瑞氏七鳃鳗乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）同工酶凝胶电泳分析

本文用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,对瑞氏七鳃鳗五种不同组织（骨骼肌、心、肾、肠、鳃）中ＬＤＨ同工酶进行了分析研究,结果表明,ＬＤＨ同工酶具有组织特异性,其中骨骼肌中含有五种ＬＤＨ同。酶,即ＬＤＨ１、ＬＤＨ２、ＬＤＨ３、ＬＤＨ４、ＬＤＨ５,鳃含有ＬＤＨ１和ＬＤＨ４而肾和心只含有ＬＤＨ１,肠只含有ＬＤＨ４。     

Lactate dehydrogenase isozyme patterns in the denervated quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) muscles

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the Japanese quail (Coturnix cotunix japonica) muscle extracts revealed a single lactate dehydrogenase isozyme. A month after surgical unilateral brachiotectomy (denervation) there was significant atrophy of the triceps, biceps and radius ulnar muscles accompanied by the appearance of an additional lactate dehydrogenase isozyme band. This extra band may be the result of the synthesis of a new lactate dehydrogenase isozyme. This new isozyme exhibited a lower affinity for lactate, less sensitivity to urea denaturation and was more thermostable than the lactate dehydrogenase of normal (innervated) quail muscles. Based on these properties, it is suggested that the newly synthesised isozyme of the denervated muscles is LDH-1, (or B4/H4) type. Brachiotectomy also resulted in significant quantitative changes in the total lactate dehydrogenase activity of innervated muscles of the same animal.     

The b.e. and Q types of 1,4-α-d-glucan: 1,4-α-d-glucan-6-glucosyltransferase isozymes in algae

The branching isozymes of the red alga, Rhodymenia pertusa are of two types: Q, which can branch, via the synthesis of α-1,6-glucosyl linkages, linear amyloses to amylopectin; and b.e., which can further branch the amylopectin formed to the more highly-branched floridean starch. Using the technique of tandem crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, it is shown that the Q branching isozyme of the red alga is more closely related to the b.e. type of branching isozymes of Anacystis nidulans and Cyanidium caldarium than it is to the exclusively Q types of branching isozymes found in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and other chlorophytes. The possibility of a biphyletic evolution of the red and the green algae from blue-green ancestral forms is discussed.     

Protein and isozyme patterns of the cyanelles of Glaucocystis nostochinearum compared with Anacystis nidulans

The cyanelles of Glaucocystis nostochinearum were isolated after disruption of the algal cells by sonication. The aqueous extracts from these cyanelles were subjected to molecular filtration and electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. By comparison with extracts of a unicellular Chroococcalian alga, Anacystis nidulans treated in the same way only about half the number of protein bands were found. The proteins were water-soluble with a MW in excess of 10 000. Three protein-pigment complexes were detected in Anacystis. Two of these (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin) were not present in the cyanelles of Glaucocystis. Three branching glucosyltransferase isozymes capable of converting amylopectin to phytoglycogen were present in the Cyanophyte; only two branching isozymes with typical Chlorophycean ‘Q’ activity were present in the cyanelles of Glaucocystis. It seems improbable that the cyanelles of this alga are endosymbiotic blue-green algae; rather, they may represent some intermediate stage in the development of the chloroplast of green algae.     

Systematics of the genus Floridichthys

Samples representing the three nominal subspecies of Floridichthys carpio were examined electrophoretically. Although the populations in Florida could not be distinguished completely from the populations in Yucatan by morphology, 5 of the 30 electrophoretic characters demonstrated fixed differences between Florida and Yucatan populations. Based on the observed genetic differentiation between Florida and Yucatan populations and the absence of genetic differentiation within those populations, we conclude that the Yucatan population has diverged to the species level. We, therefore, propose to elevate the nominal Yucatan subspecies Floridichthys carpio polyommus to a species status.     

Electrophoretic evidence for relationships and differentiation among members of the percid subgenus Microperca

Forty-seven allelic products were electrophoretically resolved at 23 presumptive loci in 10 populations of fishes of the percid subgenus Microperca, genus Etheostoma. Phenetic and cladistic analyses of these genetic data support the recognition of two species-groups within the subgenus: (a) E. fonticola and E. proeliare; (b) E. microperca, confirming previously described morphological interpretations. Additional morphologically based hypotheses receiving genetic support include: (c) recognizing E. proeliare as the most primitive and E. microperca as the most advanced species of the subgenus; and (d) assigning derived status to the differentiation exhibited by the Ozark populations of E. microperca. Etheostoma fonticola is more advanced on the genetic level than had been morphologically ascertained.     

