弱光胁迫对花生功能叶片RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

间作套种是我国主要的花生(Arachis hypogaea)种植方式之一。然而, 与单作相比, 在间作套种体系中, 花生截获的光能较少, 生长发育差, 产量低, 研究不同品种耐阴机理对选择适宜间作套种的花生品种具有重要意义。该研究用耐阴性不同的两个花生品种‘花育22号’ (强耐阴性)和‘白沙1016’ (弱耐阴性)为材料, 在大田条件下采用不同透光率遮阴网设置50%自然光强(中度弱光胁迫)和15%自然光强(严重弱光胁迫) 2个弱光处理, 从出苗期开始遮阴40天, 以自然光强为对照, 研究了弱光胁迫对花生功能叶片RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明: 光强为自然光照50%和15%的处理, ‘花育22号’ RuBP羧化酶活性与对照相比虽有降低, 但差异不显著, 而‘白沙1016’分别比对照低40.1%和59.4%, 显著低于对照。与对照相比, 50%自然光强下‘花育22号’叶绿体数不变, 叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数显著增多, 叶绿体变长且发育完好, 15%自然光强下, 叶绿体数、基粒数和淀粉粒数显著减少, 叶绿体膜和基粒片层出现破损, 但叶绿体变长, 基粒片层数增加; ‘白沙1016’在50%自然光强下, 叶绿体数目和超微结构变化同‘花育22号’相似, 在15%自然光强下叶绿体变圆, 基粒数的降幅和基粒片层破损程度大于‘花育22号’且基粒片层数减少, 淀粉粒数增多。因此, 弱光胁迫特别是严重弱光胁迫条件下, 功能叶RuBP羧化酶活性降低幅度小、叶绿体超微结构受损程度低是‘花育22号’耐阴的光合生理基础。     

辽西风沙半干旱区氮肥减施对花生干物质积累和产量的影响

为评估辽西风沙半干旱区花生减施氮肥的可行性及对花生产量的影响,以‘白沙1016’花生为研究材料,开展为期两年的试验(2018—2019年),设置不施氮(N0)、低氮(N1)、中氮(N2)和高氮(N3)4个处理,施氮量分别为0、40、80和120 kg·hm^-2,研究雨养条件下施氮对单作花生产量和干物质积累的影响。结果表明：辽西降水时空变异大,2018和2019年分别为干旱年和丰水年。在两种年型下,增加施氮量均未显著提高花生产量和干物质。由于2018年前期水分条件限制,每平米荚数极显著低于2019年(P<0.01)。高氮水平下,单荚粒数减小,2018年显著高于2019年(P<0.01)。两年各施氮处理百粒重无显著差异。缺水的2018年氮肥效应发挥受限,影响叶片生长;2019年生长季水氮协调不佳,各处理下干物质无显著差异;但施氮缩短了花生达最大干物质量及最大生长率的时间;相较2018年,丰水的2019年施氮更有利于茎、叶干物质形成,但差异不显著。因此,在该干旱区可选择少施氮(40 kg·hm^-2)的施肥方案,既不会因氮胁迫影响花生生长...     

氮肥水平对甘蓝产量和品质及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

以京丰1号甘蓝品种为试验材料,通过田间小区试验研究了不同氮肥用量对甘蓝产量、品质以及土壤NO3--N含量的影响.结果表明,(1)随着施氮量的增加,甘蓝产量呈先升高后降低趋势,并于施氮量为185.14 kg/hm2时产量最高(25.86 kg/8.4 m2).(2)随着施氮量的增加,甘蓝的NO3--N含量明显增加,而Vc和可溶性糖含量则逐渐下降,并且残留在土壤中的NO3--N含量持续增加.因此,为达到优质高产并同时保持土壤的可持续利用和提高氮肥利用率,在生产实践中甘蓝适宜氮肥施用量为185.14 kg/hm2.     

