数学建模在生物化感及其赫米西斯(Hormesis)现象中的应用

简述了国内外对生物化感数学建模的研究近况,包括通过数学模型描述化感物质的赫米西斯(Hormesis)现象,化感作用在受体植物不同密度条件下的表达,植物残茬中化感物质的分解动态及受体植物的动态响应,环境中化感物质的动态变化规律及在植物-昆虫-天敌系统中的应用等。并对化感数学建模领域的先驱机理模型An-Hormesis模型,An-Liu-Johnson-Lovett模型,和An_Residue模型做了简介。     

稀土元素生物效应中的Hormesis现象

综述了稀土元素在动物、植物和微生物生理、生化过程中的Hormesis现象,并就其机理进行了讨论,以期为进一步弄清稀土元素的生物效应机制提供参考。     

蒙特卡罗法在化感作用全区间抑制强度评估(wholerange assessment)中的应用

植物化感作用的强弱与化感物质的作用浓度相关.化感作用全区间抑制强度指数(Whole-range assessmentindex)是用于评估植物在一定的化感物质作用范围内所受化感作用总体抑制程度的一种方法.在对非线性剂量响应进行曲线拟合的基础上,本研究应用蒙特卡罗模拟法为计算化感作用全区间抑制强度指数提供了一种科学的数学计算方法,并应用该计算方法分析了番茄水浸提液对生菜、萝卜、白菜、菜心、包心菜、豆角和水稻的化感作用强度.     

植物叶片水稳定同位素研究进展

植物叶片水稳定同位素变化可以直接沟通植物叶片内部与外界的物质和能量联系,并能够反映植物生长周围的气候与生态信息.另外,植物叶片水作为参与水循环的一个重要环节,了解叶片水稳定同位素组成有助于揭示其在局地水体稳定同位素循环中的分配与贡献.概述了国内外叶片水稳定同位素研究现况;介绍了叶片水稳定氢、氧同位素在植物体中的分馏过程及形式(热力学平衡分馏、动力学分馏以及生化分馏)以及影响叶片水稳定同位素组成的气象和生态因子;阐述了叶片水稳定同位素修正的Craig-Gordon稳态模型、string-of-lakes模型、Péclet效应的稳态模型、非稳态效应的模型、Péclet效应的非稳态模型以及二维模型的构建与完善过程;最后讨论了植物叶片水稳定同位素研究存在的问题,并从叶片水稳定同位素与气象、生态因子的关系,叶片水蒸腾线的斜率和截距及过量氘的意义,模型适用性的验证以及叶片水稳定同位素在水文循环的应用等方面展望了研究方向.     

稀土抗菌效应及应用的研究进展

稀土元素具有多种生物效应, 除了对农作物的增产作用外, 在医药方面还具有抗菌的作用, 近年来, 不少学者针对稀土元素的抗菌效应展开了相关的研究。本文介绍了稀土在抗菌领域的研究及应用, 包括稀土化合物对微生物生长的Hormesis效应、稀土化合物与抗生素的协同作用、稀土配合物的合成、以及稀土在抗菌材料上的应用等几个方面的内容, 并对稀土化合物及其配合物的抗菌机理进行了探讨, 最后, 展望了稀土化合物及配合物在抗菌领域的应用前景及研究重要性。     

植物密度调控及其对环境变化响应的研究进展

植物密度调控规律研究对于推动植物生态学理论的发展和指导林业、农业、牧业的合理密植以及恢复、改良不良生态环境等具有重要意义.文章综述了植物-3/2与-1/2自疏法则,自疏指数的不稳定性与争论,以及自疏法则与密度调控指数的关系的研究,总结了密度调控指数对水分梯度、盐分浓度、海拔以及光照条件等环境变化的响应,讨论了植物个体间的正负相互作用及其生态场、植物形态、盖度等植物密度调控机理与环境变化的关系,指出自疏指数研究经历从恒定、变异、随环境变化的发展,最后从WBE模型和代谢生态理论(MTE)、植物邻体效应、根冠整合机制、植物根际微生物对植物相互作用的调控、宏观与微观结合等方面展望了植物密度调控规律的研究发展趋势.     

