate. Most of all morphometrical parameters of the venular vessels increase in the internal layer of the dura mater in the skull basis area. Conditions of functioning for the human brain dura mater are reflected in its blood bed, its specificity manifesting at the microcirculatory level.     

Study of the lympho- and hemomicrocirculatory bed of lymph nodes by scanning electron microscopy

The spatial interrelation of the lymphatic and blood beds has been studied in the lymph node together with its stromal and lymphoid elements, using scanning electron microscopy of corrosive casts and native preparations. There is a great variety of pathways for lymph transport and blood vessels in dependence of their localization in the lymph node. Of a special interest are the pathways of lymphocytes migration across the walls in the cortical and medullary sinuses and in the postcapillary venules, as well as participation of the reticular tissue in the lymph node immune reactions.