塔里木河下游多枝柽柳幼苗生长和光合生理指标对输水漫溢的响应特征

以塔里木河下游天然漫溢区多枝柽柳幼苗为研究对象,分析连续漫溢干扰下多枝柽柳幼苗生长和种群变化特征,以及不同漫溢强度下幼苗的光合特性。结果表明：（1）在连续2次较强输水漫溢的干扰下,多枝柽柳幼苗种群密度从2013年3月到2014年7月呈先增后降再增的趋势,而其冠面积、株高和基径则呈先降后增再降的趋势。（2）在第2次输水漫溢较弱的Ⅲ监测区,多枝柽柳幼苗种群密度呈先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,而其冠面积、株高和基径则呈先降低后逐渐增加的趋势。（3）随第2次输水漫溢量逐渐减弱,多枝柽柳幼苗叶片相对含水量呈先降后增的趋势,叶绿素含量、实际光化学量子产量（Φ_PSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（q_p）均呈逐渐降低的趋势,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）呈逐渐增加的趋势,但潜在最大光化学量子效率（F_v/F_m）总体处于相对适宜的状态。研究认为,连续2次较强的输水漫溢条件虽能够使生长季期间漫溢区多枝柽柳幼苗种群得到更新,但同时也导致大量幼苗受淹死亡,从而使漫溢区的多枝柽柳幼苗种群不能形成一定的规模;建议采取强弱交替的方式进行生态输水,既能提高新发生幼苗的存活率,又能使幼苗稳定的生长。     

CO2浓度升高条件下内生真菌感染对宿主植物的生理生态影响

以内蒙古草原常见伴生种、感染内生真菌的天然禾草羽茅为研究对象,通过比较不同CO₂浓度和不同养分供应条件下,带内生真菌和不带菌植物在种子发芽和幼苗生长等方面的差异,探讨带内生真菌的天然禾草对CO₂浓度增加的响应。结果表明:CO₂浓度增加对带菌种子发芽率和发芽速度均无显著影响,但CO₂浓度增加显著降低了不带菌种子的发芽率和发芽速度,即CO₂浓度升高加大了带菌和不带菌种子发芽率之间的差异;内生真菌感染显著提高了宿主植物的最大净光合速率和水分利用效率;羽茅的营养生长受CO₂浓度和养分供应的交互影响,高CO₂浓度对生长的促进作用只出现在充足养分供应条件下;CO₂浓度升高和内生真菌感染对植物根系形态有显著的交互作用,在正常CO₂浓度下,带菌植株根径>1.05 mm的根系比例显著高于不带菌植株,随着CO₂浓度的升高,带菌植株上述根径根系所占比例无显著变化而不带菌植株所占比例显著升高,CO₂浓度升高导致带菌和不带菌不同根径根系分配之间的差异缩小。     

大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨春玉米不同生育期土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,以黄土高原旱作春玉米为研究对象,通过改进的开顶式气室（OTC）模拟大气CO₂浓度升高的环境,在田间条件下设置自然大气CO₂浓度（CK）、OTC对照（OTC,CO₂浓度同CK）与CO₂浓度升高（OTC+CO₂,OTC系统自动控制CO₂浓度700 μmol/mol）3种处理。研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前（V0）、六叶期（V6）、九叶期（V9）、吐丝期（R1）、乳熟期（R3）、蜡熟期（R5）及完熟期（R6）土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应特征,以及大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸速率的温度与水分效应的影响。研究发现,OTC+CO₂处理土壤呼吸速率,与CK相比,在R3和R5期分别增加43%、104%（P<0.05）,与OTC相比,R3和R5期分别提升了63%、109%（P<0.05）;OTC处理与CK相比,在整个生育期对土壤呼吸影响不显著;3种处理条件下,土壤温度和水分随生育期变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和水分分别呈指数相关和抛物线型相关;结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的重要因素,CO₂浓度升高会使土壤呼吸温度效应值（Q₁₀）降低,土壤呼吸对土壤水分响应的阈值提高。     

