SARS冠状病毒非结构蛋白Nsp的原核表达

严重急性呼吸综合征病毒,即SARS冠状病毒((Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV),为具有囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒,基因组约长29～31kb.基因组从5′到3′端依次编码复制酶蛋白(Rep)、刺突蛋白(S)、囊膜蛋白(E)、膜蛋白(M)和核蛋白(N)以及其他一些辅助性蛋白[1].     

Sabin2型脊髓灰质炎病毒适应人胚肺二倍体细胞不同代次病毒滴度与5'端非编码区变异关系

脊髓灰质炎病毒(Poliovirus)是一类无包膜单股正链RNA病毒,基因组长约7.5kb.其5'端非编码区由约742个核苷酸长,主要与病毒RNA复制、蛋白翻译起始、病毒颗粒的装配及病毒的细胞适应减毒及神经毒力密切相关[1].     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒华东地区分离株RT-PCR-RFLP分析

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)是猪的一种重要传染性疾病病原,已给世界养猪业带来了巨大的经济损失.其主要临床表现为妊娠期母猪的早产、流产、产死胎、弱胎、木乃伊胎,新生仔猪肺炎、生长迟缓.PRRSV为动脉炎病毒科动脉炎病毒属成员.病毒有囊膜、呈球形,基因组为单股正链RNA,大小约15kb,含有8个开放阅读框(ORF),其中ORF1(包括ORF1a和ORF1b)编码病毒RNA复制酶;ORF2-7分别编码病毒结构蛋白:GP2、GP3、GP4、GP5、M和N蛋白.     

猪瘟病毒囊膜糖蛋白E0的RNA酶活性及其研究进展

猪瘟病毒（CSFV,Classicalswinefevervirus）属于黄病毒科瘟病毒属,同属的成员还有牛病毒性腹泻病毒（BVDV）和羊的边界病病毒（BDV）。猪瘟病毒是一种有囊膜的单股正链RNA病毒,基因组大小约12．3kb,含有一个大的ORF,此ORF编码一个大的多聚蛋白,经宿主和病毒编码蛋白酶的共同作用,在共同翻译中和／或翻译后,将此多聚蛋白加工成病毒的结构蛋白和非结构蛋白．猪瘟病毒基因组的5＇端编码病毒结构蛋白,即衣壳蛋白（C）和三个囊膜糖蛋白（E0、E1、E2）。其中E0和E2能够刺激机体产生中和抗体,并使猪获得免疫力[1,2]．意外发…     

一种简单高效扩增人杯状病毒ORF2区RT-PCR方法的建立及其意义

人杯状病毒(human calicivirus,HuCV)属于杯状病毒科(Caliciviridae),是单股正链RNA病毒,长约7·5 kb,其3′末端有poly(A)结构。它可分为两个属:诺如病毒(Norovirus)和札如病毒(Sapovirus)[1],根据病毒抗原性和核苷酸序列的多样性,目前将诺如病毒和札如病毒分别划分为三个遗传组(group),每一遗传组依据RNA多聚酶及衣壳蛋白区域序列的差异,可进一步划分为不同群或基因型(cluster or genotype)。病毒基因组包括3个开放读码框(open reading frame,ORF),5′端和3′端各有一个小的非编码区。ORF1编码非结构蛋白的前体聚蛋白,其中包括RNA…     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒辽宁分离物外壳蛋白基因与3'非编码区的序列分析

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, CGMMV) 为烟草花叶病毒属(Tobamovirus)成员,Tobamovirus属病毒基因组至少编码4个蛋白,靠近5'端的126 kDa和183 kDa两个蛋白与病毒的复制有关,其中183 kDa是由126 kDa 蛋白终止子超读产生的;另外两个蛋白分别为约30 kDa的移动蛋白(Movement protein, MP)和约17.5 kDa 外壳蛋白(Coat protein, CP),这两个蛋白分别由不同的亚基因组RNA表达产生;病毒基因组5'和3'端均含有一段非编码区(Noncoding region, NCR),5'端含帽子结构,3'端有一个可接受组氨酸的类似tRNA状结构[1].     

