籼粳稻光合作用的光抑制特性及在正反交F1杂种中的表现

用稻０２４２８、０２９和籼稻３０３７、Ｐａｌ－ｇｈａｒ进行杂交,探索籼粳亚种光抑制特性在Ｆ１杂种中的遗传表现。结果表明：通常粳稻表现耐光抑制,籼稻表现对光抑制敏感。杂种Ｆ１的光抑制特性因正反交有明显差异。粳／籼Ｆ１光合光抑制与其母本粳稻相似,因其来自母本质基因编码的ＱＢ蛋白与＾１４Ｃ－Ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ结合的Ｋｂ值和光抑制条件下ＱＢ蛋白维持能力接近;籼／粳Ｆ１比母本籼稻耐光抑制,因其ＱＢ蛋白维持能力     

水稻籼粳亚种杂交1代的光合光抑制特性

用４个粳稻品种,５个籼稻品种进行正反交,得到１６个籼粳杂交Ｆ１,测定其光合光抑制特性。结果表明：通常籼稻对光抑制的敏感性大于粳稻,但籼稻中也有耐性强的品种。籼粳杂交稻Ｆ１的光抑制介于双亲之间,并偏向其母本。光抑制程度与ＰＳⅡ活性一致,其机理与双亲核编码的ＳＯＤ诱导活性和母本质体编码的Ｄ１蛋白量有关。比较釉粳杂交稻“３０３７／０２４２８”和税型杂交稻“汕优６３”的光抑制特性发现,在光抑制条件下,籼粳杂交稻ＳＯＤ诱导活性和Ｄ１蛋白量保持能力较高,因而ＰＳⅡ和光合能力表现比较稳定。因此,为培育耐光抑制的籼粳杂交稻,筛选耐性强的品种作母本是籼粳亚种配组的重要原则。     

光抑制条件下水稻籼粳亚种及其正反交F_1杂种的PSⅡ光化学效率和CO_2交换特点

测定了水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）不同正反交组合的ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性、Ｄ１蛋白量、叶绿素ａ荧光、净光合速率（ＰＮ）、光呼吸速率（ＰＲ）、ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ／Ｏａｓｅ活性,并对ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ进行了动力学分析。结果表明：光抑制条件下粳（ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）亚种中Ｄ１蛋白净降解少,ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性和光化学效率高,表现耐光抑制,而籼（ｉｎｄｉｃａ）亚种则相反,籼、粳正反交Ｆ１的上述指标介于双亲值之间且偏向其母本。进一步观察它们的ＣＯ２交换特点,所有基因型水稻ＰＲ保持稳定、ＰＮ降低,因而ＰＲ／ＰＮ增加。与耐光抑制的粳亚种相比,对光抑制敏感的籼亚种中ＰＮ降低较多、ＰＲ／ＰＮ增加较多。正反交Ｆ１杂种的ＰＲ／ＰＮ介于双亲值之间且偏向其母本。ＣＯ２交换的关键酶ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ／Ｏａｓｅ活性和ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ动力学参数没有变化且在基因型间无差异。相关分析表明,Ｄ１蛋白量与Ｆｖ／Ｆｍ、ＰＲ／ＰＮ的相关系数分别为０．９５０１和－０．９７６８。看来,质基因编码的Ｄ１蛋白是籼粳杂种稻光抑制特性及其生理遗传的分子基础。     

光抑制条件下水稻籼粳亚种及其正反交F1杂种的PSⅡ光化学效率和CO2？…

测定了水稻不同正反交组合的ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性、Ｄ１蛋白量、叶绿素ａ荧光、净光合速率（ＰＮ）、光呼吸速率（ＰＲ）、ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ／Ｏａｓｅ活性,并对ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ进行了动力学分析。结果表明：光抑制条件下粳亚种中Ｄ１蛋白净降解少,ＰＳⅡ电子传递活性和光化学效率高,表现耐光抑制,而籼亚种则相反,籼、粳正反交Ｆ１的上述指标介于双亲值之间且偏向其母本。进一步观察它们的ＣＯ２交换特点,所有基因型水稻ＰＲ保     

粳稻和籼稻D1蛋白光抑制敏感性的差异与其编码基因序列结构特征的相关性分析(英文)

粳稻 (OryzasativaL .ssp .japonica)和籼稻 (O .sativassp .indica)对光抑制的敏感程度存在差异 ,它们的叶绿体光反应中心Ⅱ核心蛋白D1的稳定性不同。以菌落原位杂交法克隆了粳稻“95 16”和籼稻“籼优 6 3”叶绿体D1蛋白的编码基因psbA。核苷酸序列同源比较显示 :两者在启动子区和 5′_UTR完全相同 ;编码区存在着个别碱基的差异 ,但均位于三联体密码的第三位 ,不影响氨基酸编码特性 ,在蛋白质氨基酸序列上没有差异 ;在 3′_UTR内存在寡聚U长度的差异。因此 ,粳稻和籼稻D1蛋白对光抑制作用敏感性的差异与其蛋白质的氨基酸序列结构无关 ,可能与调控psbA基因表达的上游因子或光保护机制的差异有关。     