高大气CO2浓度下小麦旗叶光合能量利用对氮素和光强的响应

采用开顶式气室盆栽培养小麦,设计2个大气CO₂浓度、2个光照强度和2个氮水平的组合处理,通过测定小麦叶片光合速率-胞间CO₂浓度响应曲线和叶绿素荧光参数,来测算小麦叶片光化学速率、光合电子传递速率以及叶绿体磷酸丙糖利用效率(TPU)等参数,研究施氮量和光强对高大气CO₂浓度下小麦旗叶光合能量传递与分配的影响,以阐明全球气候变化下植物光合能量分配对光合作用适应性下调的作用机制及其氮素调控。结果表明,大气CO₂浓度升高后小麦叶片的光呼吸电子传递速率(J₀)和Rubisco氧化速率(V₀)显著下降;光合电子流的光化学传递速率(J_C)、Rubisco羧化速率(V_C)和TPU则明显升高,而且施氮后变化幅度加大;小麦叶片J_C/J_F(PSⅡ反应中心总电子流速率)和TPU/V_C显著增加,经过PSⅡ反应中心的电子流更多地进入碳同化过程,表现较高的光合速率(P_n)。遮荫提高了叶片光化学速率和PSⅡ反应中心总电子流速率(J_F),这一作用在低氮叶片尤为突出,但使得J₀和V₀明显升高,并显著降低J_C/J_F,所以P_n明显下降。正常光照条件下,增施氮素可提高小麦叶片的J_F、J_C、V_C和TPU,并使高大气CO₂浓度下J₀和V₀较正常大气CO₂浓度处理显著降低,有效地提高了植物叶片对光能的利用效率;遮荫后高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片J_C、V_C、TPU、J_C/J_F和TPU/V_C显著高于正常大气CO₂浓度处理,而且这一变化不受氮素水平的显著调节。因此,氮素在高大气CO₂浓度下对小麦叶片光合能量利用的调节因光强而异,正常光照下可显著改善小麦叶片对光合能量的利用状况,而遮荫后这一作用减弱。     

兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛光合性能及pepc基因表达的影响

为了阐明兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛光合作用的影响及机制,采用盆栽方式研究了兰科菌根真菌对铁皮石斛幼苗生长的影响,并分析了叶片中叶绿素含量、光合参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及pepc基因表达的变化。结果表明：（1）兰科菌根真菌促进了铁皮石斛幼苗生长,接种兰科菌根真菌的铁皮石斛的株高、根重、茎叶重和总生物量分别是未接种对照组的1.21、1.54、1.71和1.68倍;而且可显著提高叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（G_s）和气孔导度（T_r）。（2）接种兰科菌根真菌的铁皮石斛叶片潜在光化学效率（F_v/F₀）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、光化学猝灭系数（q_P）、非光化学猝灭系数（q_N）、实际光化学反应量子效率（Yield）和表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）均高于未接种对照组。（3）菌根真菌能促进pepc基因的表达,增强PEPC活性,提高铁皮石斛叶片的光合碳同化能力。研究表明,菌根的形成可以提高铁皮石斛叶片光合性能和pepc基因的表达水平,促进铁皮石斛幼苗的生长。     

信号分子水杨酸减缓干旱胁迫对紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的副效应

为研究信号分子水杨酸(SA)对干旱胁迫下紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的影响,为SA应用于紫御谷抗旱育苗提供理论依据,测定分析了SA处理对干旱胁迫下紫御谷幼苗叶片光合和膜脂过氧化相关指标的变化。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫破坏了紫御谷叶绿体的膜结构,使基粒数量明显减少,垛叠不明显,排列比较松散,而SA处理能在一定程度上保护叶绿体的膜结构。(2)干旱胁迫降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,而SA处理能提高干旱胁迫下紫御谷幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和胡萝卜素含量。(3)干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光饱和点和暗呼吸速率,增加了叶片的光补偿点、CO₂饱和点、CO₂补偿点和光呼吸速率,而SA处理则增加了紫御谷幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、光饱和点和暗呼吸速率,降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的光补偿点、CO₂饱和点、CO₂补偿点和光呼吸速率。(4)干旱胁迫降低了紫御谷幼苗叶片的F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ,显著增加了叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量,而SA处理则增加了幼苗叶片的F_v/F_m和Φ_PSⅡ,降低了叶片的相对电导率和丙二醛含量。表明:信号分子水杨酸能够有效减缓干旱胁迫对紫御谷光合和膜脂过氧化的影响。     

