不育胺对橘小实蝇的化学不育效果

【目的】为了解不育胺对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)的化学不育效果。【方法】通过喂食橘小实蝇不同浓度不育胺食料,测定了其对橘小实蝇的卵量及孵化率的影响。【结果】结果表明:喂食0.08%-0.3%不育胺食料的橘小实蝇成虫交配始见期和产卵始见期与正常对照相比推迟1-2d,均为9-10日龄开始交配,11-12日龄开始产卵;橘小实蝇取食不同浓度不育胺食料后,卵量和孵化率随浓度增加而降低。当取食0.3%不育胺食料时,♀处理×♂处理未见产卵,♀正常×♂处理和♀处理×♂正常均见产卵但卵量与对照相比显著降低且卵不孵化。取食0.3%不育胺的橘小实蝇雄虫相对不育系数为0.48,表明其交配竞争能力与正常雄虫相当。【结论】0.3%浓度的不育胺可作为橘小实蝇的化学不育剂。     

橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇卵及蛹的种间竞争

【背景】实蝇的竞争可能发生在生活史的各个阶段,但未见卵和蛹的种间竞争的相关报道。【方法】将橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵及蛹按照相应的比例或龄期分别进行混合培养,分析2种实蝇的卵或蛹混合后的发育历期和存活率是否受到彼此影响。【结果】橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵同龄等量混合,对彼此卵的历期和孵化率无影响。当橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的蛹为新鲜蛹时,分别与比它们蛹龄大1 d的对方蛹混合,蛹的羽化率分别为(87.67±3.61)%和(84.33±2.56)%,显著小于对照,说明在此混合蛹处理中,后化蛹者的发育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。【结论与意义】总体上,在卵和蛹期,橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇未产生竞争作用;但不排除蛹期竞争的可能性,这种竞争可能存在于特定的蛹期。     

益生真菌在橘小实蝇规模化扩繁中的应用潜力

【目的】葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母Hanseniaspora uvarum是存在于橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis肠道的共生有益真菌,本研究通过改变饲料中酵母浸粉、麦麸和H. uvarum菌液的配比,筛选获得最优的橘小实蝇幼虫的饲料配方,为橘小实蝇规模化扩繁提供理论基础。【方法】利用响应面法（Responsesurface methodology,RSM）设计人工饲料中酵母浸粉、麦麸与H.uvarum的配比,统计取食不同配比的饲料后橘小实蝇幼虫的发育历期、蛹重和成虫羽化率,并计算每种饲料配方的成本;根据实验结果进行配方优化,预测取食最优配方饲料幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、成虫羽化率以及成本节约的百分比,同时,采用预测的最优饲料配方饲喂幼虫,统计取食最优饲料配方幼虫的发育历期、蛹重以及成虫羽化率,验证优化模型下的预测值与试验结果的相符性。【结果】饲料中酵母浸粉、麦麸和H.uvarum成分之间的拮抗或协同作用显著影响幼虫的发育历期、蛹重和成虫羽化率(P <0.000 1)。在饲料中添加H. uvarum菌液,可以减少酵母浸粉的添加量,并降低饲养成本。通过响应面法模型预测,获得最优的橘小实蝇饲料配方比例：每份人工饲料（375 g）包括酵母浸粉3.13 g、麦麸87.45 g、H. uvarum菌液4.42 g、玉米粉40 g、蔗糖40 g及水200mL。与传统饲料费用相比,每份人工饲料可节省成本2.35元,三组分（酵母浸粉、麦麸和H.uvarum菌液）的成本节约百分比为74.35%。采用最优饲料配方饲喂的幼虫发育历期为8.76 d,比预测值缩短了0.8 d,蛹重为13.85mg,羽化率为93.76%,与预测值没有显著性差异。【结论】响应面法设计优化饲料配方具有一定的可靠性,葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母H. uvarum在橘小实蝇的规模化扩繁中具有一定的应用潜力。     

