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1.
Small ermine moths (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera) are specialist herbivores. Species within the genus Yponomeuta are each specialized on a limited number of plant species, mainly within genera belonging to the Celastraceae. European Yponomeuta species have developed new specialized host affiliations, mainly on rosaceous hosts. Since these host shifts are reputed to be of consequence for speciation, the role of the ovipositing female is of particular interest. Study of the pre-oviposition behaviour of gravid Y. cagnagellus (Hb.) moths on host (Euonymus europaeus), non-host (Crateagus monogyna) and artificial oviposition substrates, provided information on the nature of the cues used for host plant acceptance and the insect’s perception of these cues. Host selection by adult females occurs with contact chemoreceptors probably located on the antennae or tarsi. MeOH-soluble, non-volatile phytochemical compounds washed from the host plant’s surface and applied on an artificial twig are sufficient to stimulate a complete sequence of behavioural elements leading to oviposition. Volatiles do not have a large effect on the pre-oviposition behaviour. 相似文献
2.
The braconid Cotesia plutellae is an important larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of crucifers in the tropics and sub-tropics. The in-flight searching behaviour of C. plutellae was investigated in a wind tunnel and the close-range attack behaviour observed in cages. The relative importance of volatile stimuli emanating from the plant-host-complex, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) – P. xylostella, in the long-range attraction of C. plutellae was investigated. Plants that were mechanically damaged, or damaged by P. xylostella larvae, were attractive to the parasitoid. Host-damaged leaves remained attractive to the parasitoid after removal of the host larvae. These results indicate that C. plutellae predominantly uses plant derived stimuli in its in-flight searching behaviour. An oviposition experience or contact with a host-damaged leaf prior to the bioassay significantly increased the response to these volatile cues. The foraging behaviour of C. plutellae is compared with other braconid larval parasitoids attacking lepidopteran hosts on crucifers. 相似文献
3.
S. T. Broad N. A. Schellhorn S. N. Lisson† N. J. Mendham‡ 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2008,10(2):157-165
1 Host location and oviposition are crucial steps in the life cycles of insect herbivores. A diversified cropping system may interfere with these processes, ultimately reducing pest colonization of crops and the need for chemical interventions. 2 In the present study, nonhost vegetation was added to a broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cropping system to determine the effect of plant diversification on host location and colonization of broccoli by Lepidopteran pests. The two diversification strategies applied consisted of a broccoli/potato (Solanum tuberosum) strip crop, made up of 1.65 m (tractor width) replications of two rows of potatoes and two rows of broccoli, and a cereal rye (Secale cereale) cover crop, which formed a sacrificial planting that was killed and rolled flat to minimize weed competition and improve the agronomic performance of the subsequent broccoli crop. 3 Diamondback moth Plutella xylostella eggs, and subsequent larvae and pupae, were less abundant on broccoli with the cover crop, probably due to interference with host location and oviposition processes. The strip crop had no effect. 4 Numbers of cabbage white butterflies Pieris rapae eggs and larvae did not differ among treatments, probably due to the superior ability of these Lepidoptera to visually locate hosts and their active egg‐dispersing behaviour. 5 These results of the present study indicate that the success of crop diversification strategies are contingent on the relative ability of the target herbivore to locate its host plant and the scale of diversity (e.g. the distance between the host and the nonhost plants), rather than diversity itself. 相似文献
4.
The effects of mating, age at mating, the presence or absence of a plant leaf, and the deprivation of a suitable ovipositional substrate during when the first ovipositional bout after mating would normally take place, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility (percentage of fertile eggs laid) of female Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Mating had a significant effect on lifetime fecundity, with mated females laying 2.5 times more eggs than virgin females. Age at mating had a significant effect on both fecundity and fertility, both declining with increasing age when the female was mated. In the presence of a leaf of C. japonica, mated females had a greater lifetime fecundity than when no leaf was present; females in the presence of a C. japonica leaf consistently laid more eggs each day during the first 4–6 days after mating than females without a leaf. When females were deprived of a suitable ovipositional substrate, for the first 22 h after mating, they were significantly less fecund over their lifetime than were control females. Finally, in no-choice tests with three plants of different acceptability to females, the fecundity of females differed in the order C. japonica > Urtica ferox > Tibouchina multiflora. This different fecundity appeared to be inversely related to the pubescence of the leaves, suggesting that leaf texture may be a suitable antixenotic resistance factor for crops to be protected from this insect. These results suggest that strategies whereby mating is delayed or oviposition reduced within a critical period after mating, may result in significant reductions in pest populations. 相似文献
5.
