柑橘大实蝇成虫复眼的感光作用

【目的】分析柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)成虫复眼的感光作用,为灯光诱杀柑橘大实蝇的绿色防控措施的开发和应用提供理论依据。【方法】本研究利用室内视觉行为实验方法测定遮蔽单眼、遮蔽复眼和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后不同日龄的柑橘大实蝇成虫在不同光强刺激下的趋光行为反应。【结果】与CK(未作任何遮蔽处理)相比,遮蔽复眼处理的成虫的趋光率显著降低,而遮蔽单眼处理的成虫的趋光率则基本不变。遮蔽复眼处理后的1日龄、5日龄和同时遮蔽单复眼处理后的3日龄的雌、雄成虫之间对于1 000 lx光照度的趋光率存在显著差异。不同日龄(1、3和5日龄)的成虫之间对于1 000 lx和2 000 lx光照度的趋光率均存在一定的差异。不同光强(500、1 000和2 000 lx)刺激对成虫的趋光率均有一定影响。【结论】成虫的趋光率与复眼、日龄、性别和光照强度均有关系,其中复眼的作用最明显。     

短时高温胁迫对瓜实蝇生长发育及繁殖的影响

为明确瓜实蝇对短时高温胁迫的耐受性。利用人工气候箱模拟短时高温胁迫,测定了不同高温处理(34、36、38、40、42、44、46、48℃)12 h,对不同发育阶段瓜实蝇的存活率和生长发育的影响。结果表明短时高温显著影响瓜实蝇的存活,随温度升高,瓜实蝇各虫态的存活率逐渐降低;高温处理12 h后瓜实蝇卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫的致死中温度LT 50分别为35.48、37.55、41.85、43.62、43.32℃;34~42℃短时高温胁迫对瓜实蝇各虫态的发育历期无明显影响,44℃时其发育历期均显著增长;46℃、48℃处理下各虫态死亡率较高,不能正常发育;随着处理温度的升高,雌成虫产卵前期不断增长,单雌产卵量呈下降趋势,成虫寿命不断缩短,后代雌性比增大。44℃及以上的短时高温胁迫不利于瓜实蝇的生长发育,40℃及以上的短时高温胁迫不利于瓜实蝇的繁殖,雌性瓜实蝇对短时高温的胁迫的适应性强于雄性,随着处理温度的升高,后代雌性比例增大。     

枣实蝇成虫飞行能力的测定

【目的】为了明确枣实蝇Carpomya vesuviana Costa成虫飞行扩散能力及相关因子对其飞行能力的影响。【方法】本研究以SUN-FL型智能昆虫飞行信息系统（飞行磨）吊飞方法, 测定了不同日龄、性别的枣实蝇成虫的飞行能力, 并探究了温度对枣实蝇飞行能力的影响。【结果】羽化后12 d左右的枣实蝇飞行能力最强, 雌虫平均飞行距离和最远飞行距离分别为1.037和3.192 km, 雄虫分别为0.943和3.085 km; 枣实蝇飞行能力随着日龄的增加呈现先增强后减弱的趋势; 相同日龄的雌成虫平均飞行距离、平均飞行时间略高于雄虫, 雌、雄虫的平均飞行距离、平均最快飞行速度、平均飞行时间之间没有显著性差异; 环境温度28～34℃为枣实蝇最佳飞行温度区间, 且31℃条件下飞行能力最强。【结论】由此可见, 枣实蝇成虫具有较强的迁飞扩散能力。     