低温处理对枇杷中橘小实蝇的杀灭效果

【背景】橘小实蝇是水果国际贸易中被关注的有害生物。枇杷为福建名优水果,同时福建为橘小实蝇疫区,枇杷橘小实蝇的检疫处理技术是保证枇杷出口的关键环节。【方法】对人工接入枇杷果实中的橘小实蝇卵和幼虫的低温感受性、小规模处理和大规模处理及低温对枇杷果实品质的影响进行研究。【结果】橘小实蝇2—3龄幼虫混合虫态最耐受低温;1．5℃下处理12d,可完全杀死枇杷果实中的橘小实蝇,并且低温处理对枇杷果实无损伤。【结论与意义】低温可用于枇杷内橘小实蝇的检疫处理。     

橘小实蝇田间消长动态及对柑橘果实危害研究

【目的】找出橘小食蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)在桂林东郊柑橘果园的消长规律,掌握橘小实蝇对不同柑橘品种的危害程度。【方法】2012-2013年,利用橘小实蝇性诱器对桂林东郊柑橘果园的橘小实蝇田间动态进行监测,收集逐旬诱虫数量,并制作周年诱虫消长曲线,分析橘小实蝇消长规律。选取果园内18个早中晚熟柑橘品种进行橘小实蝇危害调查,从果实受害前到果实成熟采收,统计各个品种的逐旬虫果数量,分析各品种受害情况。【结果】田间橘小实蝇成虫5月开始出现,9月下旬-10月上旬达到高峰期,12月中下旬活动减弱或停止。早中熟柑橘品种受橘小实蝇的危害率多在26.72%-73.19%,而晚熟品种多在16.08%以下。宽皮柑橘类受橘小实蝇的危害率多在15.23%以上,而橙类和杂柑类低于10.81%。早熟品种从7-8月开始受橘小实蝇危害,一直持续到果实成熟,受害程度逐步加重。中晚熟品种10月中下旬后开始受害,在11月上旬到12月上旬之间有1-2个受害高峰期,12月中下旬受害减轻。同一品种在不同年份的受害开始时间、高峰期、低谷期不完全相同。【结论】橘小实蝇成虫在春季条件适合时开始活动,在秋季达到活动高峰期,在冬季气温下降等不利条件下活动减弱或停止。橘小实蝇对柑橘早中熟品种的危害率高于晚熟品种,对宽皮柑橘类的危害率高于橙类。在果实生长成熟过程中,早熟品种随果实成熟度增高受害程度加重,中晚熟品种受害高峰期出现在果实成熟中、前期,同年内成熟期相同品种的受害消长走势基本相同,同一品种在不同年份的受害消长走势不同。     

海南儋州地区橘小实蝇成虫数量动态

【背景】橘小实蝇是热带、亚热带水果的重要害虫,在海南发生严重。【方法】利用橘小实蝇性诱剂进行田间诱捕,以诱到的雄成虫为指标,通过定期调查,获得了海南儋州地区4种样地橘小实蝇成虫的种群动态,并进一步通过相关分析,研究了芒果园橘小实蝇种群动态与温度和降雨量的相关性。【结果】儋州地区橘小实蝇种群周年发生,冬季种群数量较低,夏季种群数量较高。橘小实蝇种群高峰期发生于6月,其中芒果园达327.6头,蔬菜地为182.8头,办公区为150.0头,植物园为209.6头。在芒果园中,随着温度的升高,橘小实蝇的种群数量呈指数增长,其相关系数R=0.799;而与降雨量的相关系数较低,为0.367。【结论与意义】本研究可为儋州地区制定橘小实蝇综合防治策略提供理论依据。     

