生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分及微生物多样性的影响

高强度经营导致山核桃林地土壤性质改变,设置了白三叶、黑麦草、油菜、紫云英、自然杂草和清耕(对照)6个处理,以3次重复,随机排列的2年田间试验,研究了不同生草栽培对山核桃林地土壤养分和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:与清耕相比,生草栽培均能改善土壤养分状况,除全钾外,白三叶和紫云英处理较其他处理能显著提高土壤养分含量,其余几个处理间差异不明显;生草栽培显著提高了土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量,白三叶、黑麦草、紫云英、油菜和自然杂草处理分别较清耕提高了169.6%、159.7%、144.1%、138.6%和58.6%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。6种不同处理的土壤微生物活性(AWCD)、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数均存在明显差异。不同处理的土壤AWCD为白三叶紫云英油菜自然杂草黑麦草清耕;白三叶处理的土壤微生物Shannon指数高于其他处理;白三叶、紫云英和油菜处理的土壤微生物均匀度指数显著高于其他处理。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物活性、微生物Shannon指数和均匀度指数两两之间均达到极显著差异(P0.01),三者与土壤各养分指标之间未达显著差异,但表现为正相关关系。白三叶、紫云英和油菜对改善土壤微生物特性效果较好。     

白桦和落叶松苗木对其纯林土壤养分的生物检测

利用35年生白桦、落叶松纯林土壤分别栽植白桦、落叶松1年生苗木,通过对苗木生长、生物量、叶片养分及土壤养分变化的研究,对两种土壤的肥力进行评价,探讨白桦、落叶松混交林种间互作机制.结果表明:白桦纯林土壤全氮、碱解氮含量显著高于落叶松纯林土壤(P<0.05),落叶松纯林土壤全磷、全钾、速效磷含量显著高于白桦纯林土壤(P<0.05).盆栽第1年,白桦纯林土壤上的白桦苗木苗高、地径和生物量分别比在落叶松纯林土壤上增加69%、52%和65%(P<0.05),落叶松苗木分别增加12%、8%和37%(P>0.05).以白桦纯林土壤为基质时,白桦、落叶松苗木叶片氮浓度高于落叶松纯林土壤,而磷浓度低于落叶松纯林土壤.白桦凋落量大且分解速度快,落叶松对土壤磷具有活化作用,导致白桦纯林土壤氮素有效性较高,落叶松纯林土壤有效磷含量较高.推测两树种混交时,土壤氮、磷的互补作用可能对林分产量产生有益的作用.     

林窗尺度对侧柏人工林土壤微生物量和功能多样性的影响

微生物活性是影响土壤碳循环等地下生态系统过程的重要因素。以徐州市侧柏(Platycladus orientalis(L.)Franco)人工林为研究对象,以未受干扰的侧柏林为对照(CK),设置半径分别为4、8、12m的3种尺度近圆形林窗,从林窗边缘(D1)到距林缘4m(D2)及8m处林下(D3)水平梯度上分析土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)和代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明:1)与CK相比,林窗样地土壤MBC总体降低,MBN含量显著下降(P0.05),MBC/MBN显著上升(P0.05)。在3种尺度林窗中,MBC在大林窗偏小,MBN在小林窗偏小;MBC/MBN总体上随林窗尺度增大而减小。2)与CK相比,大中林窗降低了土壤微生物代谢活性(AWCD),小林窗变化不大。从D1到D3点,小林窗的AWCD先降后升,中林窗呈上升趋势,大林窗则相反。而且林窗降低了土壤微生物对各类碳源的利用,主要利用聚合物类和氨基酸类碳源,中林窗样点对碳水化合物和氨基酸类小分子碳源的利用最低。3)林窗总体提高了土壤微生物功能多样性,其中多样性(H')、丰富度(S)和均匀度(E)3个指数在各点之间均无显著差异,小林窗和CK的优势度指数(D_s)显著大于(P0.05)大林窗。侧柏林人工林窗对土壤微生物量和功能多样性的影响有着明显的尺度和位置梯度效应,林窗有望促进侧柏林土壤碳固持和大分子物质降解,提高其应对全球气候变化的能力,综合而言,中尺度林窗对侧柏林生态功能的发挥较为有利。     