粳稻和灿稻D1蛋白光抑制敏感性的差异与其编码基因序列结构特征的相关性分析

粳稻（Oryza sativa L.ssp.japonica)和籼稻（O.sativa ssp.indica)对光抑制的敏感程度存在差异,它们的叶绿体光反应中心Ⅱ核心蛋白D1的稳定性不同。以菌落原位杂交法克隆了粳稻“9516”和籼稻“籼优63”叶绿体D1蛋白的编码基因psaA。核苷酸序列同源比较显示：两在启动子枢和5′－UTR完全相同。编码区存在着个别碱基的差异,但均位于三联体密码的第三位,不影响氨基酸编码特性,在蛋白质氨基酸序列上没有差异,在3′－UTR内存在寡聚U4长度的差异。因此,粳稻和籼稻D1蛋白对光抑制作用敏感性的差异与其蛋白质的氨基酸序列结构无关,可能与调控psaA基因表达的上游因子或光保护机制的差异有关。     

光敏感雄性不育水稻的体细胞与花药培养及再生植株性状表现研究

对8个光敏感雄性不育籼稻杂种一代及其亲本花药培养的研究发现,光敏不育粳稻虽然为雄性不育,但其愈伤组织诱导率与植株再生能力不在一般正常粳稻品种之下,为籼稻“新会粘”的28倍。绝大多数光敏不育之籼粳杂种的花药培养能力也是十分高的。在起源于体细胞及花药的光敏不育水稻之再生植株共1146株试管苗中,发现少数在5月下旬及6月上旬抽穗的已表现为完全雄性不育。这些材料之幼穗的第二枝梗分化时(4月下旬至5月上旬)之日长尚不足13小时,远在农垦58S的临界日长14小时之下。在8个组合的籼粳光敏杂种一代花粉植株中,有的组合完全表现为粳型(组合4及7,表2),有的完全表现为籼型(组合2及6),多数则两者兼有。在全部80个愈伤无性系中,单倍体20个,二倍体58个,多倍体2个。58个二倍体无性系申不育的为20个,占34.5%。其中在晚造短日照条件下能转变为可育的有11个,占二倍体的19%,占二倍体不育的55%。所有光敏不育花粉植株,在早造条件下I-KI之花粉染色率与结实率均为0%,在晚造(9月份之后)条件下,能转换为可育。但不同组合、不同无性系之间育性转换的频率与稳定性差异颇大。     

高光胁迫对水稻籼粳亚种两个品种色素蛋白复合体的影响

以耐光抑制的水稻(Oryza sativa L.)粳亚种品种"武育粳"和对光抑制敏感的籼亚种品种"汕优63"的剑叶为材料,比较研究了高光胁迫对水稻两个亚种光合系统的影响.结果表明,高光胁迫影响激发能在两个光系统之间的分配,抑制激发能向PSⅡ传递.在籼稻中激发峰和发射峰以及相关比值在受到高光胁迫后下降的幅度均比在粳稻中显著.与粳稻相比,高光胁迫几乎使籼稻的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的三聚体解体,使其PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的二聚体、PSⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体、PSⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体以及PSⅠ反应中心叶绿素a蛋白复合体的含量明显降低.高光胁迫导致水稻两亚种的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合物单体含量的增加.类囊体膜多肽分析表明,高光胁迫使属于PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的27、25 kD蛋白和PSⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体的21 kD蛋白含量在水稻两亚种中都降低,其中以25 kD蛋白含量降幅最大.在籼稻中高光胁迫使属于PSⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体的43 kD和47kD蛋白以及外周23kD蛋白含量明显降低而在粳稻中则影响较小.     

水稻亚种间杂种F1光合特性研究

用绵恢725、蜀恢527和蜀恢881三个籼型恢复系、1个美国稻Lemont和1个爪哇稻香大粒作母本,与1个日本特早熟粳稻Kitaake杂交,研究了5个杂种F1及其亲本的光合生理表现.结果表明,在高光通量密度(Photosynthetic flux density,PFD)条件下,5个杂种F1净光合速率(Pn)明显高于双亲或双亲之一,推测亲本与杂种F1之间不同的Pn同叶片中Rubsico活性有关.杂种F1的比较中,在表观量子效率(ψ)、羧化效率(CE)、CO2补偿点(T)等方面,籼粳亚种间杂种F1(绵恢725/Kitaake、蜀恢527/Kitaake、蜀恢881/Kitaake)对2个亚种内杂种F1香大粒/Kitaake(粳爪交)、Lemont/Kitaake(不同生态型的粳粳交,美国稻属于特殊粳稻)具有明显的优势,而蜀恢881含有粳型血缘,蜀恢881/Kitaake也比典型籼粳亚种间杂种F1绵恢725/Kitaake、蜀恢527/Kitaake优势稍逊一筹.5个杂种F1因为具有不同的遗传差异而表现出不同的光合优势,在这方面,典型籼粳亚种间杂交蜀恢527/Kitaake、绵恢725/Kitaake要优于其他杂交种,说明亲本间遗传差异越大,其杂种F1的光合优势越强.     

高光胁迫对水稻籼粳亚种两个品种色素蛋白复合体的影响

以耐光抑制的水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）粳亚种品种“武育粳”和对光抑制敏感的灿亚种品种“汕优６３”的剑叶为材料,比较研究了高光胁迫对水稻两个亚种光合系统的影响。结果表明,高光胁迫影响激发能在两个光系统之间的分配,抑制激发能向ＰＳⅡ传递。在籼稻中激发峰和发射峰以及相关比值在受到高光胁迫后下降的幅度均比在粳稻中显著。与粳稻相比,高光胁迫几乎使籼稻的ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的三聚体解体,使其Ｐ     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000