Regulation of the expression of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in human lymphocytes

Mitogen activation of human peripheral lymphocytes leads to a switch in the isozymes of LDH; resting cells contain low activities of only the B₄ and B₃A forms, whereas activated cells contain high activities of the A₄ and A₃B forms. B₄ LDH is not altered in activated cells. In this study we show that the appearance of the A subunits occurs concomitantly with a several fold increase in the steady state levels of LDH-A mRNA. Responses in LDH-A mRNA are observed within 12 hrs of activation, and are, thus, associated with the G0/G1 transition or with early G1 (Marjanovicet al. Exp. Cell Res. (1991) 193: 425–431). Maximal expression of LDH-A mRNA requires both phorbol ester and concanavalin A, implying a complex regulatory pathway involving cascade systems activated through both the antigen receptor (TR) and protein kinase C.     

金黄地鼠不同组织碱性磷酸酶同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳方法,分析了金黄地鼠血清,肝脏,心脏和骨骼肌4种组织的碱性磷酸酶同工酶。结果表明,在同种动物中不同组织的碱性磷酸酶谱具有明显的组织特异性,并且各部门酶带有重叠现象。在不同组织中碱性磷酸酶具有特异性,这是与各组织的生理功能相适应的结果。     

Biochemical systematics of the cyprinid genus Notropis—I. The subgenus Luxilus

Population samples for all taxa in the subgenus Luxilus of Notropis were genetically analysed by vertical starch gel electrophoresis to detect protein variability. A total of 38 alleles were resolved at 17 presumptive loci. Protein systems examined included adenylate kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, calcium-binding proteins, general protein, glucosephosphate isomerase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase, and superoxide dismutase. A phylogenetic analysis of the molecular data allows the recognition of four species-groups: (a) the cornutus group including Notropis albeolus, N. chrysocephalus chrysocephalus, N. c. isolepis, and N. cornutus: (b) the zonatus group including N. pilsbryi and N. zonatus; (c) the coccogenis group including N. coccogenis and N. zonistius; and (d) the cerasinus group comprised of N. cerasinus alone. Notropis cerasinus exhibits little genetic affinity for the cornutus species-group and is most closely related to the coccogenis species-group. Both phenetic and phylogenetic analyses deny specific status to the isolepis form. A further analysis of isozyme variability at the Pgm-A and Gpi-A loci may clarify the relationship between N. cornutus and N. chrysocephalus.     

大鳞副泥鳅LDH同工酶的发育遗传学研究

采用聚丙烯酸胶凝胶电泳技术研究了大群副泥鳅早则发育过程（受精后0一227小时）和成体7种组织器官（脑、肾、骨骼肌、肠、心、肝和服）中的LDH同工两表达状况．结果表明,大群副泥鳅的LD同工酶具有明显的组织特异性和发育阶段特异性．     

Lactate dehydrogenase in abdominal muscle of crayfishOrconectes limosus and shrimpcrangon crangon (Decapoda: Crustacea): Properties and evolutionary relationship

In crayfishOrconectes limosus and shrimpCrangon crangon abdominal muscle, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) is encoded by one locus. No polymorphism was detected. The enzymes were purified to homogeneity. The specific activities for purified crayfish and shrimp LDHs were 472 and 414 μmol NADH min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively, at 30°C. Their physicochemical and kinetic properties did not resemble fish (Gadus morhua) LDH-A₄ isoenzyme. Their amino acid composition indicated greater similarity to fish LDH-C₄ isoenzymes.     

Functional and adaptive significance of differentially expressed lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in tissues of four obligatory air-breathing Channa species

This study investigates the differential expression of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in the genus Channa using PAGE. With the help of obligate air-breathing, all of the selected species can sustain water deprivation to varying degrees. In subunit composition and higher electrophoretic mobility of LDH-A₄, the profiles of channid species were similar to other teleosts documented in the literature. However, inter- and intra-species differences, with particular reference to aerobic/anaerobic metabolic options, existed. Whereas glycolysis in Channa punctata appears to depend largely on aerobic LDH-B and partly on anaerobic LDH-A, metabolism in C. gachua, C. striata and C. marulius depends exclusively on the activity of anaerobic LDH-A. Expression of the third locus Ldh-C was recorded in the eyes of C. marulius, in addition to C. gachua. Heat inactivation experiments reveal species differences between LDH isoenzymes and a general order of the relative stabilities: LDH-C > DH-B > LDH-A. Metabolic and evolutionary implications of the findings have also been discussed.     

Effect of environment pH on storage glucan synthesis in three thermophilic algae

Plectonema nostocorum, a thermophilic cyanophyte which lives under alkaline conditions at pHs approaching 13, forms a storage glucan showing a maximum absorption of its iodine complex almost identical with that of another thermophilic cyanophyte, Oscillatoria princeps, which exists at a more neutral pH, and with that of the acidophilic thermophile, Cyanidium caldarium. Gel electrophoretic patterns of the storage glucan-forming isozymes of Plectonema do not differ essentially from those of Oscillatoria. The a₂ phosphorylase isozyme appears to be primer-independent, and resembles the a₂ isozymes of both Oscillatoria and Cyanidium. The isozymes responsible for forming α-1,6-glucosidic branched linkages in Plectonema are of the b.e. type (able to further branch amylopectin), rather than of the Q type (able to branch amylose only to amylopectin).     