【目的】本文旨在评价斑痣悬茧蜂Metrorus pulchricornis(Wesmael)刺扎寄主的行为机理。【方法】采用非选择性试验于室内观察了刺扎次序对其产卵决策的影响;并采用双选试验观察了具有刺扎不同寄主(健康的、自身刺扎过的、他蜂刺扎过的寄主)的经历如何影响寄生蜂对自身刺扎与他蜂刺扎过的寄主的选择。【结果】非选择性试验结果表明:当面对健康寄主时,寄生蜂刺扎次序对刺扎耗时在5%概率水平上没有显著影响,但在10%概率水平具有显著影响;刺扎次序对寄生率没有显著影响,第1至5次刺扎的寄生率依次为63.3%、46.7%、76.7%、70.0%和66.7%。双选试验结果发现,刺扎不同寄主的经历处理对刺扎寄主选择性没有显著影响(P>0.05),具有刺扎健康的、自身刺扎过的和他蜂刺扎过的寄主的经历使寄生蜂选择被他蜂刺扎过的寄主的比例分别为65.5%、44.8%和50.0%。但刺扎经历显著影响刺扎耗时(P<0.05),具有1次刺扎健康寄主经历的蜂的刺扎耗时显著短(2倍)于具有刺扎自身刺扎过的寄主经历的蜂,但与具有刺扎他蜂刺扎过的寄主经历的蜂没有显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】学习在斑痣悬茧蜂刺扎探测寄主行为的作用很小。 相似文献
6.
Abstract. 1. In holometabolous insects, learning has been demonstrated in both larval and adult stages. Whether learning can be retained through metamorphosis from larva via pupa to adult has long been a subject of debate. The present study is designed to distinguish between preimaginal and imaginal conditioning in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) using oviposition preference tests on females exposed to various types of learning experiences during immature and adult stages.
2. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet, or on one of two host plants, Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis , and common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata . The ensuing females reared on the three kinds of food showed similar oviposition preference between the two plants. A brief experience of the less preferred host, common cabbage, by adults slightly increased their preference for this plant.
3. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet with or without the addition of a neem-based oviposition deterrent (Neemix® 4.5). Larval feeding experience did not alter oviposition response to the deterrent. However, emergence conditioning and early adult learning, achieved through experience of a residue of the deterrent carried over from the larval food on pupal cuticle and cocoons, altered oviposition preference significantly.
4. The combined results revealed no evidence of preimaginal conditioning in this insect but a strong effect of emergence conditioning and early adult learning on oviposition preference. 相似文献
2. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet, or on one of two host plants, Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis , and common cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata . The ensuing females reared on the three kinds of food showed similar oviposition preference between the two plants. A brief experience of the less preferred host, common cabbage, by adults slightly increased their preference for this plant.
3. Cohorts of test insects were reared from egg to pupa on an artificial diet with or without the addition of a neem-based oviposition deterrent (Neemix
4. The combined results revealed no evidence of preimaginal conditioning in this insect but a strong effect of emergence conditioning and early adult learning on oviposition preference. 相似文献
7.
ANS HENDRIKSE 《Physiological Entomology》1986,11(2):159-169
ABSTRACT. Male behaviour in pheromone attraction was observed in a wind tunnel for eight species of the genus Yponomeuta Latreille. Interspecific responses and the effect of some combinations of female pheromones were also investigated. The results show that the species Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner), Y. malinellus Zeller, Y. rorellus (Hübner) and Y. plumbellus (Den. & Schiff.) are isolated by the specificity of their female pheromones. The other four species, Y. evonymellus (L.), Y. padellus (L.), Y. irrorellus (Hübner) and Y. vigintipunctatus (Retz.), exhibited interspecific pheromone attraction. 相似文献
8.
KENNETH WILSON 《Ecological Entomology》1988,13(1):107-118
ABSTRACT.
- 1 Previous work has shown that female Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) can accurately assess the number of eggs on a seed and use this information to produce a near uniform distribution of egg-loads, so minimizing larval competition within hosts.
- 2 The decision to lay on a particular seed may be based on one of two possible rules: (i) a‘relative’rule, which compares the number of eggs on the present seed with that on previously encountered seeds; and (ii) an‘absolute’rule, which takes into account the current egg-load alone.
- 3 This paper describes an experimental study of oviposition behaviour which concludes that an absolute measure of egg-load probably determines egg-laying decisions. The implications of this result are discussed.
9.
