人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子研究

人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子研究崔秀云,田余祥（大连医科大学,大连１１６０２３）关键词人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子人胎盘核糖核酸酶抑制因子（ｈｕｍａｎｐｌａｃｅｎｔａｌｒｉｂｏｎｕｃｌｅａｓｅｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｏｒ,ＰＲＩ）是一种酸性胞溶性蛋白质,分子量为５０ｋ...     

人核糖核酸酶抑制因子基因重组腺病毒载体的构建及鉴定

目的构建含有人核糖核酸酶抑制因子（hRI）基因的重组腺病毒载体。方法以含有全长cDNA的pT7-RI为模板,PCR扩增hRI,经T载体克隆后,酶切亚克隆到穿梭质粒pAdTrack—CMV上,在BJ5183细菌内和pAdEasy-1同源重组。筛选阳性克隆,酶切、PCR及测序鉴定,线性化后脂质体法转染293细胞进行包装、扩增。通过观察绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）的表达及PCR扩增目的基因等方法鉴定重组的腺病毒。结果酶切鉴定及PCR结果证明hRI基因重组腺病毒载体构建成功,病毒滴度为1．5×10^10 pfu/ml。结论应用细菌内同源重组法成功构建了含hRI基因的重组腺病毒载体。     

绿色荧光蛋白融合人核糖核酸酶抑制因子表达载体pEGFP-C1-hri的构建及鉴定

目的构建表达绿色荧光蛋白融合人核糖核酸酶抑制因子的表达载体pEGFP—C1—hri,为探讨人核糖核酸酶抑制因子抗肿瘤作用的分子机制打下基础。方法用亚克隆法,将目的片段从表达载体pGEX-6p-1-hri克隆到pEGFP-C1上,用双酶切筛选得到阳性重组质粒pEGFP—C1—hri,用脂质体法将其瞬时转染到小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16中,在荧光显微镜下检测其表达。结果pEGFP—C1—hri中插入了hri序列,绿色荧光高效表达于B16细胞浆中。结论pEGFP—C1—hri表达载体已成功构建。     

宫颈癌患者核糖核酸酶抑制因子基因突变的分析

目的通过对宫颈癌患者血液核糖核酸酶抑制因子(ribonuclease inhibitor,RI)基因RNH的突变分析,探讨RNH基因与肿瘤生长的关系。方法针对RNH全基因序列设计21对引物,PCR扩增后采用SSCP对突变进行检测。结果正常人和宫颈癌患者均扩增出相应的21个条带,未发现异常;经过SSCP分析未发现所收集的18例宫颈癌患者血液中的RNH基因有突变发生。结论尚不能肯定RNH基因的突变是否与肿瘤无关,也不能肯定其他肿瘤没有发生突变。需缩小检测片段进一步实验。     

核糖核酸酶抑制因子的制备及其在红细胞中的检测

应用Sepharose-RNase亲和层折柱从人胎盘中分防核糖核酸酶抑制因子(RI),纯化约1000倍,得率为43％。纯RI与Freund佐剂1:1稀释,免疫家免,获得抗血清,效价为1:8。经琼脂糖双扩散法和免疫分析,证明红血球中有特异性RI。存在于红细胞胞浆中,红细胞膜上不存在RI。     

核糖核酸酶抑制因子(RI)的融合表达与复性

应用PCR技术从核糖核酸酶抑制因子 (ribonucleaseinhibitor ,RI)的克隆载体pT7 ri中扩增出ri片段 (1 5kb) ,亚克隆到融合表达载体pGEX 2T中 ,并转化感受态大肠杆菌BL2 1.异丙基半乳糖苷 (IPTG)诱导表达的GST RI经SDS PAGE证明分子量约 76kD ,表达量约占菌体蛋白总量 2 0 % .以包涵体形式表达的目的蛋白经尿素变性 ,透析复性得到的产物具有较高的抑制RNaseA的活性(15 0U ml) .复性的融合蛋白于 2 4℃经凝血酶作用 16h ,可被切割成 5 0kD的RI和 2 6kD的GST .     