望天树人工幼林混交对土壤微生物功能多样性与碳源利用的影响

研究望天树(Parashorea chinensis)在幼龄阶段分别与巨尾桉(Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla)、降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera)混交对土壤微生物群落功能特征和碳源利用的影响, 以期为濒危树种望天树人工林培育模式和桉树纯林改造中的树种选择提供科学依据。该研究采用Biolog-ECO技术对比分析了望天树混交林和纯林土壤微生物对6类碳源的利用特点和代谢活性, 探讨微生物功能多样性的差异及与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明: (1)望天树×巨尾桉混交林的Shannon-Wiener、Simpson和McIntosh多样性指数均最高, 其土壤微生物功能多样性显著高于纯林; (2)望天树混交林的土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力和代谢活性及微生物数量高于纯林, 并随土层加深而下降; 混交林和纯林的土壤微生物对酚酸类碳源的利用程度均最高、胺类次之、多聚物最低, 不同点在于混交林和纯林分别对氨基酸类、羧酸类碳源的依赖度更高; (3)望天树混交林土壤的含水率、总孔隙度以及有机质、全氮、全钾、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾等养分含量高于纯林; 并且除全磷和全钾外其他养分含量的垂直分布特征呈现出明显的表聚效应; (4)环境因子分析表明, 土壤pH、有机质、全钾和速效钾含量是造成混交林和纯林间以及不同土层间土壤微生物功能多样性和碳源利用存在明显差异的主要驱动因子。综上所述, 望天树混交造林模式对幼林土壤微生物群落及其生存环境有显著影响, 尤其与巨尾桉混交可以有效提高土壤微生物代谢活性和功能多样性, 促进凋落物和有机质的分解。与纯林相比, 望天树混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤质量和肥力, 为望天树幼树生长营造了较好的土壤环境和光照条件。     

延胡索根际土壤细菌多样性与结构对毛竹林隙面积的响应

林下经济已成为增加林地产出和提升林业效益的重要途径。为揭示毛竹林隙中早春药用植物——延胡索根际土壤细菌多样性和群落结构的变化趋势,采集大林隙400m~2、中林隙100 m~2、小林隙25 m~2和郁闭林分4类样地的延胡索根际土样,基于高通量测序结合生境参数,分析其细菌群落多样性和结构变化。结果表明,4类样地的细菌类群达35门104纲195目321科532属,大林隙和中林隙的优势土壤细菌类群OTU所占百分比的次序虽有所不同,但基本表现为酸杆菌门和变形菌门占优,绿弯菌门和放线菌门其次;小林隙和郁闭林分则以变形菌门占绝对优势,其次是放线菌门和拟杆菌门,酸杆菌门成呈弱势。同时,随着林隙面积减小,相对光照强度从全光照直至全光照的10.7%～22.5%,细菌群落在总体数量上处于下降趋势,菌种丰富度和特异性、谱系多样性、菌群多样性和菌群均匀度均下降,郁闭林分优于小林隙。菌群在门和属分类水平的OTU百分比特征与相对光照强度、空气温度的梯度分布有显著相关关系,而与土壤水分含量、空气湿度的梯度趋势相反,未发现与林隙面积、海拔及边界立竹参数的梯度关联性。因此,大中型林隙有利于延胡索根际土壤细菌群落发育,而小林隙并不合适;林隙和郁闭林分可为某些特殊条件下进行更新的菌群提供生长机会,可用土壤微生物相关指标如特征菌群来反映林隙发育过程的变化;相对光照强度和空气温度对人工开辟林隙栽培延胡索的根际土壤菌群影响显著,在调控土壤细菌群落结构和促进土壤生态系统稳定具有重要参考价值。     

