外循环气升式反应器性能及其应用于大米酒糟废液处理的研究

本文研究了所选反应器的气含率、混合时间和容积氧传递系数等特性。实验是在外循环气升式反应器和鼓泡式反应器的空气－水系统中进行,由所得的实验数据进行回归分析得到反应器的回归方程,并且利用性能较好的外循环气升式反应器,在酒糟废液中培养BN99真菌。结果为：废液中COD值减少了60～70％,pH值从5．2上升到6．5,菌体蛋白的含量高达38．88％,固体、液体易于分离。因此,在真菌培养和酒糟废液处理方面,外循环气升式反应器是一种性能良好的反应器。     

酒精废液用于单细胞蛋白的生产

本文采用蔗糖蜜生产酒精后得到的蒸馏废液来培养Candida和Paecilomyes菌株,生产单细胞蛋白。报导了用两种菌株进行的小型和大型的试验结果以及细胞材料中有关的化学成分,氨基酸、维生素含量和生理价值的数据。在产糖国家中所得到的酒精废液的数量是相当大的。每立方米酒精废液可生产干酵母约15公斤。 培养基的制备:在1升酒精废液中加入2—3.5克硫酸铵和0.2—0.3克磷酸氢铵。每升加入20克琼脂来制备斜面培养基。调P~H4.5—5。培养温度为30℃。     

利用味精生产废液生产饲料酵母

我们以味精生产过程中离子交换工序排出的废液作原料,直接用碱调pH3.5—4后,接入热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis),于30—32℃摇瓶培养16小时,可得干菌体8克/升。用50升发酵罐培养时,以半连续法进行酵     

利用粉丝废液固定化红曲发酵生产红曲色素的研究*

对以粉丝生产废液为主要培养基,以聚乙烯醇海藻酸钠双载体固定红曲Monascuspurpureus,采用气升式生物反应器重复发酵生产红曲色素进行了考察研究.试验结果表明:粉丝生产废液经适当补加营养盐可作为发酵生产红曲色素的良好培养基,其最佳发酵条件为:发酵培养基初始pH值为5~6;发酵温度为30℃;固定化细胞粒子接入量为20%,通气量为0.35vvm,发酵周期为50h左右。     

利用粉丝废液固定化红曲发酵生产红曲色素的研究

对以粉丝生产废液为主要培养基,以聚乙烯醇海藻酸钠双载体固定红曲Monascus purpureus,采用气升式生物反应器重复发酵生产红曲色素进行了考察研究．试验结果表明：粉丝生产废液经适当补加营养盐可作为发酵生产红曲色素的良好培养基,其最佳发酵条件为：发酵培养基初始pH值为5—6;发酵温度为30℃;固定化细胞粒子接入量为20％,通气量为0．35vvm,发酵周期为50h左右。     

用连续发酵工艺由味精废液制取单细胞蛋白

用谷氨酸发酵液经一步冷冻等电法提取后的废液生产饲料酵母,经15m3气升式反应器连续发酵试验,其菌体干物质浓度平均为24．88g／L,稀释率0.187h-1,生产干酵母能力为4．65kg／m3·h,发酵单位电耗2．872kW·h／m3,生产成本在1700元,吨(饲料酵母)左右。饲料酵母粗蛋白含量在60％以上,18种氨基酸齐全,氨基酸总量达50％,达到部颁一级饲料酵母的标准。味精废液经酵母菌处理后,COD去除率74．7％。经试验统计,每开废液中获得1g菌体干物质需消耗COD 1625mg／L。     

自絮凝颗粒酵母酒精高浓度连续发酵的研究

在四釜串联气升环流悬浮床生物反应器系统中 ,进行了絮凝颗粒酵母酒精连续发酵的研究。以CO2 为驱动动力 ,发酵液液蒸馏废液全循环 ,稀释率为 0 2 h。发酵成熟醑酒精平均浓度为 96 6g L ,残余还原糖和总糖分别为 1 2g L和 4 1g L。     

环境保护及农业废物利用

923862UAsB一反应器在工业废水处理中的应用:进行资料和成粒控制结果〔英〕/Moryai,L.…2 Acta.B ioteehnol一1991,11(5)一40。~415〔译自DBA,1992,11(7),92一04177〕 对用3台上流厌氧污泥床(UASB)消化器 (1.2升、6.了升和23升)和1台UASB一固定床混合(上流床滤器,NBF)消化器(21.2升)处理下述废水的情况进行了比较,以乙酸为唯一碳源的合成废水;含蔗糖和淀粉的合成废水,从植物戊聚糖生产糠醛的废水;酸化并预处理的猪粪尿;氰钻胺素发酵废水;及甜菜糖蜜酒厂废液。测定了消化器性能、沼气生产和污泥粒度。结果表明UASB消化器的处理能力…     