草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼明暗适应及黄光照射下明适应状态转化率

【目的】蛾类昆虫的趋光性与复眼明暗适应状态的转化有着直接的关系，本研究旨在阐明光照与草地贪夜蛾Spodotera frugiperda复眼明暗适应状态转化的关系。【方法】在光、暗适应条件和不同光照强度黄光照射下，在不同时间段，用相机迅速拍照，观察统计草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼的明暗适应状态及明、暗适应状态转化率。【结果】在明适应状态下，草地贪夜蛾成虫经黄光照射1 h后，随光照强度的增加，复眼明适应状态保持率逐步升高：雄成虫复眼在0.1~0.5 lx时明适应状态保持率为67.77%(有32.23%的转化为暗适应状态与中间状态)，4~6 lx时明适应状态保持率达到100%；雌成虫复眼在7~10 lx时，明适应状态保持率达98.90%。在明适应状态下，经黄光照射3 h后，草地贪夜蛾成虫复眼明适应状态保持率亦随着光照强度的增加逐步升高，在0.1~0.5 lx时雄成虫复眼明适应状态保持率为50.00%,雌成虫为32.23%；在光照强度7~10 lx时，雌雄成虫复眼明适应状态保持率分别为90.00%和100%。在暗适应状态下，草地贪夜蛾成虫经不同光照强度的黄光照射30 min后，成虫复眼向明适应状态逐渐转化：在0.1~0.5 lx光照强度时雌、雄成虫复眼明适应状态转化率均为93.33%；当光照强度达到0.6~0.9 lx时雌成虫复眼的明适应状态转化率达到100%，雄成虫复眼则在1~2 lx时达到100%。【结论】结果说明，草地贪夜蛾成虫有较强的光敏感性，且雌虫对黄光的光敏感性略强于雄虫。     

温度、湿度、光照对桔小实蝇飞行能力的影响

本文明确温度、相对湿度和光照强度等3个环境因子变化对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)雌、雄成虫飞行能力的影响。在不同温度、相对湿度和光照强度下,通过室内静风吊飞测试桔小实蝇雌、雄成虫的飞行距离、时间及速度。结果表明,适宜桔小实蝇飞行的温度范围是20℃-32℃,雌虫比雄虫更耐高温;最适宜飞行的空气相对湿度在60%-75%;桔小实蝇雌、雄成虫在有光照的条件下飞行,在500-2000 lux光照强度下飞行能力最强。分析表明,环境温度、空气相对湿度以及光照强度对桔小实蝇的飞行影响明显。低温或太高温对桔小实蝇飞行不利;较湿润的空气环境对桔小实蝇飞行有利,干燥或湿度过大均不利于桔小实蝇的飞行活动;光刺激是导致桔小实蝇飞行活动的基本条件,光照强度过弱或过强均不利于桔小实蝇飞行。     

饥饿和饥渴对柑橘大实蝇成虫活动能力的影响

【目的】为探究饥饿和饥渴条件对柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax成虫活动能力的影响。【方法】本文对1日龄和10日龄柑橘大实蝇在饥饿饥渴下的成虫活跃度和驱上爬行能力进行分析。【结果】无水无蜜条件下柑橘大实蝇1日龄和10日龄雌雄成虫爬行虫比例均最高,显著高于供水供蜜。其中1日龄雌成虫遭受饥饿饥渴胁迫后,其活动能力受影响更大,成虫爬行虫比例和单虫上行高度增幅均较10日龄雌成虫大。雌雄成虫之间爬行虫比例、单虫上行高度无差异。【结论】饥饿和饥渴下柑橘大实蝇成虫的活动力更强,尤其是新羽化的成虫。这使得成虫潜在的扩散概率提高,促进其出园觅食。     

瓜实蝇成虫在苦瓜田间的时空动态

【背景】瓜实蝇是重要的瓜果害虫,研究其在田间的时空分布可为进一步探讨成虫在栖息地的迁移规律奠定基础。【方法】试验于2013年9月17日~11月8日在广州市白云区广东省农业科学院试验基地进行。试验地面积约6900 m2,其中,苦瓜地面积为34 m×19 m。以黄绿色粘板进行诱捕取样,点算粘板上瓜实蝇雌、雄成虫个体数,以地学统计学方法研究瓜实蝇成虫的时空分布动态。【结果】瓜实蝇成虫密度有2个峰;其半变异函数多为高斯模型,在调查范围内空间格局为聚集分布,变程范围为9.648~65.580 m,空间异质性是由空间自相关引起。【结论与意义】运用Kriging插值法,由软件Surfer10.0绘制的密度等值线图清楚地反映出瓜实蝇成虫主要分布于苦瓜地内,呈现出瓜实蝇成虫被苦瓜吸引,并迅速繁殖及之后向瓜地外扩散的变动特征。     