壳寡糖对旱薄地花生叶片衰老及产量和品质的影响

在旱薄地条件下,以小花生品种‘花育20号’(HY20)和大花生品种‘花育22号’(HY22)为实验材料,研究叶面喷施不同浓度壳寡糖[0mg·kg-1(T0)、50mg·kg-1(T1)、100mg·kg-1(T2)、200mg·kg-1(T3)]对叶片衰老、荚果产量和籽仁品质的影响。结果表明:(1)壳寡糖处理均显著提高了旱薄地花生饱果期叶片叶绿素含量和保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了MDA含量,并显著提高了2个品种的单株结果数、饱果率和荚果产量。(2)壳寡糖处理降低了HY20的籽仁蛋白质含量却提高了其脂肪含量,但提高了HY22的籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,且T1处理对HY20的油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值提高幅度较大,而T2处理对HY22的O/L值提高幅度较大。研究认为,在生产实际中用50mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育20号’(HY20)、用100mg·kg-1壳寡糖叶面喷施品种‘花育22号’(HY22)时,2个品种的籽仁产量、蛋白质和脂肪产量均最高,可达到花生生产的高产优质高效。     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在同一施氮量条件下,表现为花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低.在同一土壤含水量下,表现为增加施氮量有利于提高穗数,但过多(300kg/hm2)或过少(150kg/hm2)施氮均不利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高,而导致减产.在同一土壤含水量下,总蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白含量及谷/醇比随着施氮量的增加而增加.在同一施氮量条件下,总蛋白质及各组分均随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,同时谷/醇比也降低.在同一施氮量下,花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高.在同一土壤含水量下,过高(300kg/hm2)或过低(150kg/hm2)施用氮肥均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高.只有保持适宜的花后土壤含水量和施适宜的氮肥才有利于支/直比的提高.适量增施氮肥或花后土壤含水量适宜可提高小麦的加工品质.这说明在小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调控小麦品质和产量的形成,从而实现优质高产.     

酸性土施用钙肥对花生产量和品质及相关代谢酶活性的影响

以花生(Arachis hypogaea)品种‘花育22号’为研究材料, 2013年在威海文登市、2014年在日照三庄镇的丘陵砂壤土上进行试验, 研究增施钙肥对酸性土花生的产量、品质的影响, 以及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性差异, 探讨酸性土花生钙肥最佳用量。试验设3个钙肥处理, 分别为每667 m²施CaO 0 kg (T₀)、14 kg (T₁)、28 kg (T₂)。结果表明: 酸性土增施钙肥显著增加了花生的荚果产量, 两个试验点T₁处理平均增产26.92%, T₂处理平均增产21.65%。增产原因是增施钙肥显著增加了花生单株结果数, 提高了双仁果率, 从而增加了单株荚果产量, 同时增加了籽仁的饱满度而显著提高了出仁率。钙肥处理均显著提高了花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量, 提高了赖氨酸、总氨基酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值。酸性土增施钙肥显著提高了花生叶片的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性, 其中T₁处理的GS活性显著高于T₂处理。钙肥处理显著提高了花生生育前期的叶片磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性, 而生育后期的活性低于不施钙肥处理。不同钙肥施用量相比, 每667 m²施14 kg CaO的经济效益最好, 其产量最高, 品质最优。     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明： 施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛（MDA）的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

氮磷钾硫对冬小麦产量及加工品质的调节效应

试验在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地进行,以强筋小麦品种为试验材料,研究不同氮磷钾硫肥料处理对小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在高产的条件下以120kg/hm2施氮的处理,产量、千粒重和容重最高,过度施氮使产量、千粒重和容重呈逐渐降低的趋势,子粒硬度随施氮量增加而提高.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、形成时间和稳定时间均有随施氮量增加而提高的趋势,增加施氮量显著增加了面包体积.蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和稳定时间有随施钾量增加而提高的趋势.施磷和硫处理对产量和品质的影响不显著.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.     

氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生生理特性及产量品质的影响

在田间条件下研究了氮、磷、钾肥不同用量对花生叶片生理特性及产量品质的影响.结果表明:与不施肥处理相比,花生分别单独施用氮、磷、钾肥可提高叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量和光合速率,增加SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低MDA积累量,以施N300～450kg.hm-2、施P5O2150～225kg.hm-2、施K2O300～450kg.hm-2的效果最显著;对叶片光合性能的改善,氮肥的作用主要在前期,磷在中后期,钾肥前后期比较一致.施肥可显著提高花生荚果产量,随施氮量的增加花生产量显著提高,施磷、钾肥以中等施肥量(P5O2150kg.hm-2、K2O300kg.hm-2)花生产量最高,钾肥的增产作用大于氮、磷肥.少量施用磷、钾肥(P2O575kg.hm-2、K2O150kg.hm-2)可显著增加花生籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量,少量施用氮肥(N150kg.hm-2)可显著增加蛋白质含量,大量施用氮肥(N450kg.hm-2)才可显著增加脂肪含量;磷肥对提高籽仁蛋白质和脂肪含量效果明显,氮肥对增加蛋白质含量作用较大,钾肥主要提高了可溶性糖含量.施用氮、磷、钾肥可增加花生籽仁的赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和油酸、亚油酸含量,提高油酸/亚油酸比值,从而改善花生营养品质,延长花生制品的货价寿命.     

高肥力土壤条件下不同基因型花生对氮素利用的差异

在桶栽条件下,利用¹⁵N示踪技术,选用20个基因型花生为供试材料,研究了高肥力土壤条件下不同基因型花生对氮素利用的差异.结果表明:高肥力土壤条件下花生氮素营养以土壤氮为主,根瘤固氮次之,肥料氮最低.不同基因型间花生对全氮、肥料氮、土壤氮和根瘤固氮的吸收和积累均存在显著差异,基因型间遗传变异以根瘤固氮最大,肥料氮和土壤氮相当.氮素荚果生产效率和氮肥利用率基因型间差异显著,最高值分别为最低值的3.6和2.1倍.全氮、肥料氮、土壤氮和根瘤固氮的氮素收获指数基因型间均存在显著遗传变异,且以根瘤固氮的氮素收获指数基因型间遗传变异最大.花生荚果产量与不同氮源氮素积累量及氮素收获指数、氮素荚果生产效率和氮肥利用率呈显著或极显著正相关.依据花生对不同氮源氮素吸收积累和荚果产量筛选出全氮高积累高产型、肥料氮高积累高产型、土壤氮高积累高产型和根瘤固氮高积累高产型四大类型花生,其中四大类型特征兼有的有4个花生基因型.     

Diversity and compatibility of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) bradyrhizobia and their host plants

A high degree of genetic diversity among 125 peanut bradyrhizobial strains and among 32 peanut cultivars collected from different regions of China was revealed by using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Eighteen different peanut bradyrhizobial genotypes and six peanut cultivars were selected for symbiotic cross-inoculation experiments. The genomic diversity was reflected in the symbiotic diversity. The peanut cultivars varied in their ability to nodulate with the strains used. Some cultivars had a more restricted host range than the others. Also the strains displayed a range of nodulation patterns. In yield formation there were clear differences between the plant cultivar/bradyrhizobium combinations. There was good compatibility between some peanut bradyrhizobial strains and selected cultivars, with inoculation resulting in well-nodulated, high-yielding symbiotic combinations, but no plant cultivar was compatible with all strains used. The strains displayed a varying degree of effectiveness, with some strains being fairly effective with all cultivars and others with selected ones. The AFLP genotypes of the strains did not explain the symbiotic behavior, whereas the yield formation of the plant cultivars was more related to the genotype. It is concluded that to obtain optimal nitrogen fixation efficiency of peanut in the field, compatible plant cultivar-bradyrhizobium combinations should be selected either by finding inoculant strains compatible with the plant cultivars used, or plant cultivars compatible with the indigenous bradyrhizobia.     

不同发育时期追施氮肥对冬小麦旗叶中光合酶活性的影响

小麦开花后,随着旗叶的衰老,旗叶中1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（RuBPC）、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）和乙醇酸氧化酶（GO）活性呈下降趋势。随着追施氮肥时期的推迟,光合酶活性呈增加趋势,这意味着氮肥追施时间后移有利于提高小麦光合速率。在旗叶衰老后期,大穗型品种小麦旗叶中光合酶活性略高于多穗型品种小麦。     

不同SSR标记检测技术及其在花生栽培种遗传多样性分析中的应用

以85份花生栽培种为材料,分别应用银染法和荧光检测法检测9对SSR引物的扩增产物。比较结果显示,荧光检测法具有灵敏度高、检测结果准确、效率高等优点。聚类分析表明,银染法与荧光检测法分别能够区分74个、82个花生品种,并分别聚成8个、9个类群;荧光检测法的聚类结果虽然反映的品种间遗传多样性较低,但与品种类型、产地及其亲缘关系相关程度更高,表明荧光检测数据更精确、可靠。遗传多样性分析发现,地方品种的遗传多样性指数最高,其次为多粒型育成品种,表明我国地方品种和多粒型育成品种蕴藏了丰富的优异性状,有利于对其挖掘和利用。     