硒对紫云英的 Hormesis 效应及其生理响应研究

采用水培方法,研究硒(Se)不同浓度(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5和5.0 mg/L)胁迫下紫云英的生长特征,探讨低浓度Se对紫云英的Hormesis效应,评价Se胁迫下紫云英的生理响应。结果表明,低浓度Se(≤0.5 mg/L)对紫云英根系相对伸长率、耐性指数、根系活力、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和类胡萝卜素含量均有显著的刺激效应,分别比对照增加了68.26%,9.00%,38.10%,21.6%,24.3%和66.7%;对其叶片蒸腾速率和叶片含水量也表现出一定的促进作用;Se浓度≥1.0 mg/L对紫云英的生长有明显的抑制作用。Se浓度为5.0 mg/L时,紫云英地上部Se含量达到(73.03±1.151)μg/g DW,地下部Se含量达到(48.427±1.525)μg/g DW。Se对紫云英产生Hormesis效应的剂量范围为0.2~0.5 mg/L。结果还表明,根系MDA含量、根系相对电导率、地下部分生物量、根系耐性指数、根系活力、根系相对伸长率和地上部生物量这7项指标在评价紫云英幼苗耐Se性方面比较重要。     

改进的植物生态场模型与实例分析

生态场理论是受物理学“场”思想的启示,在经典生态学的理论基础上,以一种演绎的思维方式和较为严格的定量、直观、综合的模型,探求生物间以及生物与环境间相互作用的机制与规律。生态场理论的主要问题是建立合理的生态场模型。对植物生态场强度、生态势的概念作了进一步的说明,并利用IRM(In tegrated rate m ethodo logy)方法改进植物生态场强度、生态势的模型,改进了场源植物的生态场作用范围模型,明确了植物生态场的物质性。将生态场理论的各个模型应用于半湿润半干旱地区榆树疏林中家榆个体产生的生态场行为研究中,结果表明在家榆个体产生的生态场作用范围内,随着与家榆距离的增加,场源家榆对其它植物生长的影响是先有利而后不利;对土壤分层分析结果表明在土壤浅层(0~0.2m),家榆与其它植物间的竞争较弱,而在地下0.2~0.4m处生态场强度有最小值,说明植物间资源竞争强烈;场源家榆产生的生态场在土壤上层(0~0.1m)的作用范围最大,随土壤深度增加,作用范围逐渐减小,至地下0.3~0.4m最小,而后生态场作用范围又有所增大。在模型的应用过程与结果分析中,体现出改进后的生态场模型的实际可操作性强、对生态学问题能够定量化、直观化研究的优点。     

茄子自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发及枯萎菌的化感效应

运用模拟的方式,采用生物测定和室内培养的方法,研究了两种茄子自毒物质香草醛和肉桂酸各浓度对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应,及其对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长的影响.结果表明:这两种自毒物质对辣椒种子萌发和幼苗生长具有低浓度促进,高浓度抑制的化感效应.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒和茄子种子的化感效应存在较大差异,辣椒种子受这两种自毒物质的抑制强度明显弱于茄子种子.香草醛和肉桂酸对辣椒枯萎菌菌丝生长表现为各浓度(0.1, 0.5, 1, 4mmol/L)下均具有抑制作用,作用强度随着浓度增加而增强,肉桂酸低浓度时对菌丝生长的抑制作用即达到显著水平.     

菊科植物化感作用研究进展

对菊科植物化感作用的研究进展进行了综述。菊科植物中至少有 39个属存在化感作用 ,特别是一枝黄花属、向日葵属、胜红蓟属、银胶菊属、蒿属植物等有较多的研究报道。鉴定出的化感物质多为萜类、聚乙炔类、酚类、有机酸类等 ,这些化感物质对多种受体植物表现出程度不同的抑制或促进的效应。其化感作用机理表现在破坏受体膜系统的稳定性及水分平衡关系、抑制氧化磷酸化、促进或阻滞叶绿素的合成、影响矿质元素的吸收利用等。并对菊科植物化感物质在植物生长调节剂、天然除草剂和生物杀虫剂 ,或人工合成除草剂和杀虫剂上应用的前景进行了探讨。本文显示菊科植物的化感作用将在控制外来恶性杂草及维护生态平衡上扮演重要的角色。在当前菊科植物化感作用研究的基础上 ,提出了进一步研究的 6个方向 :(1)化感物质的生物合成途径与关键酶的特性研究 ;(2 )具化感潜势物种资源的调查评价及利用研究 ;(3)化感作用在自然生态系统中的演变规律 ;(4 )菊科重要作物自毒的生化机制及克服途径 ;(5 )具应用前景的菊科植物化感关键酶的基因克隆和转基因 ,并对受体植物基因的表达与调控进行研究 ;(6 )化感作用在可持续发展农业应用上的研究与开发 ,特别是作为天然除草剂及杀虫剂     