不同CO2浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为研究不同CO₂浓度升高和氮肥水平对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响,利用由开顶式气室（OTC）组成的CO₂浓度自动调控平台开展田间试验。以粳稻9108为试验材料,CO₂浓度设置CK（对照,环境大气CO₂浓度）、C₁（CO₂浓度比CK增加160 μmol/mol）和C₂（CO₂浓度比CK增加200 μmol/mol）3个水平;氮肥设置低氮（N₁：10 g/m²）、中氮（N₂：20 g/m²）和高氮（N₃：30 g/m²）3个水平。结果表明,在低氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁处理使拔节期的F_o上升4.8%（P=0.031）;C₂处理使拔节期的F_o上升6.3%（P=0.015）,F_v/F_m下降4.8%（P=0.003）,使孕穗期的F_o上升12.7%（P=0.039）,F_v/F_o下降18.2%（P=0.039）。在高氮条件下,与CK相比,C₂处理使灌浆期的F_m、F_v和F_v/F_m分别下降3.6%（P=0.039）、4.9%（P=0.013）和1.3%（P=0.039）。在中氮条件下,与CK相比,C₁和C₂处理的影响不明显。在整个生育期内,CO₂浓度升高与施氮处理交互作用对水稻叶绿素荧光特性的影响未到达显著水平。研究表明,大气CO₂浓度升高使水稻叶片光系统Ⅱ受损,抑制其电子传递能力、电子受体Q_A氧化还原情况、最大光化学效率和潜在活性,通过适量施氮可以有效地缓解其负面效应。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同层次土壤CO2浓度对短时降雨的响应

为阐明不同层次土壤CO₂浓度日变化特征及对短时降雨的响应,以西藏东南部色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var. smithii）林为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下,分析短时降雨及水分再分布过程中各层次土壤CO₂浓度变化特征。结果表明：在0-60 cm层次内,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤层次的加深而显著增加（P < 0.01）,二者之间呈显著对数函数关系（R=0.9764,P < 0.01）;短时降雨脉冲使表层5 cm土壤CO₂浓度显著下降,而10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度显著增加;在降雨和水分再分布阶段,5 cm与10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度之间极显著负相关,10、20、40 cm和60 cm之间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;5 cm层次土壤含水量显著影响0-60 cm剖面CO₂浓度,降雨阶段,二者之间极显著线性正相关（P < 0.001）,而水分再分布阶段,二者之间符合极显著幂函数负相关（P < 0.001）。即降雨引起表层土壤含水量的快速增加,显著提高土壤剖面CO₂浓度,而降雨停止后,有利于土壤CO₂向土表的释放;土壤温度和含水量对CO₂浓度的影响效应在各层次之间表现不一致,除40 cm均为正效应外,其他各层均表现为相反的影响效应。这些结果表明,短时降雨使各层次土壤含水量增加,减少土壤表面CO₂释放量,使下层土壤体系中CO₂浓度升高,在分析土壤CO₂通量时间变化时,应考虑短时降雨对不同层次土壤CO₂的影响。     

典型岩溶槽谷区土壤CO2浓度变化对隧道建设的响应——以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例

为了解重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷区隧道建设对土壤CO₂浓度变化特征的影响,于2017年12月1日至2018年11月25日对中梁山岩溶槽谷区的隧道影响区和非隧道影响区典型的白蜡树林（FC）和于2017年3月22日-2018年1月18日对耕地（CU）、灌丛（SH）、竹林（BA）下土壤CO₂浓度及其相关的环境因子进行研究,探讨了隧道影响和非隧道影响的岩溶区土壤CO₂浓度变化规律及其影响因子。研究表明：隧道影响区（A区）土壤CO₂浓度低于非隧道影响区（B区）,A区A-CU、A-SH、A-BA和A-FC土壤CO₂浓度的平均值分别为4479.26、6053.10、8152.70 mg/m³和17162.47 mg/m³,B区B-CU、B-SH、B-BA和B-FC分别为6244.67、6647.01、9422.94 mg/m³和18396.09 mg/m³。但隧道影响区和非隧道影响区的土壤CO₂浓度具有相同的垂直和季节变化趋势,在垂直方向上,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤深度的增加而增加,在季节变化上,雨季（夏季和秋季）土壤CO₂浓度大于旱季（冬季和春季）。经相关分析发现土壤温度是影响土壤CO₂浓度变化的主控因子,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤温度的升高而升高,降水较多时土壤含水率过高,会抑制土壤CO₂的生产,同时,土壤理化性质也对土壤CO₂浓度具有一定的影响。隧道影响区土壤CO₂浓度的变化受外界环境变化的影响大。     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Multiple invasions of Gypsy and Micropia retroelements in genus Zaprionus and melanogaster subgroup of the genus Drosophila

Background  

The Zaprionus genus shares evolutionary features with the melanogaster subgroup, such as space and time of origin. Although little information about the transposable element content in the Zaprionus genus had been accumulated, some of their elements appear to be more closely related with those of the melanogaster subgroup, indicating that these two groups of species were involved in horizontal transfer events during their evolution. Among these elements, the Gypsy and the Micropia retroelements were chosen for screening in seven species of the two Zaprionus subgenera, Anaprionus and Zaprionus.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