We measured adult oviposition preference, larval growth, and feeding behaviour of the crucifer specialist Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on plants of Brassica napus (L.) cv. Express (Brassicaceae), grown under three different sulphur regimes. The nutrient solutions used were the following: one sulphur‐free (S0), one normal sulphur (Sn, normal field concentration), and one sulphur‐rich (S+, double concentration of Sn). Females laid more eggs on Sn than on S0 plants, while only a slight, non‐significant difference was observed between Sn and S+ plants. Moreover, the development time from hatching to emergence was significantly shorter, and adults were heavier on Sn than on S0 plants. Comparing these same two parameters from Sn and S+ plants, we found a shorter development time on plants rich in sulphur, although this trend was not statistically significant. Larval feeding preferences were tested in a dual choice assay using leaf discs. A significantly higher number of larvae preferred leaf discs of Sn plants than those of S0 plants. Furthermore, the larvae preferred S+ to Sn discs. An optimal supply of sulphur to oilseed rape is necessary for a good seed harvest, and it also plays an important role in acceptance by P. xylostella of the host plant. Maintaining higher levels of sulphur in the plant nutrient solution benefits insect performance, both at the adult and larval stage. 相似文献
10.
Aude Couty Helmut Van Emden Joe N. Perry JIM Hardie John A. Pickett Lester J. Wadhams 《Physiological Entomology》2006,31(2):134-145
Abstract. The relative roles of olfaction and vision in the crepuscular host-finding process of a major lepidopteran pest of cruciferous crops, the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella are investigated in a series of laboratory and semi‐field experiments. Flying female moths use volatile plant chemical cues to locate and to promote landing on their host, even in complex mixed-crop environments in large cages. Multiple regression analysis shows that both the plant position (front, middle or back rows) and the type of plant (host plant, nonhost plant) are needed to explain the distribution of insects in such a mixed-crop situation. This strong plant position effect indicates that, when host plants are present in a mixture, foraging P. xylostella are more likely to alight on the first row of the plants. The findings are discussed with regard to current theories of host-plant location by phytophagous insects and the possible implications for integrated pest management. 相似文献
11.
《Ethology, Ecology and Evolution》2012,24(3):231-242
In this paper, we compare the host selection behaviours of two parasitoids, Aphidius rhopalosiphi and Aphidius picipes, in order to analyse whether behavioural adaptations to the defensive behaviour of their host (the grain aphid Sitobion avenae) could, in part, be responsible for the simultaneous presence of both species in cereal fields. The oviposition behaviour of A. picipes differed from that of A. rhopalosiphi by including a number of ‘fluttering wings’ sequences followed by immobility. It resulted in a 44 times longer host-handling time for A. picipes than for A. rhopalosiphi. Hosts attacked by A. picipes exhibited fewer defensive behaviours than hosts attacked by A. rhopalosiphi. A. picipes and A. rhopalosiphi rejected respectively 0% and 53% of unparasitized hosts presenting cornicle secretions, one of the defensive means of aphids. Furthermore, A. picipes females rejected 100% of the hosts that were already parasitized, whereas A. rhopalosiphi was previously described to reject only 20 to 40% of such hosts. Such differences could be explained by the way the two species deal with the aphid defensive behaviour. Field analyses, showed that A. rhopalosiphi was already present in wheat fields in early April whereas A. picipes appeared later and only achieved a low level of parasitism. However, when both species were present simultaneously, they shared the same resource. 相似文献
12.
13.
Katja H. Hora Peter Roessingh & Steph B.J. Menken 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2005,115(1):271-281
Changes in host acceptance is an important factor in the host specialization of phytophagous insects, and knowledge of the genetic organization of this behaviour is necessary in order to understand how host shifts occur. Here we describe the inheritance of adult host acceptance (oviposition) in three closely related species of Yponomeuta Latreille (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), and their interspecific hybrids. Yponomeuta cagnagellus (Hübner), a specialist on Euonymus europaeus L. (Celastraceae), Y. malinellus Zeller, a specialist on Malus spp. (Rosaceae), and Y. padellus (L.), oligophagous on a number of Rosaceae, were tested for their acceptance of parental hosts in choice tests. Acceptance of E. europaeus is semi‐dominant in hybrids of Y. cagnagellus×Y. padellus, and in hybrids of Y. cagnagellus×Y. malinellus. The dominance of this acceptance was confirmed in oviposition tests with backcross hybrids: backcross hybrids F1 × Y. cagnagellus oviposited mainly on E. europaeus and F1 × Y. padellus still deposited more than half of their egg masses on E. europaeus. Reciprocal hybrids did not differ in their host acceptance, indicating that the trait is autosomal. We further studied the effect of larval food on adult host acceptance (‘Hopkins host selection principle’) in split full‐sib F1 families. Larval diet influenced oviposition only in one of two hybrid crosses. The F1 hybrid of Y. padellus× Y. cagnagellus, reared on Prunus spinosa L., deposited a significantly lower percentage of egg masses on E. europaeus compared to their full‐sib sisters fed with E. europaeus. We did not find this in the reciprocal cross. However, still more than half of the egg masses are deposited on E. europaeus by hybrids that have no experience on this host. We conclude that the semi‐dominant character of acceptance of E. europaeus and a tendency of Rosaceae‐feeding Yponomeuta to deposit egg masses on this host may have created the opportunity for the host shift of the predecessor of Y. cagnagellus from Rosaceae to the Celastraceae. This shift may have been further facilitated by a weak tendency of adults to oviposit on their larval food source. 相似文献
14.