Alcohol dehydrogenase variability in Hypentelium nigricans

The alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme system of Hypentelium nigricans has been analyzed by means of starch gel electrophoresis yielding two electrophoretically distinct alleles. Clinal variability is suggested with apparent fixation of alleles at the extremes of the sampled range.     

Structural and functional abnormalities in the adipocyte plasma membrane from db/db mouse, and the effect on the abnormalities of oral treatment with AS-6

The protein bands of adipocyte plasma membranes from the genetically obese diabetic mice C57BL/KsJ db/db (db/db mice) showed slight but significant changes compared with their lean littermates. The treatment for 1 week with a new antidiabetic agent, AS-6, caused the changes to revert toward the condition in the lean littermates. In the absence of insulin, the plasma membrane and mitochondria mixture (P3 fraction) of the lean littermates densely labeled 55000 and 57000 dalton protein bands by phosphorylating with (a-32P)-ATP, whereas the labeling was less in the P3 from AS-6 treated and untreated db/db mice. Insulin inhibited phosphorylation of these bands in P3 from the lean littermates and untreated db/db mice, while the hormone enhanced the labeling in AS-6 treated db/db mice compared with the basal condition without insulin. Ca2+ greatly enhanced the labeling in all three groups, whereas Mg2+ mimicked the insulin action diminishing the labeling of these bands in the lean and untreated db/db groups. However, Mg2+ enhanced the phosphorylation in the P3 from AS-6 treated db/db mice compared with the basal condition.     

Alcohol dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Pulmonata): Polymorphism,genetic analysis,and interspecific variations

Alcohol dehydrogenase of Biomphalaria glabrata has been characterized by electrophoresis, substrate specificities, and other physicochemical means. It exists as a multiple molecular form possessing a minimum number of three bands in ovotestis, five in digestive gland, and six in albumen gland. Each organ shows characteristic electrophoretic forms which differ in substrate specificities and the response to the organomercurial inhibitor p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. Mercaptoethanol treatment has no effect on any electrophoretic form. Genetic analyses of the electrophoretic variants show that three different loci are responsible for the synthesis of the various electrophoretic forms observed in this species. Different species vary in their electrophoretic patterns. A possible role of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the phylogenetic relationship among three species, B. glabrata, B. tenagophila, and B. straminea, has been discussed.This work was supported by a grant from the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Brazil.     

荞麦属植物淀粉酶和甲酸脱氢酶同功酶研究(英文)

以聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法研究了荞麦属植物8个种42个收集系干种子和发芽种子的淀粉酶和甲酸脱氢酶同功酶。结果表明,荞麦淀粉酶在于种子中缺乏活性,但是在发芽种子中活性很强。在供试材料的发芽种子中共发现23个淀粉酶谱带,其中甜荞和苦荞分别有10条和8条。不同荞麦种间淀粉酶谱带差异很大,但是同种内不同收集系间差异较小。谱带聚类分析表明大野荞和毛野荞分别与甜荞和苦荞较近缘,支持它们分别为甜荞和苦荞祖先种的假说。在干种子和发芽种子中,发现所有荞麦种类均只有1条位置一致的甲酸脱氢酶谱带,暗示该酶在进化中具有高度稳定性。     

凝胶电泳与共头霉分类

对于共头霉的唯一已知种总状共头霉Syncephalastrum racemosum Cohn ex Schroet.(S 1)和新发现的具单孢孢子囊的新种单孢共头霉下的三个变种,原变种S.monosporum Zheng et al. var. monosporum( S7, S8, S9),冠囊变种var. cristatum Zheng et al. (S10, S11)及多重生变种var. pluriproliferum Zheng et al.(S12) 6株菌的蛋白和酯酶进行了聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的研究.这4个分类群的蛋白图谱和酯酶酶谱互不相同,而同一分类群内各个菌株之间则有很高的相似性.从计算出的相似性百分数来看,3个新变种相互之间有较为密切的关系,而和S. racemosum虽然较疏远,但也有相当程度的亲缘关系.这些结果被认为支持了根据形态鉴定而定这三个新变种属于同一新种内并将其和S. racemosum一并归属于一个属内.由此可见,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳是共头霉分类的有用的辅助手段.     

Heterodera glycines in Indiana: III. 2-D Protein Patterns of Geographical Isolates

Protein patterns obtained by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for three isolates of Heterodera glycines from southern Indiana appear qualitatively similar and have higher pairwise Jaccard similarity coefficients with each other than with isolates from northern Indiana. Three isolates from three northern counties share proteins not present in the southern isolates, but as a group the northern isolates are less similar to each other than are the southern Indiana isolates.