Effect of seed nitrogen on response to applied nitrogen in six spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars in a glasshouse

Summary Variation in the nitrogen content of seed of six barley cultivars was brought about by growing parent plants at four nitrogen levels. Shoot dry weight of plants grown for 23 days from these seeds was generally enhanced by an increase in seed nitrogen content. The most responsive cultivar was a primitive type of barley from Ethiopia. Cultivars with a longer breeding history were less responsive. Risø 1508 apparently had physiological and biochemical limitations in responding to extra seed nitrogen. In the barley cultivars studied extra seed nitrogen seems to supplement, rather than substitute for, nitrogen fertilizer in the seed bed.     

Fertilizer affects the behaviour and performance of Plutella xylostella on brassicas

1 Foliar nitrogen concentration, which can be manipulated in crop plants by fertilizer supply, has long been recognized as a major factor in phytophagous insect abundance and performance. More recently, the type of fertilizer supplied has been shown to influence the abundance of some herbivore species. The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella is a global pest of Brassica crops. Although it has been the subject of numerous studies on host-plant resistance and pest control, few studies have addressed the effect of abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply, on its performance and behaviour.
2 We assessed oviposition preference, larval feeding preference and larval performance of P. xylostella on two cultivars of Brassica oleracea . Plants were grown using two fertilizer types, John Innes fertilizer and an organic animal manure, at high and low concentrations.
3  Plutella xylostella laid more eggs on cultivar Derby Day than Drago. Derby Day was also the cultivar on which larval performance was maximized. However, differences in larval performance between cultivars were only found when plants were grown in compost with John Innes fertilizer, and not when fertilized with animal manure.
4 Foliar nitrogen concentration was greater in plants grown in high fertilizer treatments but did not differ between cultivars. The concentrations of three glucosinolate compounds (glucoiberin, sinigrin and glucobrassicin) were greater in the high fertilizer treatments. Glucosinolate concentrations were higher in the Drago than the Derby Day cultivar.
5 These results are discussed in relation to the preference-performance hypothesis, and the assessment of plant resistance differences between cultivars using different types of fertilizer.     

外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生营养元素吸收与分配的影响

为解决盐碱地花生养分吸收不畅及分配受阻等问题,研究外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生氮、磷、钾、钙、镁吸收积累、分配特性和产量的影响,为盐碱地花生生产合理、高效施肥提供理论依据.以‘花育25号’为材料,在0.3%盐胁迫浓度下,设置4个Ca浓度梯度[T₁(0)、T₂(75)、T₃(150)和T₄(225) kg·hm^-2 CaO]进行盆栽试验.结果表明: 花生植株内养分含量依次为氮>钾>钙>磷>镁,苗期植株对氮和钙素的吸收中心均在叶片,磷、钾、镁的吸收中心为茎,苗期近一半的营养积累分配在各元素相应的生长中心.成熟期氮、磷、钾吸收中心转移到荚果中,尤以氮、磷在籽仁中的积累量居多,达72.3%～78.9%;钙、镁的吸收中心仍为叶片和茎,其分配比例分别为49.8%、32.6%.盐胁迫明显抑制花生植株各器官对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁各元素的吸收积累与分配,尤以对叶片和籽仁中氮素积累的抑制较为显著,但盐胁迫对荚果中镁的积累有促进作用.外源钙对盐胁迫下花生植株各器官氮、磷、钙和镁的吸收累积有明显的促进作用,尤其对籽仁中磷素积累的调节最为显著,其在籽仁中的积累量提高50%以上.适宜的钙施用量可显著促进盐胁迫下花生养分吸收积累量,提高花生成熟期荚果中氮、磷、钾的分配比,最终提高产量.综合各养分吸收、积累分配和产量结果,在0.3%盐胁迫条件下钙肥适宜施用量为150 kg·hm^-2 CaO.     