Marie Bengtsson Gunnhild Jaastad Geir Knudsen Sverre Kobro Anna-Carin Bäckman Eva Pettersson & Peter Witzgall 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2006,118(1):77-85
Plant volatiles mediate host finding in insect herbivores and lead to host fidelity and habitat‐specific mating, generating premating reproductive isolation and facilitating sympatric divergence. The apple fruit moth, Argyresthia conjugella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae), is a particularly suitable species to study the cues and behavioural mechanisms leading to colonization of a new host: it recurrently oviposits on the non‐host plant, apple Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), where the larvae cannot complete their development. The larval host of the apple fruit moth (Lepidoptera, Argyresthiidae), is rowan Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae). Fruit setting in rowan, however, fluctuates strongly over large areas in Scandinavia. Every 2–4 years, when too few rowanberries are available for egg laying in forests, apple fruit moth females oviposit instead on apple in nearby orchards, but not on other fruits, such as pear or plum. This poses the question of which cues mediate attraction to rowan and apple, and how apple fruit moth discriminates rowan from apple. Chemical analysis and antennal recordings showed that 11 out of 15 rowan volatiles eliciting an antennal response in A. conjugella females co‐occur in rowan and apple headspace, in a different proportion. In the field, A. conjugella was attracted to several of these plant volatiles, especially to 2‐phenyl ethanol, methyl salicylate, and decanal. Addition of anethole to 2‐phenyl ethanol had a strong synergistic effect, the 1 : 1 blend is a powerful attractant for A. conjugella males and females. These results confirm that volatiles common to both plants may account for a host switch in A. conjugella from rowan to apple. Some of the most attractive compounds, including 2‐phenyl ethanol, anethole, and decanal, which have been found in several apple cultivars, were not present in the headspace of the apple cultivar, Aroma, which is also susceptible to attack by A. conjugella. This supports the idea that the odour signal from apple is suboptimal for attraction of A. conjugella, but is nonetheless sufficient for attraction, during times when rowan is not available for egg laying. 相似文献
15.
【目的】为了明确氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)的交配节律、产卵节律和产卵部位偏好是否发生变化,以及这些行为变化是否有利于小菜蛾抗药性的形成。【方法】采用室内观察的方法,比较了小菜蛾氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系与室内品系在产卵行为和交配节律上的差异。【结果】(1)抗性品系在甘蓝植株上产卵时偏好选择中下部叶片,L1-L5叶上卵量占总卵量的比例,抗性品系显著高于室内品系;抗性品系在叶背面产卵的比例也高于室内品系,但差异不显著;而在心叶、叶柄和茎干部位3个品系间的产卵比例基本相当;(2)3个品系交配比例最高的时间段均在0:00—6:00,但交配比率第二高的时间段3个品系间存在差异,室内品系(29.40%)和中抗品系(25.91%)出现在18:00—24:00,而高抗品系(28.67%)出现在12:00—18:00;(3)室内品系、中抗品系和高抗品系白天产卵量占总产卵量的比例分别为39.49%、37.57%和42.67%,高抗品系白天产卵比例明显增加。但3个品系在4个时间段产卵从多到少规律一致,依次是0:00—6:00,12:00—18:00,18:00—24:00,6:00—12:00。【结论】抗性品系在甘蓝植株上产卵时,选择的部位更靠近植株的中下部,趋向于叶片背部。抗性品系和室内品系的交配节律也存在一定的差异,交配高峰期有一定程度的错开。氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系的这些行为变化有利于抗性基因的纵向传递,但是否影响抗性形成的速度需要进一步研究。 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT. 1. Studies involving experiments with olfactometers and field experiments have shown that the release of sex-pheromone by females of Yponomeuta spp. is stimulated by the presence of host plants.