Modelling the effect of autotoxicity on density-dependent phytotoxicity

An established method to separate resource competition from chemical interference is cultivation of monospecific, even-aged stands. The stands grow at several densities and they are exposed to homogenously spread toxins. Hence, the dose received by individual plants is inversely related to stand density. This results in distinguishable alterations in dose-response slopes. The method is often recommended in ecological studies of allelopathy. However, many plant species are known to release autotoxic compounds. Often, the probability of autotoxicity increases as sowing density increases. Despite this, the possibility of autotoxicity is ignored when experiments including monospecific stands are designed and when their results are evaluated. In this paper, I model mathematically how autotoxicity changes the outcome of dose-response slopes as different densities of monospecific stands are grown on homogenously phytotoxic substrata. Several ecologically reasonable relations between plant density and autotoxin exposure are considered over a range of parameter values, and similarities between different relations are searched for. The models indicate that autotoxicity affects the outcome of density-dependent dose-response experiments. Autotoxicity seems to abolish the effects of other phytochemicals in certain cases, while it may augment them in other cases. Autotoxicity may alter the outcome of tests using the method of monospecific stands even if the dose of autotoxic compounds per plant is a fraction of the dose of non-autotoxic phytochemicals with similar allelopathic potential. Data from the literature support these conclusions. A faulty null hypothesis may be accepted if the autotoxic potential of a test species is overlooked in density-response experiments. On the contrary, if test species are known to be non-autotoxic, the method of monospecific stands does not need fine-tuning. The results also suggest that the possibility of autotoxicity should be investigated in many density-response bioassays that are made with even-aged plants, and that measure plant growth or germination.     

自毒胁迫对甜瓜种子萌发与幼苗保护酶活性和转录组的影响

甜瓜自毒作用是导致其栽培实践中连作障碍严重的关键原因之一。该实验以甜瓜植株水浸提液处理模拟甜瓜自毒胁迫,通过测定自毒条件下甜瓜种子萌发、幼苗根系保护酶活性和MDA含量的变化及转录组分析,以探讨甜瓜自毒作用机理。结果显示:(1)甜瓜自毒胁迫总体上抑制了甜瓜种子萌发和后续生长,胁迫处理的阈值为0.03 g/mL。(2)甜瓜植株水浸提液处理后其幼苗根系保护酶活性和MDA含量变化非常剧烈,SOD活性表现为降-升-降趋势,POD活性先降后升,CAT活性先升后降,MDA含量持续增加。(3)转录组分析结果共鉴定出2 599个差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs),胁迫2 d后共产生2 251个DEGs,显著多于胁迫4 d后的329个DEGs;且2 d与0 d对比有923个DEGs上调,1 328个DEGs下调,表明甜瓜幼苗在基因水平对自毒胁迫产生了积极响应。(4)相关生物信息学分析表明,自毒胁迫导致的DEGs主要与苯丙烷代谢、活性氧代谢、光合作用和植物激素信号转导有关,同时也涉及到渗透调节、膜和蛋白保护等过程;且这些DEGs主要富集于2 d与0 d,说明自毒胁迫条件下幼苗光合作用发生了改变,且这种变化主要发生在胁迫早期。(5)对6个甜瓜自毒胁迫密切相关DEGs(AP2-2、bZIP1、bZIP2、AP2-1、bHLH和HIS)的qRT-PCR分析显示,AP2-1、bHLH和HIS等3个基因在自毒胁迫2 d时表达量出现峰值,对照组AP2-2基因在2 d时表达量达到峰值,结果与转录组测序分析结果一致。研究表明,甜瓜自毒胁迫引起了其植物细胞的异常,进而会对生长和器官结构产生不良影响并诱发了大量与刺激或胁迫相关的基因差异表达,且甜瓜自毒胁迫下短期响应的基因或转录因子数量明显多于长期响应的数量,暗示甜瓜幼苗可以对自毒胁迫做出快速响应。     

Autotoxicity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as determined by laboratory bioassays

Wheat varietal autotoxicity and varietal allelopathy were assessed based on plant extract and root exudate bioassays under laboratory conditions. Aqueous extract of wheat differed in varietal autotoxicity and varietal allelopathy, inhibiting wheat germination by 2–21%, radicle growth by 15–30%, and coleoptile growth by 5–20%, depending on the combination of the receiver and donor. Extracts of cv Triller or cv Currawong were more allelopathic to other wheat varieties than cv Batavia and cv Federation. Triller extract was more autotoxic than Federation. Assessment of root exudates by the equal-compartment-agar-method further identified the significant differences in varietal autotoxicity and varietal allelopathy of root exudates between wheat varieties, with root exudates of Triller or Batavia showing stronger autotoxic or allelopathic effects than Currawong or Federation. The varietal autotoxicity and allelopathy of root exudates also showed a characteristic radial inhibitory pattern in the agar growth medium. These results suggest that careful selection of suitable wheat varieties is necessary in a continuous cropping system in order to minimize the negative impacts of varietal allelopathy and varietal autotoxicity. Factors affecting autotoxicity in the field and strategies in autotoxicity management are discussed. Resposible Editor: Philippe Hinsinger     

Allelopathy of rice (Oryza sativa L.) root exudates and its relations with Orobanche cumana Wallr. and Orobanche minor Sm. germination