土壤湿度和浸水对草地贪夜蛾羽化和繁殖的影响

【目的】研究土壤不同含水量和浸水对草地贪夜蛾羽化和繁殖的影响,为其发生趋势预测提供依据。【方法】室内分别设置土壤不同含水量和不同浸水时间处理,研究不同环境条件下草地贪夜蛾羽化和繁殖的情况。【结果】土壤相对含水量为30%和40%时,草地贪夜蛾的羽化率最高,为100.00%,含水量为50%-90%时,羽化率均达到93.33%,显著高于0、10%和100%各处理的羽化率26.67%-73.33%(P<0.05);但不同土壤相对含水量对羽化的草地贪夜蛾成虫平均产卵量不具有显著影响（P>0.05）。土壤浸水1-4d,对入土前幼虫的羽化率无显著影响;但土壤浸水对蛹的影响较大,随着浸水时间的延长,蛹的羽化率显著降低,土壤浸水4 d后蛹不能羽化。直接淹水对老熟幼虫和蛹的羽化率均有一定影响,随着淹水时间的延长,羽化率均持续降低,老熟幼虫淹水10 h后不能羽化;蛹淹水10 h后羽化率与对照相比下降了69.70%。【结论】田间积水对草地贪夜蛾的羽化具有显著影响,因此可以结合天气降雨情况对草地贪夜蛾的发生动态和种群数量变化进行预测,并据此调整土壤含水量以淹蛹灭虫。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导及解除条件研究

【目的】以柞蚕Antheraea pernyi卵为繁殖寄主,对松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolim滞育诱导及解除条件进行研究,以解决赤眼蜂工厂化生产和大面积应用中面临的的中、长期储存问题。【方法】通过观测不同发育阶段(寄生柞蚕卵在26℃培养40、96和144 h)、滞育诱导温度(10、13和16℃)和诱导时间对松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育诱导条件;通过观测滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对滞育解除的影响,确定松毛虫赤眼蜂滞育解除条件。【结果】在松毛虫赤眼蜂的不同发育阶段对其进行持续的低温刺激均能使其导入滞育,但以小幼阶段(26℃培养40 h)开始效果最佳,寄生卵在26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃和13℃下连续诱导31 d,滞育率可达100%和99.12%。滞育诱导温度和滞育后的贮藏温度对松毛虫赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间和解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率有较大影响,10℃诱导滞育后置于1℃冷藏的赤眼蜂解除滞育所需时间最短,解除滞育后的羽化出蜂率和单卵出蜂数更高,更耐储存。此条件下冷藏约30 d开始打破滞育,在正常发育下温度下羽化出蜂,60 d羽化出蜂率达到95.24%,冷藏4个月后羽化出蜂率仍在60%以上,单卵出蜂数高于50头。【结论】松毛虫赤眼蜂最佳滞育诱导条件为26℃培养40 h后,转入10℃连续低温诱导31 d;最佳滞育解除条件为1℃低温储存,但储存期不能超过4个月。     

冷藏对美洲斑潜蝇蛹期发育和生存的影响

【目的】美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard自20世纪90年代入侵我国后已经成为蔬菜和观赏植物的重要害虫。然而,近些年该昆虫已经逐渐成为研究植物和昆虫、昆虫抗寒性和寄主适应性等热点课题的模式种类。因此,为了实验室条件下更好保藏该虫的种群,本文研究了冷藏(世代发育起点温度8℃)对该斑潜蝇蛹发育和生存的影响。【方法】以化蛹后第3天的蛹为实验对象,8℃低温冷藏,并以冷藏时间(0、7、14、21、28和35 d)为参试因子研究了冷藏时间对美洲斑潜蝇蛹羽化率的影响;化蛹后每24 h解剖观察一次蛹并对蛹期发育阶段进行划分;根据划分的蛹期阶段,对处理中未羽化的蛹进行解剖比对,得到对低温最敏感的蛹期。【结果】随着冷藏时间的增长,美洲斑潜蝇的蛹羽化率逐渐降低。超过14 d后,羽化率明显下降。冷藏至35 d时羽化率为零。解剖正常发育的美洲斑潜蝇的蛹,将蛹期分为预蛹期、隐头蛹期、显头蛹初期、半透明眼期、浅黄色到琥珀色眼期、红褐色眼期、鬃毛蛹期。不同冷藏时间条件下,未羽化的蛹死亡时间主要为鬃毛蛹期,且鬃毛蛹期死亡的蛹的数量与贮藏时间呈正比例关系。【结论】在室内冷藏美洲斑潜蝇时,3日龄蛹8℃贮藏少于14 d为宜;鬃毛蛹期(10~11日龄蛹)对低温比较敏感,冷藏过程中,应避免鬃毛蛹期的蛹。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.