福建一例HAstV-5型星状病毒的全基因组测序与重组分析

为了探究一例福建省检出的HAstV-5型星状病毒2013/Fuzhou/85毒株基因组分子结构特点,本研究采用PCR分段扩增、测序、拼接的方法,获得2013/Fuzhou/85毒株基因组序列全长6 803bp:5’端和3’端均有85bp非编码区;中间3个开放阅读框:ORF1a长2 802bp(86～2 887nt),编码非结构蛋白丝氨酸蛋白酶;ORF1b长1 548bp(2 827～4 374nt),编码非结构蛋白RNA聚合酶;ORF2长2 352bp(4 367～6 718nt),编码结构蛋白衣壳蛋白前体。目前,GenBank中仅有两株HAstV-5型星状病毒全基因组序列:中国辽宁毒株(JQ403108)和巴西哥亚尼亚毒株(DQ028633),2013/Fuzhou/85毒株和中国辽宁毒株核苷酸相似度最高,达94.4%。对该HAstV-5型星状病毒3个开放阅读框分别构建系统进化树,发现ORF1a与HAstV-1(JF327666)相似度最高,ORF1b和ORF2与HAstV-5(JQ403108)相似度最高,提示其有可能存在重组,用Simplot软件进行重组分析,重组位点位于2 741bp,在ORF1a和ORF1b重叠区的上游。本研究中对2013/Fuzhou/85毒株的全基因组测序和重组分析,可以为星状病毒的重组和遗传进化规律研究提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒基因组结构与蛋白功能

2019年12月以来,武汉市暴发新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情并迅速蔓延全国,2020年1月30日被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”(public health emergency of international concern,PHEIC)。核酸序列分析证明COVID-19由新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV)引起。2019-nCoV为正链单链RNA病毒,基因组长约30 kb,两端为非编码区,中间为非结构蛋白编码区和结构蛋白编码区。非结构蛋白编码区主要包括开放读码框架(open reading frame,ORF)1a和ORF1b基因,编码16个非结构蛋白(non-structural proteins,NSP),即NSP1～16。结构蛋白编码区主要编码刺突(spike,S)蛋白、包膜(envelope,E)蛋白、膜(membrane,M)蛋白和核衣壳(nucleocapsid,N)蛋白。深入了解2019-nCoV基因组的结构和蛋白功能,将为2019-nCoV相关的病毒溯源、复制增殖、致病免疫、药物与疫苗研发以及当前疫情的防控提供有力的支撑。     

表达猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP3基因的重组伪狂犬病病毒的构建

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征 (porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndrome ,PRRS)是引起怀孕母猪早产、流产、死胎及仔猪呼吸系统疾病的一种新发现的病毒性传染病[1] .该病毒的基因组为单股正链RNA ,约15kb ,含有 8个开放阅读框架 (ORFs) ,ORF1编码病毒非结构蛋白 (依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶 ) ,ORF2 ORF7编码病毒的结构蛋白 .其中ORF3含有 2 6 5个氨基酸 ,编码的GP3蛋白为高度糖基化的结构蛋白 ,有 7个糖基化位点 ,具有免疫原性[2 ,3 ] .目前 ,用于预防PRRS的疫苗主要是弱毒苗和灭活苗 ,虽然都有一定的免疫效果 ,但由于PRRS抗体依赖性…     

冠状病毒的基因组结构及特征

冠状病毒(Coronavirus)是具有包膜的正单链RNA病毒,基因组大小介于26 000与32 000 nt之间,编码刺突蛋白(S)、包膜蛋白(E)、膜蛋白(M)和核壳蛋白(N)等四种结构蛋白、复制酶(ORF1a/b)与若干辅助蛋白,部分病毒还具有血细胞凝集素酯酶(HE),这些蛋白除维持病毒结构,还有促进感染与抵抗宿主免疫反应等功能,其中刺突蛋白可与宿主细胞表面的受体结合,使病毒包膜和宿主细胞的膜融合以感染细胞.冠状病毒的感染会影响细胞的许多信号转导途径,引发免疫反应,是一类可感染哺乳动物与鸟类的病毒.     

The nsp9 replicase protein of SARS-coronavirus, structure and functional insights

As part of a high-throughput structural analysis of SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) proteins, we have solved the structure of the non-structural protein 9 (nsp9). This protein, encoded by ORF1a, has no designated function but is most likely involved with viral RNA synthesis. The protein comprises a single beta-barrel with a fold previously unseen in single domain proteins. The fold superficially resembles an OB-fold with a C-terminal extension and is related to both of the two subdomains of the SARS-CoV 3C-like protease (which belongs to the serine protease superfamily). nsp9 has, presumably, evolved from a protease. The crystal structure suggests that the protein is dimeric. This is confirmed by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. We show that nsp9 binds RNA and interacts with nsp8, activities that may be essential for its function(s).     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nsp1 suppresses host gene expression, including that of type I interferon, in infected cells