核糖核酸酶抑制因子对血管生成素功能的调控

血管生成素（angiogenin,ANG）能有效促进血管生成和肿瘤细胞增殖,在肿瘤发生发展中起重要作用.其主要分子机制是通过核转位和激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,刺激rRNA转录和核糖体生成.ANG也被发现在肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）和帕金森病（PD）患者中存在基因编码区的功能突变,表明其在运动神经元生理方面发挥作用,其缺陷是神经退行性疾病的一个危险因素.核糖核酸酶抑制因子（ribonuclease inhibitor,RI）是胞内酸性蛋白质,由460个氨基酸残基组成,分子质量约为50 kD,当其与核糖核酸酶A（RNaseA）结合形成复合物后,可抑制RNaseA 的90％以上活性,从而有效调节细胞内RNA水平. ANG具有低核糖核酸酶活性, 是RNase超家族一员,与RNase A有着高度保守的同源顺序. 序列、结构和酶学等分析表明,RI也能够与ANG紧密结合,且得到体外实验的证明. 研究发现,RI具抑癌基因功能;RI与ANG在细胞内共定位;Co IP和GST pull down证实其相互作用,获取了RI与ANG在体内结合的直接证据;RI与AKT磷酸化表达负相关.在膀胱癌细胞及临床标本中证实了RI与 ANG和PI3K/AKT通路分子表达的相关性及与肿瘤细胞生长与转移的关系．在细胞和动物模型研究表明,RI调节ANG活性的功能及其分子机制,即RI通过结合ANG而封锁其核转位和调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路及其相关通路交互应答（cross talk）的能力,从而抑制肿瘤生长及转移. RI是一个有希望的抗肿瘤蛋白新药和血管生成抑制剂,可望成为基因治疗的靶基因.     

核糖核酸酶抑制因子与衰老关系的研究

本文研究了红细胞核糖核酸酶抑制因子(RI)活力在小鼠和人增龄时的变化。在3、7、17和34周龄?性小鼠(BALB/C,ICR和DBA/2)的实验中,观察到红细胞RI活力随小鼠周龄的增加而显著下降。用20—60岁健康人为研究对象,发现红细胞RI的活力变化与增龄具有线性相关。y=-43.25x+5290,r=0.477,P<0.001,n=58。 本文提出;红细胞RI活力随增龄而下降,能反映生物年龄的变化,并对RI在细胞代谢的意义及与衰老的关系进行了讨论。RI的研究为阐明衰老机理提供了一条途径。     

Interaction of semisynthetic variants of RNase A with ribonuclease inhibitor.

Derivatives of ribonuclease A (RNase A) with modifications in positions 1 and/or 7 were prepared by subtilisin-catalyzed semisynthesis starting from synthetic RNase 1-20 peptides and S-protein (RNase 21-124). The lysyl residue at position 1 was replaced by alanine, whereas Lys-7 was replaced by cysteine that was specifically modified prior to semisynthesis. The enzymes obtained were characterized by protein chemical methods and were active toward uridylyl-3',5'-adenosine and yeast RNA. When Lys-7 was replaced by S-methyl-cysteine or S-carboxamido-contrast, the catalytic properties were only slightly altered. The dissociation constant for the RNase A-RI complex increased from 74 fM (RNase A) to 4.5 pM (Lys-1, Cys-7-methyl RNase), corresponding to a decrease in binding energy of 10 kJ mol-1. Modifications that introduced a positive charge in position 7 (S-aminoethyl- or S-ethylpyridyl-cysteine) led to much smaller losses. The replacement of Lys-1 resulted in a 4-kJ mol-1 loss in binding energy. S-protein bound to RI with Ki = 63.4 pM, 800-fold weaker than RNase A. This corresponded to a 16-kJ mol-1 difference in binding energy. The results show that the N-terminal portion of RNase A contributes significantly to binding of ribonuclease inhibitor and that ionic interactions of Lys-7 and to a smaller extent of Lys-1 provide most of the binding energy.     

Inhibition of human pancreatic ribonuclease by the human ribonuclease inhibitor protein

The ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) binds to members of the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) superfamily with an affinity in the femtomolar range. Here, we report on structural and energetic aspects of the interaction between human RI (hRI) and human pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase 1). The structure of the crystalline hRI x RNase 1 complex was determined at a resolution of 1.95 A, revealing the formation of 19 intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving 13 residues of RNase 1. In contrast, only nine such hydrogen bonds are apparent in the structure of the complex between porcine RI and RNase A. hRI, which is anionic, also appears to use its horseshoe-shaped structure to engender long-range Coulombic interactions with RNase 1, which is cationic. In accordance with the structural data, the hRI.RNase 1 complex was found to be extremely stable (t(1/2)=81 days; K(d)=2.9 x 10(-16) M). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments enabled the identification of two cationic residues in RNase 1, Arg39 and Arg91, that are especially important for both the formation and stability of the complex, and are thus termed "electrostatic targeting residues". Disturbing the electrostatic attraction between hRI and RNase 1 yielded a variant of RNase 1 that maintained ribonucleolytic activity and conformational stability but had a 2.8 x 10(3)-fold lower association rate for complex formation and 5.9 x 10(9)-fold lower affinity for hRI. This variant of RNase 1, which exhibits the largest decrease in RI affinity of any engineered ribonuclease, is also toxic to human erythroleukemia cells. Together, these results provide new insight into an unusual and important protein-protein interaction, and could expedite the development of human ribonucleases as chemotherapeutic agents.     