柠檬酸废水生产饲料酵母

无锡轻工业学院与清江食品总厂完成日处理15吨柠檬酸废液生产饲料酵母的工艺及设备运转,生产70多批就得商品酵母粉10多吨,并通过鉴定。发酵干酵母得率11.7克/升,酵母收回48.51％,酵母粗蛋白含量48％左右,水分1—率％,含18种氨基酸,安全无毒,每吨柠檬酸废     

纸浆废液中有机物资源的利用

将硫酸盐纸浆废液浓缩后,100%用作生产木材胶粘剂的原料.对废液中木素进行活化处理,用酚醛树脂、PAPI增强废液胶的效果.结果表明,在废液中加入甲醛后,可提高废液中木素的反应活性;用30%甲阶酚醛树脂或20%PAPI作增强剂,可使废液混合胶代替纯酚醛树脂生产Ⅰ类胶合板;原料成本比纯酚醛树脂分别降低了55.5%和49.0%.该法充分利用了废液中的有机物资源,减少了环境污染,具有较好的经济、社会和生态效益.文中还运用红外光谱分析了废液制胶粘剂方法的可行性.     

EFFECTS OF GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON EXCISED FLORAL BUDS OF AQUILEGIA

Buds at various stages of development were grown for 3 weeks on solid media containing coconut milk, minerals, vitamins, sucrose, and varying quantities of gibberellic acid, indoleacetic acid, and kinetin. The best average growth was obtained on media containing GA at 2.0 mg/liter, IAA at 1.0 mg/liter, and kinetin at 0.05 mg/liter. When results were compared for buds explanted at very young stages and at older stages, however, young buds attained better average growth on media with 0.5 mg/liter of IAA. Evidence is presented for interaction between IAA and kinetin. With buds explanted at young stages, as the kinetin concentration was increased, optimum growth occurred on media with increasing concentrations of IAA. With older buds, on the other hand, as the kinetin concentration was increased, optimum growth occurred on decreasing concentrations of IAA. Bud growth was compared on media with growth substances sterilized by autoclaving with growth on similar media with these substances filter-sterilized. Better growth occurred generally on the media with filter-sterilized ingredients. A long-range objective of this research is the development of a system that would make possible quantitative measurements of floral development in vitro.     

MAINTENANCE OF IMAGINAL DISCS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IN CHEMICALLY DEFINED MEDIA

A phosphate-buffered saline and a chemically defined synthetic medium for in vitro maintenance of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster were developed. The composition of the chemically defined medium was varied in order to optimize the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA and tritiated amino acids into acid-insoluble protein. The optimal ranges obtained were: pH, 6.75–7.35; osmolarity, 285–345 milliosmoles/liter; sodium concentration, 40–60 mM/liter; potassium concentration, 40–60 mM/liter; magnesium concentration, 0.5–3.5 mM/liter; calcium concentration, 0.3–1.5 mM/liter; and inorganic phosphate concentration, 1.5–4.0 mM/liter. The phosphate-buffered saline is superior to a commonly used insect Ringer solution in maintaining total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis in culture. The chemically defined synthetic medium permits linear total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis for more than 48 hr, DNA synthesis for several hours, normal differentiation to occur after 74 hr in vitro, and trypsinization of imaginal discs into single cell suspensions without developmental damage.     

IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF THE ISOLATED SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM OF ANGIOSPERMS

Development of complete plants was achieved from isolated shoot apical meristems of Nicotiana tabacum L., Daucus carota L., Nicotiana glauca Grah., Tropaeolum majus L., and Coleus blumei Benth. The explants consisted of only meristematic dome tissue with no visible leaf primordia. A simple nutrient medium composed of the Murashige and Skoog salt mixture, 100 mg/liter myo-inositol, 0.4 mg/liter thiamin-HCl, 1-2 mg/liter IAA, 30 g/liter sucrose, and 1% agar was adequate. Histologically there occurred principally tissue enlargement during the first 3-6 days, followed by appearance of bipolar organization in 6-9 days and formation of a well-defined root apex and initiation of first leaf primordium by 12 days.     