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nsp1 protein has unique biological functions that have not been described in the viral proteins of any RNA viruses; expressed SARS-CoV nsp1 protein has been found to suppress host gene expression by promoting host mRNA degradation and inhibiting translation. We generated an nsp1 mutant (nsp1-mt) that neither promoted host mRNA degradation nor suppressed host protein synthesis in expressing cells. Both a SARS-CoV mutant virus, encoding the nsp1-mt protein (SARS-CoV-mt), and a wild-type virus (SARS-CoV-WT) replicated efficiently and exhibited similar one-step growth kinetics in susceptible cells. Both viruses accumulated similar amounts of virus-specific mRNAs and nsp1 protein in infected cells, whereas the amounts of endogenous host mRNAs were clearly higher in SARS-CoV-mt-infected cells than in SARS-CoV-WT-infected cells, in both the presence and absence of actinomycin D. Further, SARS-CoV-WT replication strongly inhibited host protein synthesis, whereas host protein synthesis inhibition in SARS-CoV-mt-infected cells was not as efficient as in SARS-CoV-WT-infected cells. These data revealed that nsp1 indeed promoted host mRNA degradation and contributed to host protein translation inhibition in infected cells. Notably, SARS-CoV-mt infection, but not SARS-CoV-WT infection, induced high levels of beta interferon (IFN) mRNA accumulation and high titers of type I IFN production. These data demonstrated that SARS-CoV nsp1 suppressed host innate immune functions, including type I IFN expression, in infected cells and suggested that SARS-CoV nsp1 most probably plays a critical role in SARS-CoV virulence.     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus evades antiviral signaling: role of nsp1 and rational design of an attenuated strain

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was caused by the spread of a previously unrecognized infectious agent, the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Here we show that SARS-CoV could inhibit both virus- and interferon (IFN)-dependent signaling, two key steps of the antiviral response. We mapped a strong inhibitory activity to SARS-CoV nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) and show that expression of nsp1 significantly inhibited the activation of all three virus-dependent signaling pathways. We show that expression of nsp1 significantly inhibited IFN-dependent signaling by decreasing the phosphorylation levels of STAT1 while having little effect on those of STAT2, JAK1, and TYK2. We engineered an attenuated mutant of nsp1 in SARS-CoV through reverse genetics, and the resulting mutant virus was viable and replicated as efficiently as wild-type virus in cells with a defective IFN response. However, mutant virus replication was strongly attenuated in cells with an intact IFN response. Thus, nsp1 is likely a virulence factor that contributes to pathogenicity by favoring SARS-CoV replication.     

SARS冠状病毒复制酶蛋白nsp8的原核表达

以SARS冠状病毒(BJ01株)基因组RNA为模板,经RT-PCR扩增得到SARS-CoVnsp8基因,并克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1中,构建重组质粒pNSP8E。pNSP8E转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),经IPTG诱导表达出可溶性的GST-nsp8融合蛋白,经亲和层析和自剪切获得了高纯度nsp8蛋白。以nsp8为抗原免疫家兔,制备了nsp8的多克隆抗体,为下一步研究其在病毒感染的细胞中的功能奠定了基础。     

Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus non-structural protein 1

The coronavirus (CoV) responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), SARS-CoV, encodes two large polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab) that are processed by two viral proteases to yield mature non-structural proteins (nsps). Many of these nsps have essential roles in viral replication, but several have no assigned function and possess amino acid sequences that are unique to the CoV family. One such protein is SARS-CoV nsp1, which is processed from the N-terminus of both pp1a and pp1ab. The mature SARS-CoV protein is present in cells several hours post-infection and co-localizes to the viral replication complex, but its function in the viral life cycle remains unknown. Furthermore, nsp1 sequences are highly divergent across the CoV family, and it has been suggested that this is due to nsp1 possessing a function specific to viral interactions with its host cell or acting as a host specific virulence factor. In order to initiate structural and biophysical studies of SARS-CoV nsp1, a recombinant expression system and a purification protocol have been developed, yielding milligram quantities of highly purified SARS-CoV nsp1. The purified protein was characterized using circular dichroism, size exclusion chromatography, and multi-angle light scattering.     