河南省内乡县3种瓜类寄主作物上瓜实蝇的种群动态

【目的】近年来,世界性检疫害虫瓜实蝇由我国南部省份传入河南省西南部地区,对当地多种经济作物的产量和品质造成较大影响。明确该虫在新传入地区不同寄主作物上的种群动态,有助于揭示其在田间的发生危害规律,为当地防治工作提供科学依据。【方法】2020—2022年在河南省南阳市内乡县对田间瓜实蝇成虫开展诱捕监测,比较分析其在丝瓜、南瓜和西葫芦3种寄主作物上的种群发生动态。【结果】瓜实蝇在河南省内乡县每年均有发生,成虫种群基本发生于6~7月下旬—10月下旬,发生盛期在8月中旬—9月下旬,有一个明显发生高峰期;其种群数量、种群动态以及发生期均受寄主植物和年代的影响。【结论】河南省内乡县瓜实蝇种群数量和危害程度呈逐年加重趋势,不同瓜类作物蔬菜田中应因地制宜及时采取防治措施。     

悬铃木方翅网蝽飞行能力测试及远距离扩散轨迹分析

【目的】摸清温度、日龄和性别对悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata成虫飞行能力的影响,分析其远距离扩散轨迹。【方法】本研究通过飞行磨系统、高空系留气球和HYSPLIT-4模型相结合的方法测定了悬铃木方翅网蝽飞行能力及模拟其种群随气流远距离扩散轨迹。【结果】飞行磨研究结果表明,随着悬铃木方翅网蝽日龄的增加其飞行距离和飞行时间逐渐增加,10日龄成虫飞行距离和飞行时间最长,随后逐渐下降。不同测试温度(19℃,22℃,25℃,29℃和31℃)下,10日龄成虫飞行距离和飞行时间在19℃时最小,随着温度的升高飞行距离和飞行时间都逐渐增加,在25℃时两者都达到最大,随后逐渐降低,在25℃时的飞行距离显著大于其他测试温度下; 28℃时平均飞行速度最快,显著高于其他测试温度下。雌虫在飞行距离和飞行时间上显著高于雄虫。高空系留气球观测结果表明,在5和10 m处悬铃木方翅网蝽种群密度较大,随着高度的上升诱捕数量逐渐下降,在35 m高度处种群数量最低,随后又随着高度的升高诱捕数量逐渐增加,65 m以上高度未能诱捕到试虫。利用HYSPLIT-4模型模拟了2015年悬铃木方翅网蝽由南向北的扩散路线为:河南省郑州市-山西省晋城市陵川县-长治市沁县-沂州市繁峙县-河北省张家口市。【结论】室内悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫在10日龄、25℃温度下飞行能力最强。田间悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫可随气流上升至65 m高度,具备随气流进行低空扩散的能力。     

瓜实蝇热激蛋白Hsp90基因克隆及表达分析

【目的】热激蛋白基因Hsps在生物体抗逆性过程中具有重要的作用,本文旨在通过阐释瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)热激蛋白基因Hsp90在其对环境温度适应性及抗药性过程中的功能作用,为瓜实蝇综合治理提供理论基础。【方法】采用RACE-PCR技术克隆瓜实蝇的Hsp90基因cDNA序列,利用生物信息学工具分析序列特征,并通过实时定量PCR技术分析高温胁迫、阿维菌素诱导和抗性及敏感品系中该基因的表达情况。【结果】克隆获得的瓜实蝇Hsp90基因cDNA全长2 654 bp,命名为Bc-Hsp90,GenBank登录号为KP864677,含2 145 bp的开放阅读框,编码715个氨基酸蛋白,具有HSP90蛋白家族共有模式和1个基序标签,C-末端具有MEEVD基序,属于胞质型热激蛋白。系统发育分析显示,Bc-Hsp90基因高度保守。不同高温(32-40℃)胁迫处理1 h和2 h后,瓜实蝇成虫体内Bc-Hsp90的相对表达量均显著高于对照组(26℃),并在38℃和40℃表达量最高;阿维菌素长期筛选的RS品系,Bc-Hsp90表达量是对照SS品系的2.13倍,但RS品系以LC90剂量诱导后,Bc-Hsp_(90)表达量显著下调,随着恢复时间延长其表达量逐渐升高,96 h后恢复到对照水平。【结论】推测Bc-Hsp90在瓜实蝇耐热性和抗阿维菌素过程中可能起着重要作用。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.