2. While in Y.evonymellus L. less females emitted pheromone in the absence of host plants, in Y.padellus L. the initiation of pheromone release was delayed.
3. Females of Y.evonymellus, Y.cagnagellus Hüb., Y.padellus and Y.plumbellus D. & S. all preferred a place with host-plant odour to one with non-host odours for sex-pheromone release.
4. Male preference for host-plant odour was demonstrated in the laboratory only for Y.cagnagellus.
5. Trap catches in the field indicated a reinforcement of female attractiveness by host-plant stimuli. 相似文献
2. While in Y.evonymellus L. less females emitted pheromone in the absence of host plants, in Y.padellus L. the initiation of pheromone release was delayed.
3. Females of Y.evonymellus, Y.cagnagellus Hüb., Y.padellus and Y.plumbellus D. & S. all preferred a place with host-plant odour to one with non-host odours for sex-pheromone release.
4. Male preference for host-plant odour was demonstrated in the laboratory only for Y.cagnagellus.
5. Trap catches in the field indicated a reinforcement of female attractiveness by host-plant stimuli. 相似文献
17.
Abstract. 1. The annual herb Arabidopsis thaliana is a prime model organism of plant molecular genetics, and is currently used to explore the molecular basis of resistance to herbivores. However, both the magnitude and the causes of variation in resistance among natural populations of A. thaliana are poorly known. The hypotheses (a) that resistance to a specialist herbivore, the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is positively related to the density of leaf trichomes, and (b) that oviposition preference by female moths is positively correlated to larval performance on different populations and maternal lines of the host plant were examined.
2. Variation in leaf trichome density and resistance to P. xylostella within and among six natural populations of A. thaliana in Sweden was quantified . Resistance was quantified by examining the number of eggs laid on plants exposed to ovipositing female moths and by monitoring larval development on plants of different origin.
3. Trichome density varied significantly among populations; for 4-week-old plants (exposed to ovipositing moths), it also varied significantly among maternal families within populations. The rate of oviposition varied significantly both among populations and among families within populations. This variation could partly be explained by a negative relationship between trichome density and egg number, and a positive relationship between plant size and egg number. Time to pupation, pupal mass, and time to adult eclosion did not vary among populations or maternal lines of the host plant, and offspring performance was not related to P. xylostella oviposition preference . The results indicate that A. thaliana populations may respond to selection for increased resistance to P. xylostella , and suggest that trichome production contributes to resistance against this specialist herbivore. 相似文献
2. Variation in leaf trichome density and resistance to P. xylostella within and among six natural populations of A. thaliana in Sweden was quantified . Resistance was quantified by examining the number of eggs laid on plants exposed to ovipositing female moths and by monitoring larval development on plants of different origin.
3. Trichome density varied significantly among populations; for 4-week-old plants (exposed to ovipositing moths), it also varied significantly among maternal families within populations. The rate of oviposition varied significantly both among populations and among families within populations. This variation could partly be explained by a negative relationship between trichome density and egg number, and a positive relationship between plant size and egg number. Time to pupation, pupal mass, and time to adult eclosion did not vary among populations or maternal lines of the host plant, and offspring performance was not related to P. xylostella oviposition preference . The results indicate that A. thaliana populations may respond to selection for increased resistance to P. xylostella , and suggest that trichome production contributes to resistance against this specialist herbivore. 相似文献
18.
ALAN HERN GARETH EDWARDS-JONES RODERICK G MCKINLAY 《The Annals of applied biology》1996,128(2):349-371
This paper reviews the literature concerning the ovipositional behaviour of Pieris rapae (small cabbage white butterfly) and where appropriate considers results from studies involving other butterflies. The paper considers searching behaviour, stimuli utilised in host plant finding and identification and concludes with a general section on the role of learning and prior experience in ovipositional behaviour. 相似文献
19.
Abstract: The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae), is an important pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide. It has developed resistance to almost every synthetic insecticide applied in the field and consequently is often difficult to control in crucifer-growing areas. DBM oviposition behaviour was investigated in greenhouse and growth chamber conditions with seven cruciferous and one non-cruciferous plant varieties. In free choice tests, females deposited more eggs on the stem near the soil-stem interface than on leaves. Our findings suggest that DBM is capable of developing behavioural resistance through oviposition site selection to avoid lethal doses of foliar-applied insecticides in the field. 相似文献
20.