百合LbCAT和LbGPX基因的克隆与表达分析

以切花百合(Lilium brownii var. viridulum)‘卡瓦纳’cDNA为模板,克隆了过氧化氢酶(LbCAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(LbGPX)基因。序列分析表明,这2个基因分别包含1 479 bp和519 bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码492个和172个氨基酸。进化分析结果表明,LbCAT蛋白与岷江百合CAT蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(99.19%),且亲缘关系最近;LbGPX蛋白与油棕GPX蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性最高(78.61%),亲缘关系最近。qRT PCR结果显示,LbCAT和LbGPX在百合根、鳞茎、叶和花中都有表达。LbCAT在叶中表达量最高,LbGPX在花中表达量最高。这2个基因在百合花蕾的生长发育过程中均有表达,且表达量逐渐增加;在PEG处理后2个基因的转录水平升高,但独角金内酯(SLs)处理却显著降低了这2个基因的转录水平;该结果为百合抗逆性机理研究以及抗逆育种奠定了基础。     

Cloning and characterization of femA and femB from Staphylococcus epidermidis

A DNA fragment was identified and cloned from Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se) using femA from S. aureus (Sa) as a heterologous hybridization probe. DNA sequence analysis of a portion of this clone revealed two complete ORFs highly related to femA and femB of Sa. The genomic arrangement of the Se femA/B complex was nearly identical to that observed in Sa. Intra- and interspecies relatedness of these genes and conservation of genomic organization were consistent with gene duplication of one of these genes in an ancestral organism. Recombinant FEMA, produced in Escherichia coli (Ec), was purified to near homogeneity. Identity of the purified protein was verified by N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence analysis.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲对椰子和银海枣的寄主选择性

【目的】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲均为棕榈科植物的重要入侵害虫,两者的外部形态、取食部位和危害特征相似。研究它们的寄主选择性有助于了解这2种害虫的扩散和成灾机制。【方法】在室内用椰子和银海枣2种寄主植物分别饲养水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲,研究在不同寄主植物上水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲的存活率、产卵率、发育历期等以及这2种害虫对不同寄主植物的选择性。【结果】水椰八角铁甲在2种寄主上的存活率差异显著,除了卵期和蛹期之外,幼虫期各虫态在银海枣上的存活率明显比在椰子上的存活率高;椰心叶甲在椰子上的存活率高于银海枣,各虫态平均存活率分别为95%和86%。取食银海枣的水椰八角铁甲达标准卵量概率为0.23,取食椰子不产卵,无法完成整个世代;取食椰子的椰心叶甲达标准卵量概率为0.86,取食银海枣不产卵,也无法完成整个世代;水椰八角铁甲取食银海枣完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为12.55,椰心叶甲取食椰子完成世代的实验种群趋势指数为66.55。【结论】水椰八角铁甲和椰心叶甲分别对银海枣和椰子这2种寄主植物具有明显的选择性。在海南椰子树的数量远远超过银海枣,该实验结果在一定程度上解释了椰心叶甲在海南岛广泛分布而水椰八角铁甲只是零星发生的原因。     

In vitro organogenesis of Citrus volkameriana and Citrus aurantium

In vitro organogenesis of Citrus volkameriana and C. aurantium was studied considering three explant types: epicotyl segment, internodal segment, and hypocotyl segment with attached cotyledon fragment. The explants were cultured in medium according to Grosser and Gmitter (EME) supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg dm^{− 3} 6-benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), incubated firstly in darkness for 4 weeks, and then transferred to 16-h photoperiod for 2 weeks. Comparing epicotyl and internodal segments, a higher percentage of responsive explants and a higher number of shoots per explant were obtained with epicotyl segments, regardless of the BAP concentration. For C. volkameriana the highest percentage of responsive epicotyl segments (42 %) was obtained in EME with 1.0 mg dm⁻³ BAP, while for C. aurantium (59 %) in EME with 0.5 mg dm⁻³ BAP. The organogenesis efficiency was the best with the use of the hypocotyl segment with attached cotyledon fragment (77 % for C. volkameriana and to 75 % for C. aurantium). With this explant the morphogenesis occurred only in the hypocotyl region. The in vitro organogenesis was characterized by histological analyses showing that the morphogenic process started in the cambium region near the explant cut end.