假臭草入侵对土壤养分与微生物群落功能多样性的影响

假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)是华南地区的主要外来入侵杂草之一,已对当地的生物多样性、农业生产和生态安全造成严重威胁。采用野外样方法研究了假臭草入侵(入侵年限4~5年)对土壤养分、土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性以及土壤微生物群落代谢活性、碳源利用特征与功能多样性的影响。结果表明,与土著灌木丛对照区相比,假臭草入侵使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量显著降低,全磷、速效磷含量的变化不明显,但全钾含量显著上升;土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷显著下降;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性亦显著降低,但土壤纤维素酶活性显著增加;假臭草入侵显著降低土壤微生物群落的功能多样性,平均孔颜色变化率(AWCD)、碳水化合物和羧酸类碳源的利用率以及土壤微生物群落的Mc Intosh指数(U)、丰富度指数(S)显著下降,Pielou均匀度指数(E)则显著上升,但两处理间的Shannon指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(Ds)的差异不明显。这说明假臭草入侵造成土壤养分的大量损耗,土壤酶活性与土壤微生物群落功能多样性降低,土壤质量下降。     

菜园土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质的关系

对广州白云区64个菜园土壤样本的研究表明,微生物碳与土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效钾、阳离子交换量和有机质,微生物氮与土壤全氮、全磷、阳离子交换量及有机质,土壤基础呼吸与土壤全氮、碱解氮、全钾、阳离子交换量及有机质,AWCD值与全氮及有机质含量,以及Shannon多样性指数与全氮和阳离子交换量均呈显著正相关关系.较低的碱解氮含量使土壤微生物碳、土壤基础呼吸和呼吸商的值升高,过高的碱解氮则使呼吸商下降;过高的土壤有效磷降低微生物碳、微生物氮和微生物呼吸商.有效磷/碱解氮比值过高降低了土壤微生物碳、微生物氮、微生物碳氮比及土壤基础呼吸.土壤微生物生态特征与土壤理化性质关系密切,有效养分过高及养分比例不适当对土壤微生物均存在不利影响.     

喀斯特森林林隙梯度物种多样性变化规律

采用Margalef物种丰富度指数(R1)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)来研究物种多样性的林隙梯度变化。结果表明:从林隙中心至非林隙林地的水平梯度上,林隙不同区域的种类组成存在较大差异,一些阳性树种如圆果化香等在林隙中心分布较多,青冈等耐荫性强的树种则在郁闭林下较为丰富,而中度耐荫种类如香叶树、大叶冬青等则集中分布在林隙近中心和林隙边缘处。从非林隙到林隙中心,物种丰富度逐渐升高,即非林隙<林隙边缘<林隙近中心<林隙中心;物种多样性的变化则总体呈中间高两头低的现象,均匀度的变化与其一致;物种多样性林隙梯度变化程度受林隙发育期和面积的影响较大,变化程度为早期林隙>中期林隙>晚期林隙,大林隙>中等林隙>小林隙,早期林隙和大林隙的边缘效应显著。     

红松阔叶混交林林隙大小对土壤水分空间异质性的影响

2011年8-10月采用嵌套的网格化方法布点,利用土壤时域反射仪连续测定了小兴安岭阔叶红松混交林不同大小林隙内不同深度的土壤水分,并根据地统计学原理与方法分析其空间异质性.结果表明:研究区中林隙的土壤含水量最丰富,其次是大林隙和小林隙;大林隙空间样点的土壤水分极差最大,其次是中林隙和小林隙;大、中、小林隙各深度土壤含水量的块金值分别为0.001～0.404、0.001 ～0.273、0.001 ～0.261.随机部分引起的土壤水分异质性和系统总的空间异质性程度依次为大林隙＞中林隙＞小林隙.中林隙土壤水分的空间分布格局最复杂,大林隙土壤水分格局变异的空间依赖性最强;中林隙高等级土壤水分斑块(土壤含水量为50％～60％)占据的面积最大,其次是大林隙,小林隙没有最高等级斑块的分布.对于相同月份、相同深度的土壤含水量,小林隙等级分布最简单,大林隙和中林隙则相对复杂;土壤含水量最大值随着林隙的增大而增大.     