Allelopathy has been considered not only as an environmentally friendly approach for weed control but also a potential reason causing autotoxicity in crop production. In this study, the responses of seeds of lettuce, wheat, rice, clover broomrape (CB), and sunflower broomrape (SB) to the root exudates of rice cultivars were studied. Lettuce germination was promoted by root exudates of Yliangyou 3218 and I-Kung-Pao. Wheat seedling growth was inhibited by all nine rice species. I-Kung-Pao and Ganxin 203 exerted greater autotoxicity than other cultivars. Yongyou 15 and I-Kung-Pao induced the highest germination rate of CB, while Yongyou 13, Zhongzao 22, and I-Kung-Pao induced the highest germination rate of SB. A significantly correlation was noted between germination-inducing ability on broomrape seeds and allelopathic effects on target plants. It is suggested that using broomrape seeds germination is a better receptor for the identification of rice allelopathic potential.     

Autotoxicity: Concept,Organisms, and Ecological Significance

The present review deals with the phenomenon of autotoxicity — a type of intraspecific allelopathy, where a plant species inhibits the growth of its own kind through the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. This phenomenon has been reported to occur in a number of weeds and crop plants in agroecosystem and wastelands causing the soil sickness. Besides, it plays a significant role in the orchards (of apple, pear, grapes, etc.) where it is the major reason of the replant problem, natural forests and coffee and tea plantations causing the regeneration problems. Not only the higher plants, but even some ferns and algae are also reported to show this phenomenon. Some plants have even developed extensive mechanisms to overcome this phenomenon, whereas the others have adapted to it by making structural and ecological changes providing to them a competitive ecological advantage over the others. Although autotoxicity is a natural phenomena providing selective benefit to the plant, yet the chemicals responsible for this have good potential for weed and pest management.     

伊贝母根系分泌物自毒作用研究

采用生物测定的方法,研究了伊贝母(Fritillaria pallidifloraSchvek)根系分泌物及其主要成分1,3,5-三烯丙基-1,3,5-三嗪-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)三酮、苯酚和二者的混合液对伊贝母生长的影响。结果表明,伊贝母根系分泌物对其种子萌发及胚根胚轴的生长有明显抑制作用,各浓度处理液对种子萌发及发芽势的影响多表现为抑制作用,随浓度升高而增强,但当超过一定浓度以后抑制作用有所下降。各浓度处理液对胚根胚轴生长的抑制作用表现为随浓度升高而增强,在较低浓度时对胚轴的生长表现为一定的促进作用。     

Fertilization and allelopathy modify Pinus halepensis saplings crown acclimation to shade

Pinus halepensis Mill., is a Mediterranean pioneer forest species with shade-intolerant features. The purpose of this study is to better understand how stand fertility and allelopathic properties of adult trees influence shade acclimation of saplings. Crown growth and morphological plasticity were studied under different light, fertilization, and allelopathic conditions in a nursery experiment. We tested whether shade-acclimation capacity increases with fertilization, and is affected by autotoxicity due to pine leachates. We examined stem diameter, and crown characteristics (length, width, shape, and density) in a factorial experiment with two levels for each tested factor: light (full and 20% reduced light), fertilization (low and high rate of NPK fertilizer) and allelopathy (control and allelopathic leachates uptake). In our study, shading induced a significantly higher crown length, width, and surface. Fertilization strongly increased crown length and vertical expended crown shape (the ratio crown length/crown width). Leachates uptake reduced crown length and density, highlighting an autotoxicity phenomenon. We concluded that P. halepensis saplings presented a shade-avoiding syndrome and that the crown shade-acclimation response increased with fertilization but was severely compromised by autotoxicity. We finally discuss the role of fertilization and allelopathy in early P. halepensis acclimation ability.     

Deterministic model for the transport of energetic particles: Application in the electron radiotherapy

A new deterministic method for calculating the dose distribution in the electron radiotherapy field is presented. The aim of this work was to validate our model by comparing it with the Monte Carlo simulation toolkit, GEANT4. A comparison of the longitudinal and transverse dose deposition profiles and electron distributions in homogeneous water phantoms showed a good accuracy of our model for electron transport, while reducing the calculation time by a factor of 50. Although the Bremsstrahlung effect is not yet implemented in our model, we propose here a method that solves the Boltzmann kinetic equation and provides a viable and efficient alternative to the expensive Monte Carlo modeling.     

Heterologous production of a ginsenoside saponin (compound K) and its precursors in transgenic tobacco impairs the vegetative and reproductive growth

Planta - Production of compound K (a ginsenoside saponin) and its precursors in transgenic tobacco resulted in stunted growth and seed set failure, which may be caused by strong autotoxicity of...