Diversity of Paenibacillus spp. in the rhizosphere of four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars sown with two contrasting levels of nitrogen fertilizer assessed by rpoB-based PCR-DGGE and sequencing analysis

The diversity of Paenibacillus species was assessed in the rhizospheres of four cultivars of sorghum sown in Cerrado soil amended with two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (12 and 120 kg/ha). Two cultivars (IS 5322-C and IS 6320) demanded the higher amount of nitrogen to grow, whereas the other two (FBS 8701-9 and IPA 1011) did not. Using the DNA extracted from the rhizospheres, a Paenibacillus-specific PCR system based on the RNA polymerase gene (rpoB) was chosen for the molecular analyses. The resulting PCR products were separated into community fingerprints by DGGE and the results showed a clear distinction between cultivars. In addition, clone libraries were generated from the rpoB fragments of two cultivars (IPA 1011 and IS 5322-C) using both fertilization conditions, and 318 selected clones were sequenced. Analyzed sequences were grouped into 14 Paenibacillus species. A greater diversity of Paenibacillus species was observed in cultivar IPA 1011 compared with cultivar IS 5322-C. Moreover, statistical analyses of the sequences showed that the bacterial diversity was more influenced by cultivar type than nitrogen fertilization, corroborating the DGGE results. Thus, the sorghum cultivar type was the overriding determinative factor that influenced the community structures of the Paenibacillus communities in the habitats investigated.     

The response of field grownPhaseolus vulgaris to Rhizobium inoculation and the quantification of N2 fixation using15N

Summary A field experiment was performed to assess the effects of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg N ha^–1) on four cultivars of Phaseolus beans; Carioca, Negro Argel, Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi. In the inoculated treatment 2.5 kg N ha^–1 of¹⁵N labelled fertilizer was added in order to apply the isotope dilution technique to quantify the contribution of N₂ fixation to the nutrition of these cultivars.Nodulation of all cultivars in the uninoculated treatments was poor, but the cultivars Carioca and Negro Argel were well nodulated when inoculated. Even when inoculated, nodulation of the cultivars Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi was poor and these cultivars showed little response to inoculation in terms of nitrogen accumulation or grain yield. The estimates of the contribution of N₂ fixation estimated using the isotope dilution technique, for the Carioca and Negro Argel cultivars, amounted to 31.7 and 18.4 kg N ha^–1 respectively. These two cultivars produced 991 and 883 kg ha^–1 of grain, respectively, when inoculated and 663 and 620 kg ha^–1 with the addition of 100 kg N ha^–1 of N fertilizer. The response to nitrogen was particularly poor due to high leaching losses in the very sandy soil at the experimental site.The Venezuela 350 and Rio Tibagi cultivars only responded to N fertilizer and not to inoculation with Rhizobium which stresses the great importance of selecting plant cultivars for nitrogen fixation in the field.     

Effect of plant genotype and nitrogen fertilizer on symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean cultivars

Summary Isotopic as well as non-isotopic methods were used to assess symbiotic nitrogen fixation within eight soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars grown at 20 and 100 kg N/ha levels of nitrogen fertilizer under field conditions.The¹⁵N methodology revealed large differences between soybean cultivars in their abilities to support nitrogen fixation. In almost all cases, the application of 100 kg N/ha resulted in lower N₂ fixed in soybean than at 20 kg N/ha in the first year of the study. However, N₂ fixed in one cultivar, Dunadja, was not significantly affected by the higher rate of N fertilizer application. These results were confirmed by measurements of acetylene reduction activity, nodule dry weight and N₂ fixed as measured by the difference method. Further proof of differences in N₂ fixed within soybean cultivars and the ability of Dunadja to fix similar amounts of N₂ at 20 and 100 kg N/ha was obtained during a second year experiment. Dunadja yield was affected by N fertilizer and produced larger yield at 100 kg N/ha than at 20 kg N/ha. This type of cultivar could be particularly useful in situations where soil N levels are high or where there is need to apply high amounts of N fertilizer.The present study reveals the great variability between legume germplasms in the ability to fix N₂ at different inorganic N levels, and also the potential that exists in breeding for nitrogen fixation associative traits. The¹⁵N methodology offers a unique tool to evaluate germplasms directly in the field for their N₂ fixation abilities at different N fertilizer levels.