高原鼢鼠扰动及恢复年限对高寒草甸土壤养分和微生物功能多样性的影响

为了研究高原鼢鼠扰动后退化高寒草甸恢复演替的动态过程,利用常规实验室分析方法和Biolog-ECO生态板法对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸土壤养分和微生物功能多样性进行分析.结果表明: 高原鼢鼠扰动显著降低了土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷含量,对土壤全磷和全钾含量无显著影响;在一定植被恢复年限内,土壤微生物的碳源利用率、Shannon、Pielou和McIntosh指数随着植被恢复年限的增加而升高;主成分分析表明,碳水化合物和氨基酸是土壤微生物利用的主要碳源类型;冗余分析表明,土壤pH、有机质、全氮、速效氮和全钾是影响土壤微生物代谢活性和功能多样性的主要因子.不同植被恢复年限土壤微生物功能多样性的变化可能是对地上植被、土壤微生物群落组成和土壤养分变化的响应.     

植物、土壤及土壤管理对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,对土壤微生物群落结构多样性的研究是近年来土壤生态学研究的热点。本文综述了有关植物、土壤类型以及土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响的最新研究结果,指出植物的作用因植物群落结构多样性、植物种类、同种植物不同的基因型,甚至同一植物不同根的区域而异;而土壤的作用与土壤质地和有机质含量等因素有关;植物和土壤类型在对土壤微生物群落结构影响上的作用存在互作关系。不同的土壤管理措施对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,长期连作、大量的外援化学物质的应用降低了土壤微生物的多样性;而施用有机肥、免耕可以增加土壤微生物群落结构多样性,有利于维持土壤生态系统的功能。     

Effect of soil moisture on bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil

A chlorophenol-contaminated soil was tested for the biodegradability in a semi-pilot scale microcosm using indigenous microorganisms. More than 90% of 4-chlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, initially at 30 mg kg^–1, were removed within 60 days and 30 mg pentachlorophenol kg^–1 was completely degraded within 140 days. The chlorophenols were degraded more effectively under aerobic condition than under anaerobic condition. Soil moisture had a significant effect with the slowest degradation rate of chlorophenols at 25% in the range of 10–40% moisture content. At 25–40%, the rate of chlorophenol degradation was directly related to the soil moisture content, whereas at 10–25%, it was inversely related. Limited oxygen availability through soil agglomeration at 25% moisture content might decrease the degradation rate of chlorophenols.     

耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响

为探究不同耕作方式对潮土土壤团聚体微生物群落结构和多样性的影响,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了土壤团聚体中微生物群落。试验设置4个耕作处理,分别为旋耕+秸秆还田(RT)、深耕+秸秆还田(DP)、深松+秸秆还田(SS)和免耕+秸秆还田(NT)。结果表明:与RT相比,DP处理显著提高了原状土壤和>5 mm粒级土壤团聚体中真菌PLFAs量和真菌/细菌,为真菌的繁殖提供了有利条件,有助于土壤有机质的贮存,提高了土壤生态系统的缓冲能力;提高了5～2 mm粒级土壤团聚体中细菌PLFAs量,降低了土壤革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌,改善了土壤营养状况;提高了<0.25 mm粒级土壤团聚体中微生物丰富度指数。总的来说,深耕+秸秆还田(DP)对土壤团聚体细菌和真菌生物量有一定的提高作用,并且在一定程度上改善了土壤团聚体微生物群落结构,有利于增加土壤固碳能力和保持土壤微生物多样性。冗余分析结果表明,土壤团聚体总PLFAs量、细菌、革兰氏阴性菌和放线菌PLFAs量与土壤有机碳相关性较强,革兰氏阳性菌PLFAs量与总氮相关性较强。各处理较大粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落主要受碳氮比、含水量、pH值和团聚体质量分数的影响,较小粒级土壤团聚体微生物群落则主要受土壤有机碳和总氮的影响。     

