不同品种小麦叶片对拔节期低温的生理响应及抗寒性评价

以黄淮海麦区参加区试的24个小麦品种为材料,分析了拔节期低温胁迫对其叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫后,叶片相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、MDA含量、SOD活性和POD活性均高于对照(P0.01),而可溶性蛋白含量低于对照(P0.01)。小麦叶片各指标存在极显著的品种间差异(P0.01)。以叶片各指标的相对值作为抗寒性指标,采用隶属函数法和极极点排序法计算参试品种的平均隶属度值为0.19—0.63,综合排序值为1.66—4.08。通过K-means聚类,将24个小麦品种聚为5类。其中良星619、丰德存麦1号、B07-4056、石H083-363、山农055843和良星99等6个品种抗寒性最强,宿553、陕农509、A-9、中原6号、徐麦4036、舜麦1718和石麦19等7个品种抗寒性强,尧麦16、C-44、山农05-066、冀麦585和石B05-7388等5个品种抗寒性中等,偃展4110、B-33、B05-6507和石4185等4个品种抗寒性弱,石06-6136和石优20这2个品种抗寒性最弱。相关分析表明,平均隶属度值和综合排序值与相对可溶性糖含量、相对脯氨酸含量、相对POD活性呈正相关(P0.05),与相对MDA含量呈负相关(P0.05)。叶片可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、POD活性及MDA含量可以作为拔节期小麦抗寒性的鉴定评价指标。     

外源H_2O_2对低温胁迫下柑橘叶片抗寒性的影响

以柑橘品种‘日南1号’离体秋稍为试材,采用Hoagland营养液培养方法,研究添加不同浓度H_2O_2处理对4℃低温胁迫下柑橘生长状态和叶片细胞相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等生理指标的影响,筛选缓解柑橘低温伤害的最佳H_2O_2处理浓度,探讨外源H_2O_2处理对柑橘耐寒能力影响机制。结果显示:随低温胁迫时间的延长,各处理组柑橘叶片卷曲和叶片细胞膜伤害程度均逐渐加重;外源施加0.2和1.0mmol·L-1 H_2O_2处理均能缓解低温胁迫引起的叶片卷曲和萎蔫,降低叶片中REC和MDA的升高,减少叶片细胞中内源H_2O_2的积累,提高渗透调节物质脯氨酸的含量和抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和POD的活性,并以1.0mmol·L-1 H_2O_2缓解效果更为显著。研究表明,4℃低温能够引起柑橘离体秋梢叶片卷曲、枯萎、脱落和细胞膜伤害症状,外源1.0mmol·L-1 H_2O_2可以通过提高叶片的脯氨酸含量和SOD、CAT和POD抗氧化酶活性,有效缓解低温对柑橘叶片细胞膜的伤害,从而增强其抗寒性。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对辣椒植株低温胁迫伤害的缓解效应

以‘超越五号'辣椒品种为试材,研究了低温胁迫期间及随后的常温恢复过程中5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA 25 mg·L-1)处理对始花期辣椒植株生长量,叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和电解质渗透率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以探讨ALA提高辣椒抗寒性的生理机制.结果表明,低温胁迫下叶面喷施25 mg·L-1的ALA可显著提高辣椒植株生长量,增加叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增强其POD、CAT及APX活性,并显著降低辣椒叶片中SOD活性、电解质渗透率和MDA含量.叶面喷施ALA也显著降低了恢复过程中辣椒叶片中的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性,使膜伤害基本恢复到对照水平.可见,外源ALA处理可通过提高低温胁迫下辣椒叶片的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长,缓解低温胁迫对植株的伤害.     

7个冬小麦品种灌浆期抗旱性鉴定指标的综合评价

采用7个冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种,研究了不同水分处理下部分生理指标和部分农艺性状变化,以各单项指标的抗旱系数作为抗旱性衡量指标,利用主成分分析对其抗旱性进行评价,同时将综合评价值(D值)与抗旱指数(DRI)进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,干旱胁迫后的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、可溶性糖含量、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均有不同程度上升;根系活力、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、株高、穗下节长度、叶面积、穗长、小穗数和穗粒数均下降;过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量在各品种间变化趋势不尽一致。(2)通过主成分分析综合评价值(D值),供试品种可分为3类:‘晋麦47’和‘小偃22’属于强抗旱型;‘矮抗58’、‘西农979’和‘西农509’属于中等抗旱型;‘郑麦366’和‘郑麦9023’属于弱抗旱型。(3)两种不同干旱胁迫下综合评价值(D值)与抗旱指数均显著相关(r分别为0.768和0.808,p0.05)。     