一株产虾青素的黄杆菌CF—60的研究

从土壤中分离到一株黄杆菌（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｓｐｐ）Ｃ(Ｆ－６０),该菌的生长需Ｍｇ２＋存在,ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ的最适浓度为０．２％;蛋白胨是该菌株生长的最好氮源,它不能利用无机氮。种龄超过９６ｈ的菌体不能在新鲜培养基中生长。经５４ｈ的２Ｌ恒化器发酵,生物量达６．８ｇ／Ｌ,色素产量为１０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ。该菌产生的类胡萝卜素成分简单,主要成分的含量为９０．３％,该成分经初步鉴定是分子结构中含有羰基和羟基的虾青素。     

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF FRAXINUS CALLUS CULTURES

A satisfactory synthetic medium has been developed for continuous growth of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. callus cultures. The medium contains modified Reinert and White (1956) inorganic nutrient solution with 5 mg/liter Fe as NaFe-EDTA and supplemented with myoinositol 10 mg/liter, pyridoxine HCl 0.1 mg/liter, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 0.04 mg/liter, kinetin 1 mg/liter, sucrose 20 g/liter, and agar 10 g/liter. myo-Inositol, pyridoxine and an auxin are essential. α-Naphthaleneacetic acid is an effective alternate auxin. Kinetin and to some extent gibberellic acid improve the yields. Thiamine has no effect.     

EFFECTS OF pH AND OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF SODIUM,POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON MUSCULAR ACTIVITY OF THE ISOLATED CROP OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (ORTHOPTERA)

1. Twenty-five solutions which contained KCl (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 gm. per liter), in combination with CaCl₂ (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 gm. per liter), 10.0 gm. of NaCl, and 0.2 gm. of NaHCO₃ per liter of solution were tested in order to determine satisfactory KCl/CaCl₂ ratios in an insect physiological salt mixture for the maintenance of muscular activity by the isolated crop of the American roach. Satisfactory activity products (0.390 to 0.549) were obtained in seven mixtures with KCl/CaCl₂ ratios of 0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.6/0.6, 0.8/0.8, 0.2/0.4, 0.4/0.6, and 0.6/0.8, expressed as gram per liter. These ratios lie between 0.50 and 1.00. In solutions which contained calcium, but no potassium, approximately 50 per cent of the crops exhibited an initial tone increase and were arrested in rigor. See Fig. 2. In solutions which contained potassium, but no calcium, all crops showed an initial loss of tone and arrest in relaxation. See Fig. 2. 2. Seven KCl/CaCl₂ ratios (see paragraph 1 above) were tested with eight NaCl concentrations (1.0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8 per cent) at a pH of 8.0. In these mixtures, the ones with KCl/CaCl₂ ratios of less than 1.0 produced higher activity products than those with ratios equal to 1.00. The highest average activity product (0.849) was obtained in the solutions with 0.2 gm. of KCl and 0.4 gm. of CaCl₂ per liter. 3. Four KCl/CaCl₂ ratios (0.2/0.2, 0.4/0.4, 0.2/0.4, and 0.4/0.6 gm. per liter) were tested with 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6 per cent NaCl at a pH of 7.5. When analyzed with data from comparable solutions at a pH of 8.0, it was found that 1.4 per cent NaCl afforded an optimum environment for isolated crop activity. 4. Effects of hydrogen and hydroxyl ion concentrations were studied at pH values of 6.8, 7.5, 8.0, and 8.9. The highest average activity product, 1.011, was produced at a pH of about 8.0. 5. A satisfactory physiological salt solution for the isolated foregut of the American roach, Periplaneta americana, would contain 14.0 gm. of NaCl, 0.4 gm. of CaCl₂, 0.2 gm. of KCl, and 0.2 gm. of NaHCO₃ per liter of solution. This mixture should have a pH value between 7.8 and 8.2. 6. Durations of crop activity extending over periods as long as 25 hours were quite common, and several crops maintained contractions for more than 30 hours. The greatest longevity was for crop 814, from a female, which continued activity for slightly more than 47 hours. 7. A significant difference between the activity products of the crops from males and the crops from females was recorded. Although there was not a significant difference in the amount of food ingested by males and females, 12 hours after feeding there was more food in the females'' crops, and the food progressed more rapidly through the males'' crops than through the females''. In addition, crops from the two sexes reacted differently to the effects of day old solutions. This sex difference is apparently related to an inherently increased activity of the crop from the male roach.     