生物质炭对水稻土团聚体微生物多样性的影响

生物质炭施用对土壤微生物群落结构的影响已有报道,但土壤团聚体粒组中微生物群落对生物质炭施用的响应的研究还相对不足。以施用玉米秸秆生物质炭两年后的水稻土为对象,采用团聚体湿筛法,通过高通量测序对土壤团聚体的微生物群落结构与多样性进行分析,结果表明:(1)与对照相比,生物质炭施用显著促进了大团聚体(2000—250μm)的形成,并提高了团聚体的稳定性。(2)不同粒径团聚体间微生物相对丰度存在显著差异。在未施生物质炭的处理(C0)中,随着团聚体粒径增大,变形菌门、子囊菌门、β-变形杆菌目、格孢腔菌目的相对丰度逐渐降低,而酸杆菌门、担子菌门、粘球菌目、类球囊霉目的相对丰度逐渐升高。(3)生物质炭施用显著改变了团聚体间的微生物群落结构。与C0处理相比,生物质炭施用处理的大团聚体中变形菌门、鞭毛菌门和β-变形杆菌目的相对丰度分别显著提高了14.37%、33.28%和33.82%;微团聚体(250—53μm)中酸杆菌门、子囊菌门和粘球菌目的相对丰度分别显著降低了20.15%、19.93%和17.66%;粉、黏粒组分(<53μm)中担子菌门的相对丰度升高90.25%,而子囊菌门和鞭毛菌门的相对丰...     

Estimating respiration of roots in soil: Interactions with soil CO2, soil temperature and soil water content

Little information is available on the variability of the dynamics of the actual and observed root respiration rate in relation to abiotic factors. In this study, we describe I) interactions between soil CO₂ concentration, temperature, soil water content and root respiration, and II) the effect of short-term fluctuations of these three environmental factors on the relation between actual and observed root respiration rates. We designed an automated, open, gas-exchange system that allows continuous measurements on 12 chambers with intact roots in soil. By using three distinct chamber designs with each a different path for the air flow, we were able to measure root respiration over a 50-fold range of soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm) and to separate the effect of irrigation on observed vs. actual root respiration rate. All respiration measurements were made on one-year-old citrus seedlings in sterilized sandy soil with minimal organic material.Root respiration was strongly affected by diurnal fluctuations in temperature (Q₁₀ = 2), which agrees well with the literature. In contrast to earlier findings for Douglas-fir (Qi et al., 1994), root respiration rates of citrus were not affected by soil CO₂ concentrations (400 to 25000 ppm CO₂; pH around 6). Soil CO₂ was strongly affected by soil water content but not by respiration measurements, unless the air flow for root respiration measurements was directed through the soil. The latter method of measuring root respiration reduced soil CO₂ concentration to that of incoming air. Irrigation caused a temporary reduction in CO₂ diffusion, decreasing the observed respiration rates obtained by techniques that depended on diffusion. This apparent drop in respiration rate did not occur if the air flow was directed through the soil. Our dynamic data are used to indicate the optimal method of measuring root respiration in soil, in relation to the objectives and limitations of the experimental conditions.     

Available soil nitrogen in relation to fractions of soil nitrogen and other soil properties

The available N of 27 soils from England and Wales was assessed from the amounts of N taken up over a 6-month period by perennial ryegrass grown in pots under uniform environmental conditions. Relationships between availability and the distribution of soil N amongst various fractions were then examined using multiple regression. The relationship: available soil N (mg kg^–1 dry soil)=(N_min×0.672)+(N_inc×0.840)+(N_mom×0.227)–5.12 was found to account for 91% of the variance in available soil N, where N_min=mineral N, N_inc=N mineralized on incubation and N_mom=N in macro-organic matter. The N mineralized on incubation appeared to be derived largely from sources other than the macro-organic matter because these two fractions were poorly correlated. When availability was expressed in terms of available organic N as % of soil organic N (N_ao) the closest relationship with other soil characteristics was: N_ao=[N_inc×(1.395–0.0347×CN_mom]+[N_mom×0.1416], where CN_mom=CN ratio of the macro-organic matter. This relationship accounted for 81% of the variance in the availability of the soil organic N.The conclusion that the macro-organic matter may contribute substantially to the available N was confirmed by a subsidiary experiment in which the macro-organic fraction was separated from about 20 kg of a grassland soil. The uptake of N by ryegrass was then assessed on two subsamples of this soil, one without the macro-organic matter and the other with this fraction returned: uptake was appreciably increased by the macro-organic matter.     