TNF inhibitor suppresses bone metastasis in a breast cancer cell line

In the evolution of cancer, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a paradoxical role. High doses induce significant anticancer effects, but conversely, physiologic and pathologic levels of TNF-α may be involved in cancer promotion, tumor growth, and metastasis.Infliximab is a chimeric murine monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to soluble and membrane TNF-α and inhibits binding of TNF-α to its receptors. In the present study, we investigated the effect of infliximab, a TNF-α antagonist, on breast cancer aggressiveness and bone metastases.Infliximab greatly reduced cell motility and bone metastases in a metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. The mechanism of bone metastasis inhibition involved decreased expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and increased expression of decorin, which is the prototype of an expanding family of small leucine-rich proteoglycans. These results suggest a novel role for TNF-α inhibition in the reduction or prevention of bone metastases in this breast cancer model. Our study suggests that inhibition of TNF-α using infliximab may become a preventive therapeutic option for breast cancer.     

Fluorescence assay for the binding of ribonuclease A to the ribonuclease inhibitor protein

Ribonuclease A (RNase A) and the ribonuclease inhibitor protein (RI) form one of the tightest known protein-protein complexes. RNase A variants and homologues, such as G88R RNase A, that retain ribonucleolytic activity in the presence of RI are toxic to cancer cells. Herein, a new and facile assay is described for measuring the equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) and dissociation rate constant (k(d)) for complexes of RI and RNase A. This assay is based on the decrease in fluorescence intensity that occurs when a fluorescein-labeled RNase A binds to RI. To allow time for equilibration, the assay is most readily applied to those complexes with K(d) values in the nanomolar range or higher. Using this assay, the value of K(d) for the complex of RI with fluorescein-labeled G88R RNase A was determined to be 0.55 +/- 0.03 nM. In addition, the value of K(d) was determined for the complex of RI with unlabeled G88R RNase A to be 0.57 +/- 0.05 nM by using a competition assay with fluorescein-labeled G88R RNase A. Finally, the value of k(d) for the complex of RI with fluorescein-labeled G88R RNase A was determined to be (7.5 +/- 0.4) x 10(-3) s(-1) by monitoring the increase in fluorescence intensity upon dissociation. This assay can be used to characterize complexes of RI with a wide variety of RNase A variants and homologues, including those with cytotoxic activity.     

Glycolaldehyde induces apoptosis in a human breast cancer cell line

Activated phagocytes employ myeloperoxidase to generate glycolaldehyde, 2-hydroxypropanal, and acrolein. Because alpha-hydroxy and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes are highly reactive, phagocyte-mediated formation of these products may play a role in killing bacteria and tumor cells. Using breast cancer cells, we demonstrate that glycolaldehyde inactivates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, suppresses cell growth, and induces apoptosis. These results suggest that glycolaldehyde might be an important mediator of neutrophil anti-tumor activity.     

Radical scavenging activity of ribonuclease inhibitor from cow placenta

Cow placenta ribonuclease inhibitor (CPRI) has been purified 5062-fold by affinity chromatography, the product being homogeneous by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis. The chemiluminescence technique was used to determine the radical scavenging activities of CPRI toward different reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion (O2-*), hydroxyl radical (OH*), lipid-derived radicals (R*), and singlet oxygen (1O2). CPRI could effectively scavenge O2-*, OH*, R*, and 1O2 at EC50 of 0.12, 0.008, 0.009, and 0.006 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, the radical scavenging activities of CPRI were higher than those of tea polyphenols, indicating that CPRI is a powerful antioxidant.     

Progestin stimulation of thymidine kinase in the human breast cancer cell line T74D

Our laboratory has previously reported that progestins stimulate growth of the human breast cancer cell line T47D. In an attempt to probe further into this stimulation, we are investigating progestin effects of thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21), an enzyme known to be involved in growth regulation. This report relates our finding that progestins stimulate thymidine kinase activity, at physiological progestin concentrations, in a dose-responsive manner. Estradiol-17β also stimulates, but testosterone, hydrocortisone and aldosterone do not. The antiprogestin RU486 inhibits progestin stimulation, but also stimulates on its own. Maximal by 24 h, the progestin stimulation then falls off with time. Experiments with actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggest that the thymidine kinase stimulation depends on new RNA and protein synthesis. These data shed further light on progestin stimulation of the growth of human breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of progestin stimulation of thymidine kinase in human breast cancer cells.     

Molecular recognition of human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (RNase 2) by placental ribonuclease inhibitor

Placental ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) binds diverse mammalian RNases with dissociation constants that are in the femtomolar range. Previous studies on the complexes of RI with RNase A and angiogenin revealed that RI utilises largely distinctive interactions to achieve high affinity for these two ligands. Here we report a 2.0 angstroms resolution crystal structure of RI in complex with a third ligand, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), and a mutational analysis based on this structure. The RI-EDN interface is more extensive than those of the other two complexes and contains a considerably larger set of interactions. Few of the contacts present in the RI-angiogenin complex are replicated; the correspondence to the RI-RNase A complex is somewhat greater, but still modest. The energetic contributions of various interface regions differ strikingly from those in the earlier complexes. These findings provide insight into the structural basis for the unusual combination of high avidity and relaxed stringency that RI displays.