EFFECTS OF CO2 ENRICHMENT ON THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF A NATIVE AND AN INTRODUCED HONEYSUCKLE VINE

Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), introduced to the United States, and the native coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens L.) were compared to determine how intrinsic differences in their growth characteristics would affect their response to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment. Plants of both species grown from cuttings were harvested after 54 days of growth in controlled environment growth chambers at 350, 675, or 1,000 μl/liter CO₂. The biomass of Japanese honeysuckle was increased 135% at 675 μ∗∗∗l/liter CO₂ and 76% at 1,000 μl/liter CO₂ after 54 days. Morphologically, the main effect of CO₂ enrichment was to triple the number of branches and to increase total branch length six times. Enhanced and accelerated branchingalso increased total leaf area 50% at elevated CO₂ concentrations. In coral honeysuckle, total biomass was only 40% greater in the elevated CO₂ treatments. Branching was quadrupled but had not proceeded long enough to affect total leaf area. Main stem height was increased 36% at 1,000 μl/liter CO₂. The much less significant height response of other woody erect growth forms suggests that vines may increase in importance during competition if atmospheric CO₂ concentrations increase as predicted. The impact of Japanese honeysuckle in the United States may become more serious.     

ATTEMPTS TO OBTAIN BACTERIA-FREE PLANTS OF PSYCHOTRIA PUNCTATA (RUBIACEAE): GROWTH AND ROOT FORMATION IN CALLUS CULTURES

Attempts were made to obtain bacteria-free plants of Psychotria punctata from tissue cultures. Stem explants and callus derived from them were induced to form roots but failed to form buds on Linsmaier and Skoog medium and 96 chemical modifications of it, including most of those known to induce bud formation in other species. Roots formed with ample IAA (2 mg/liter or more) and a low kinetin concentration (0.25 or 0.50 mg/liter). Adenine inhibited root formation in these media, but tyrosine did not. Tyrosine did lower the percentage of calluses commencing growth. When enzyme-hydrolyzed lactalbumin (1.3 g/liter), kinetin (0.5 mg/liter) and IAA (5 mg/liter) were added to Linsmaier and Skoog medium modified by decreasing inorganic nitrogen and increasing inorganic phosphate, callus grew at the fastest rate observed (increasing threefold in fresh weight in three weeks) and formed numerous roots. This was adopted as the stock callus medium. Casein hydrolysates also stimulated growth but less so than lactalbumin hydrolysate. When lactalbumin hydrolysate or a casein hydrolysate lacking tryptophan was supplied, growth occurred without added auxin if sufficient cytokinin was added. Cytokinin was required at unusually high concentration and was tolerated at still higher concentration. Formation, elongation, and branching of roots persisted on a saturated solution of BA which inhibited callus growth about 70 % and delayed callus senescence. Light caused earlier callus senescence after growth had ceased but did not affect callus growth or root formation. Light-induced senescence was prevented by a high cytokinin concentration.     

THE HETEROTROPHIC CAPABILITIES OF CYCLOTELLA MENEGHINIANA1

Cyclotella meneghiniana grew heterotrophically in darkness when glucose in concentrations from 5 mg/liter to 10 g/liter was provided. The other compounds tested did not support growth. However, in continuous light (300 ft-c) growth wax not enhanced if glucose wax provided. Under diurnal conditions of light (300 ft-c) approximately 12–14 hr of darkness were required to observe the enhancement effects of glucose. Uptake studies with labeled glucose indicated that uptake is not dependent on glucose, but that it occurs only at low light intensities. Cells required 12–14 hr of darkness to develop the uptake system.     

Studies on the Production of Digitalis Cardenolides by Plant Tissue Culture: II. EFFECT OF LIGHT AND PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES ON DIGITOXIN FORMATION BY UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS AND SHOOT-FORMING CULTURES OF DIGITALIS PURPUREA L. GROWN IN LIQUID MEDIA

Undifferentiated, highly chlorophyllous cell cultures; undifferentiated white cell cultures; green, shoot-forming cultures; and white, shoot-forming cultures of Digitalis purpurea L. were established and subcultured every 3 weeks in liquid media in the light or in the dark. The digitoxin content, the chlorophyll content, and the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity of these cultures were assayed. The light-grown, green, shoot-forming cultures accumulated considerable amounts of digitoxin (about 20 to 40 micrograms per gram dry weight), and the white, shoot-forming cultures without chloroplasts accumulated about one-third that amount of digitoxin. The chlorophyll content and the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity of the undifferentiated green cells were about the same as they were in the green, shoot-forming cultures, but the digitoxin content of the former was extremely low (about 0.05 to 0.2 microgram per gram dry weight), which is about the same as that in undifferentiated white cells without chloroplasts. Thus, it was concluded that the chloroplasts are not essential for the synthesis of digitoxin in Digitalis cells. The optimum concentrations of the tested compounds for accumulation of digitoxin were: benzyladenine, 0.01 to 1 milligram per liter; indoleacetic acid, 0.1 to 1 milligram per liter; α-naphthaleneacetic acid; 0.1 milligram per liter; and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.01 milligram per liter.