自然越冬过程中3个茶树品种的生理特性变化及抗寒性评价

以茶树也Camelliasinensis（Linn.）Kuntze页品种‘舒茶早’（‘Shuchazao’）、‘乌牛早’（‘Wuniuzao’）和‘平阳特早’（‘Pingyangtezao’）为实验材料,分析了自然越冬过程中（2011年10月至2012年3月）茶树叶片主要渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白质和脯氨酸）含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT和POD）活性、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和总叶绿素含量的变化,并应用主成分分析结合隶属函数法对3个茶树品种抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明：自然越冬期3个茶树品种叶片生理指标随时间推移呈规律性变化,越冬期（12月和1月）与越冬前期（10月）、越冬后期（2月和3月）各指标总体上差异显著,且品种间各指标也有一定差异。可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、热稳定蛋白质和脯氨酸含量以及SOD活性均呈先升后降的变化趋势,且峰值多出现在12月或2月;CAT和POD活性、Fv/Fm值和总叶绿素含量则呈先降后升的变化趋势,且均在1月降至最低。主成分分析结果显示：第1主成分（X1）包括可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、CAT活性、POD活性、Fv/Fm和总叶绿素含量,贡献率达到57.97%;第2主成分（X2）包括可溶性蛋白质含量、热稳定蛋白质含量和脯氨酸含量,贡献率达到26.89%。综合评价结果显示：自然越冬期3个茶树品种抗寒性的综合评价值均随时间推移呈先升后降的变化趋势,且均在12月达到最高,据此判断3个茶树品种中‘舒茶早’的抗寒性最强、‘乌牛早’的抗寒性最弱,‘平阳特早’的抗寒性介于二者之间。研究结果显示：在自然越冬过程中供试3个茶树品种的抗寒性与其生理指标变化及生长表现一致,表明综合评价法可用于茶树抗寒性评价。     

不同油橄榄品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性综合评价

为了明确油橄榄的抗寒机理,对甘肃陇南地区主栽的6个油橄榄品种离体叶片进行低温胁迫(5℃、0℃、-5℃、-10℃)处理,并以18℃常温培养为对照,测定与抗寒性相关的生理生化指标,并采用隶属函数法对不同品种抗寒性进行综合评价。结果显示:(1)各油橄榄品种离体叶片相对电导率随处理温度的降低而呈"S"型曲线变化,结合Logistic方程得出不同品种油橄榄半致死温度介于-6.687℃~-3.706℃之间,且各品种的半致死温度顺序为‘皮肖利’<‘配多灵’<‘莱星’<‘阿斯’<‘鄂植8号’<‘佛奥’,其抗寒性大小依次为‘皮肖利’>‘配多灵’>‘莱星’>‘阿斯’>‘鄂植8号’>‘佛奥’。(2)随着胁迫温度降低,各油橄榄品种离体叶片叶绿素含量逐渐降低,可溶性糖含量基本呈逐渐增加趋势,而可溶性蛋白质含量、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量、SOD活性、POD活性和CAT活性则呈先升后降的趋势。(3)在-10℃低温胁迫下,油橄榄品种‘皮肖利’和‘配多灵’的叶片叶绿素含量比常温对照降幅较小,渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性相对增幅较大,丙二醛含量增幅较小,而此时品种‘佛奥’和‘鄂植8号’各指标的变化趋势与之相反。(4)根据不同油橄榄品种的平均隶属度(抗寒性综合评价值)确定的品种抗寒能力大小顺序(‘皮肖利’>‘配多灵’>‘莱星’>‘阿斯’>‘鄂植8号’>‘佛奥’)与品种半致死温度的抗寒性表现顺序完全一致。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,‘皮肖利’和‘配多灵’等油橄榄品种能通过提高渗透调节物质含量和增强保护酶活性来缓解胁迫造成的过氧化伤害,从而表现出较强的抗寒能力;基于相对电导率的半致死温度和隶属函数法的综合评价均能准确鉴定油橄榄的抗寒性。     

低温胁迫下外源脱落酸对高山离子芥抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响

以高山离子芥(Chorispora bungeana)试管苗为实验材料,研究了低温冷害(4℃)、低温冻害(-4℃)和临界温度(0℃)胁迫下外源ABA对抗氧化酶及渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明在4和-4℃胁迫下阴性对照组中SOD和CAT活性高于空白对照组;POD活性在4℃胁迫下高于空白对照组;APX活性在4和-4℃胁迫的晚期升高。与此同时,阴性对照组中膜的相对电导率增加、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量降低。0℃胁迫下阴性对照组中POD活性降低;APX活性呈波动式变化;脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别在72和48 h时高于空白对照组;而可溶性蛋白含量低于空白对照组。添加外源ABA处理后4、-4和0℃胁迫下POD、SOD、CAT和APX活性较阴性对照组均得到不同程度增加;ABA的处理显著降低了细胞膜的相对电导率,提高脯氨酸,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量。     