The porosity of soil aggregates from bulk soil and from soil adhering to roots

Summary Total porosity and pore-size distribution (p.s.d.) were determined in soil aggregates taken in plots planted with maize and treated with farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Soil aggregates were collected from the soil adherent to the maize roots (root soil aggregates) and from bulk soil (bulk soil aggregates). Mercury intrusion porosimetry was used to evaluate the total porosity and the p.s.d. Treatments did not affect the total porosity of the bulk soil aggregates. The same was observed for the root soil aggregates. However the total porosity of the root soil aggregates was always lower than that of the bulk soil aggregates. The loss of total porosity was found to be due to a decrease in the percentage of larger pores with respect to the total.     

Temporal dynamics of soil bacterial network regulate soil resistomes

Soil bacteria are diverse and form complicated ecological networks through various microbial interactions, which play important roles in soil multi-functionality. However, the seasonal effects on the bacterial network, especially the relationship between bacterial network topological features and soil resistomes remains underexplored, which impedes our ability to unveil the mechanisms of the temporal-dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, a field investigation was conducted across four seasons at the watershed scale. We observed significant seasonal variation in bacterial networks, with lower complexity and stability in autumn, and a wider bacterial community niche in summer. Similar to bacterial communities, the co-occurrence networks among ARGs also shift with seasonal change, particularly with respect to the topological features of the node degree, which on average was higher in summer than in the other seasons. Furthermore, the nodes with higher betweenness, stress, degree, and closeness centrality in the bacterial network showed strong relationships with the 10 major classes of ARGs. These findings highlighted the changes in the topological properties of bacterial networks that could further alter antibiotic resistance in soil. Together, our results reveal the temporal dynamics of bacterial ecological networks at the watershed scale, and provide new insights into antibiotic resistance management under environmental changes.     

The breakdown of malathion in soil and soil components

The disappearance of the organophosphorus insecticide, malathion, from a silt loam soil and from its organic and inorganic components was examined. Half-lives and the time taken for 90% decomposition in nonsterile, sodium azide-treated, and 2.5 Mrad-irradiated soils were similar (3/4–1 1/2 days and 4–6 days, respectively) but breakdown in autoclaved soils was negligible. Decay in nonsterile sand, silt, and clay minus organic matter fractions was 3–6 times slower than that recorded in the original soil. Breakdown of malathion in the clay plus organic matter fraction (organo-mineral complex) was rapid (half-life, 1 day), as was the case in the separated organic matter (half-life, 1 3/4 days). Filter-sterilized organic matter was not as effective in catalyzing the breakdown of malathion (half-life, 4 days), and no loss occurred from any of the autoclaved components. Irradiation doses of 2.5 and 5.0 Mrad had little influence on the ability of soil to degrade malathion. Thereafter, increases up to 20 Mrad had a more drastic, though far from totally inhibitory, effect. Our results suggest that either the colloidal organic matter itself, or a fraction associated with it, is the most important single factor concerned with the rapid breakdown of malathion in the soil studied. Direct microbial metabolism is a slower process and may have a significant role in malathion disappearance in coarsetextured soils low in colloidal organic matter. The catalytic component of the organic matter is suggested to be a stable exoenzyme and is supportive of reports by other workers. The quantitative effect of organo-mineral complex (containing the active degradative ingredient) additions to sand and silt fractions on the rate of subsequent malathion decay is also described.