Biochemical and structural insights into the mechanisms of SARS coronavirus RNA ribose 2'-O-methylation by nsp16/nsp10 protein complex

The 5'-cap structure is a distinct feature of eukaryotic mRNAs, and eukaryotic viruses generally modify the 5'-end of viral RNAs to mimic cellular mRNA structure, which is important for RNA stability, protein translation and viral immune escape. SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) encodes two S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) which sequentially methylate the RNA cap at guanosine-N7 and ribose 2'-O positions, catalyzed by nsp14 N7-MTase and nsp16 2'-O-MTase, respectively. A unique feature for SARS-CoV is that nsp16 requires non-structural protein nsp10 as a stimulatory factor to execute its MTase activity. Here we report the biochemical characterization of SARS-CoV 2'-O-MTase and the crystal structure of nsp16/nsp10 complex bound with methyl donor SAM. We found that SARS-CoV nsp16 MTase methylated m7GpppA-RNA but not m7GpppG-RNA, which is in contrast with nsp14 MTase that functions in a sequence-independent manner. We demonstrated that nsp10 is required for nsp16 to bind both m7GpppA-RNA substrate and SAM cofactor. Structural analysis revealed that nsp16 possesses the canonical scaffold of MTase and associates with nsp10 at 1∶1 ratio. The structure of the nsp16/nsp10 interaction interface shows that nsp10 may stabilize the SAM-binding pocket and extend the substrate RNA-binding groove of nsp16, consistent with the findings in biochemical assays. These results suggest that nsp16/nsp10 interface may represent a better drug target than the viral MTase active site for developing highly specific anti-coronavirus drugs.     

Mechanism of nucleic acid unwinding by SARS-CoV helicase

The non-structural protein 13 (nsp13) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a helicase that separates double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or DNA (dsDNA) with a 5' → 3' polarity, using the energy of nucleotide hydrolysis. We determined the minimal mechanism of helicase function by nsp13. We showed a clear unwinding lag with increasing length of the double-stranded region of the nucleic acid, suggesting the presence of intermediates in the unwinding process. To elucidate the nature of the intermediates we carried out transient kinetic analysis of the nsp13 helicase activity. We demonstrated that the enzyme unwinds nucleic acid in discrete steps of 9.3 base-pairs (bp) each, with a catalytic rate of 30 steps per second. Therefore the net unwinding rate is ~280 base-pairs per second. We also showed that nsp12, the SARS-CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), enhances (2-fold) the catalytic efficiency of nsp13 by increasing the step size of nucleic acid (RNA/RNA or DNA/DNA) unwinding. This effect is specific for SARS-CoV nsp12, as no change in nsp13 activity was observed when foot-and-mouth-disease virus RdRp was used in place of nsp12. Our data provide experimental evidence that nsp13 and nsp12 can function in a concerted manner to improve the efficiency of viral replication and enhance our understanding of nsp13 function during SARS-CoV RNA synthesis.     

Unique SARS-CoV protein nsp1: bioinformatics, biochemistry and potential effects on virulence.

Viruses have evolved a myriad of strategies for promoting viral replication, survival and spread. Sequence analysis of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) genome predicts several proteins that are unique to SARS-CoV. The search to understand the high virulence of SARS-CoV compared with related coronaviruses, which cause lesser respiratory illnesses, has recently focused on the unique nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV and suggests evolution of a possible new virulence mechanism in coronaviruses. The SARS-CoV nsp1 protein increases cellular RNA degradation and thus might facilitate SARS-CoV replication or block immune responses.     

The nsp2 replicase proteins of murine hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are dispensable for viral replication

The positive-stranded RNA genome of the coronaviruses is translated from ORF1 to yield polyproteins that are proteolytically processed into intermediate and mature nonstructural proteins (nsps). Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) polyproteins incorporate 16 protein domains (nsps), with nsp1 and nsp2 being the most variable among the coronaviruses and having no experimentally confirmed or predicted functions in replication. To determine if nsp2 is essential for viral replication, MHV and SARS-CoV genome RNA was generated with deletions of the nsp2 coding sequence (MHVDeltansp2 and SARSDeltansp2, respectively). Infectious MHVDeltansp2 and SARSDeltansp2 viruses recovered from electroporated cells had 0.5 to 1 log10 reductions in peak titers in single-cycle growth assays, as well as a reduction in viral RNA synthesis that was not specific for any positive-stranded RNA species. The Deltansp2 mutant viruses lacked expression of both nsp2 and an nsp2-nsp3 precursor, but cleaved the engineered chimeric nsp1-nsp3 cleavage site as efficiently as the native nsp1-nsp2 cleavage site. Replication complexes in MHVDeltansp2-infected cells lacked nsp2 but were morphologically indistinguishable from those of wild-type MHV by immunofluorescence. nsp2 expressed in cells by stable retroviral transduction was specifically recruited to viral replication complexes upon infection with MHVDeltansp2. These results demonstrate that while nsp2 of MHV and SARS-CoV is dispensable for viral replication in cell culture, deletion of the nsp2 coding sequence attenuates viral growth and RNA synthesis. These findings also provide a system for the study of determinants of nsp targeting and function.