低温处理后4个越橘品种部分生理指标的比较及其抗寒性分析

以‘美登’(‘Blomidon ’)、‘北陆’(‘Northland ’)、‘蓝丰’(‘Bluecrop ’)和‘密斯梯’(‘Misty ’)4个越橘( Vaccinium spp.)品种为研究对象,对经-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃和-40℃低温处理后各品种枝条的相对电导率( REC)、丙二醛( MDA)含量、过氧化物酶( POD)和过氧化氢酶( CAT)活性以及各指标的增长量进行比较;在此基础上,建立各品种REC值与温度的Logistic方程并获得各品种的低温半致死温度( LT50),初步确定各品种的抗寒性。结果表明：经不同低温处理后,各品种枝条的REC 值以及 POD 和 CAT 活性总体上极显著(P<0.01)高于对照(10℃),MDA含量极显著或显著(P<0.05)高于对照。随处理温度降低,各品种枝条的REC值和MDA含量逐渐升高,但不同品种间这2个指标的变幅不同;各品种枝条的POD和CAT活性随处理温度降低呈“单峰型”曲线,但不同品种枝条POD和CAT活性的峰值及其达到峰值的处理温度均存在差异,其中,经-25℃低温处理后品种‘密斯梯’枝条的POD和CAT活性最高,而其余3个品种的POD和CAT活性经-30℃低温处理后最高。总体上,品种‘密斯梯’枝条的REC值和MDA含量增长量处于较高水平,POD和CAT活性增长量处于较低水平;而品种‘美登’枝条的REC值和MDA含量增长量则处于较低水平,POD和CAT活性增长量处于较高水平。各品种的Logistic方程拟合度为0.8622~0.9778,且各品种间的拟合度差异均达到极显著或显著水平;REC值与温度的相关性极显著,其相关系数为0.9285~0.9888;品种‘密斯梯’、‘蓝丰’、‘北陆’和‘美登’的LT50值分别为-18.87℃、-26.85℃、-27.52℃和-30.83℃。综合分析结果显示：LT50值、MDA含量变化量、保护酶活性及其变化量均可作为越橘品种抗寒性的评价指标,据此初步确定供试4个越橘品种抗寒性由强至弱依次为‘美登’、‘北陆’、‘蓝丰’、‘密斯梯’。     

2种枸杞叶片对混合盐胁迫的生理响应

选取耐盐性不同的‘宁杞5号’和‘黑杞1号’一年实生苗为试验材料,进行渗透势分别为-0.47、-0.82和-1.18MPa的混合盐(NaCl+Na_2SO_4)胁迫处理,分析比较2种枸杞叶片生理指标的响应特征,以揭示2种枸杞适应盐胁迫的生理机制。结果表明:(1)随着渗透势降低,2种枸杞叶片生理指标响应趋势基本一致,叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量先升后降,相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)含量逐渐增加,但‘宁杞5号’的变化幅度大于‘黑杞1号’。(2)随着渗透势降低,2种枸杞叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均增强,但-1.18 MPa混合盐溶液处理则抑制了‘宁杞5号’抗氧化酶活性。(3)随着盐胁迫处理时间的延长,2种枸杞叶片相对电导率、MDA含量、Pro含量、SS含量和CAT活性增加,但‘宁杞5号’的渗透调节物质积累量高于相应‘黑杞1号’;而2种枸杞Chl含量及SOD和POD活性在-1.18 MPa混合盐溶液处理下有所下降。研究表明,2种枸杞均可通过积累渗透调节物质和加强抗氧化酶系统来缓解盐胁迫对自身的伤害,‘宁杞5号’的渗透调节能力较强,而‘黑杞1号’具有更稳定的抗氧化酶系统,从而具有更强耐受盐胁迫的能力。     

不同绿豆品种生育后期叶片衰老的研究

以夏播绿豆品种‘冀绿2号’和‘泰来’为材料,研究其开花至成熟期间主茎开花节叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、酶促防御系统的保护酶SOD、CAT、POD活性和MDA积累量的动态变化规律。结果表明,两品种各功能叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、SOD、CAT活性均在其开花15 d后逐渐下降,但POD活性和MDA含量随着叶片的衰老而升高。虽然两品种叶片衰老的总体变化趋势一致,但衰老进程存在着显著差异。与‘泰来’绿豆相比,‘冀绿2号’各功能叶片衰老过程中SOD、CAT活性下降较慢,叶片功能期持续时间长,生育后期仍能保持相对较高的净光合速率,籽粒产量显著高于‘泰来’绿豆。综合分析表明,在绿豆开花结荚期间,有效控制或延缓开花节叶片的衰老进程,维持叶片生理功能,对籽粒产量形成具有重要作用。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.