低剂量α干扰素口含片的抗病毒实验研究

本实验是对低剂量α干扰素口含片抗病毒实验研究,通过对各组小鼠不同的给药时间及不同的感染时间,取鼠肺制成悬液接种鸡胚,35℃培养3天,取尿囊液作血滴定,以此来验证干扰素口含片是否抗病毒以及效果如何。     

α-干扰素治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的现状和展望

长期以来α－干扰素治疗慢性乙型和丙型病毒型肝炎是有效的,临床治疗中已得到承认。但大剂量发现副作用明显,口含天然人α－干扰素无副作用,如果能替代α－干扰素并联合其它药物治疗,对病毒性疾病和恶性肿瘤将提供新的治疗方法．     

a——干扰素治疗慢性病毒性肝炎的现状和展望

长期以来ａ－干扰素治疗慢性乙型和丙型病毒型肝炎是有效的，临床治疗中已得到承认。但大剂量发现副作用明显，口含天然人ａ－干扰素无副作用，如果能替代ａ－干扰素并联合其它药物治疗，对病毒性疾病和恶性肿瘤将提供新的治疗方法。     

脑啡肽-干扰素融合蛋白具有外周镇痛作用

研究干扰素-脑啡肽融合蛋白的外周镇痛作用和机制.对小鼠进行热损伤诱导,采用经典热板法测定小鼠后肢脚趾外周涂抹干扰素、脑啡肽融合蛋白的痛阈变化,并用阿片选择性拮抗剂纳曲酮、纳络酮及干扰素单抗进行阻断试验.与干扰素母体相比,融合蛋白具有较强的外周镇痛作用,这种作用可被纳络酮、干扰素单抗逆转或阻断.融合蛋白具有较强镇痛功能,可作为外用镇痛候选药物,其作用机理与干扰素受体、阿片μ受体有关.     

四联活菌片联合干扰素治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎疗效观察

目的:对四联活菌片联合干扰素治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效进行观察.方法:轮状病毒流行期住院的急性腹泻病人共150例,病程3 d以内,经电镜及酶联免疫吸附试验检测为轮状病毒90例,随机分为二组,治疗组(n=48)服用普乐拜乐片及肌注基因工程a-1 b干扰素,对照组(n=42)利巴伟林肌注或静点,二组在纠正脱水、酸中毒等治疗方案相同,且均不用抗生素、止泻药.结果:治疗组在退热时间,止泻时间,脱水纠正时间,住院时间与对照组相比差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论:四联活菌剂普乐拜尔片联合干扰素治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎疗效肯定,无副作用,值得临床推广.     

角页岩雕刻器的微痕实验研究

本文以丁村遗址角页岩为原料打制实验标本,设计展开雕刻器微痕实验,并对其中部分标本按照序贯试验原理进行分阶段实验。实验结果表明,角页岩雕刻器雕刻刃的使用微痕基本特征为:轻度到重度磨圆,片疤数量较少,多小中型片疤,终端形态多为羽状和阶梯状,以分散分布为主,大片疤常单独出现。分阶段实验结果表明,磨圆是以从快到慢速度生成的,片疤在不同阶段发生改变。本文旨在通过对角页岩雕刻器使用微痕的研究,为探讨考古标本功能提供可参照的数据与图像。     

Ⅲ型干扰素——新型抗病毒细胞因子

干扰素（IFN）是抗病毒感染的第一道防线,Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型干扰素不仅可抑制病毒,而且还能参与天然免疫反应和获得性免疫反应。最近干扰素家族增添一位新成员：Ⅲ型干扰素,即IFN-λ,因其具有类似干扰素的抗病毒活性且能诱导干扰素相关基因的表达而命名。IFN-λ受体与Ⅰ型干扰素的受体不同,但具有与Ⅰ型干扰素类似的诱导表达方式和信号转导通路,并能激活一系列相似的干扰素刺激基因。就IFN-λ家族及其受体、基因表达和信号转导机制、抗病毒作用等进行综述。     

RanBPM结合干扰素λ信号通路中的干扰素受体1

最新发现的干扰素λ表现出抗病毒、抗增殖和促凋亡活性,同I型干扰素一样干扰素λ结合干扰素λ受体复合体后进行信号传递.干扰素受体是由干扰素受体1和白介素10的受体2形成异二聚体,但是干扰素λ信号通路的分子调控机制仍不清楚.本研究分别运用谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶沉淀试验和免疫共沉淀试验证明了Ran蛋白的结合蛋白RanBPM与干扰素λ受体1相互作用.干扰素λ1能够促进干扰素λ受体1与RanBPM的相互作用和影响RanBPM在细胞内的分布.干扰素λ受体1与RanBPM的相互作用与保守的TRAF6的结合位点无关.RanBPM作为一个支架蛋白通过调控干扰素刺激反应元件的活性,是新的调控干扰素λ途径的蛋白.     

干扰素研究及应用进展

1957年,英国科学家Isaacs和Lindenmann利用鸡胚绒毛尿囊研究流感干扰现象时,发现一种能够干扰病毒繁殖的物质,称之为干扰素（IFN）,由于干扰素对许多疾病有很好的治疗作用,一直是医学领域研究的重要物质之一。现在干扰素已成功地用于肝炎、肿瘤治疗等方面。为了充分发挥干扰素的作用,人们稍用基因工程的方法来对干扰素的产量及功效进行改进,已达到更好的应用,因此基因工程干扰素越来越多地成了研究的重点。     

脑啡肽-αⅠ干扰素的镇痛作用和抗肿瘤作用

从大肠杆菌工程菌中纯化脑啡肽-αⅠ干扰素融合蛋白,测定其在小鼠脑内的镇痛作用,阿片受体结合功能及对肿瘤细胞生长抑制和体内抗肿瘤作用.结果显示,与αⅠ干扰素母体相比,融合蛋白具有较强的镇痛作用, 镇痛作用可为腹腔注射阿片受体拮抗剂Naloxone和Naltrindole 反转, 融合蛋白可竞争³H标记σ型阿片受体配基DPDPE与膜受体结合.融合蛋白的肿瘤细胞生长抑制和体内抗肿瘤作用也高于母体分子, 说明脑啡肽和αⅠ干扰素的融合蛋白实现并增强了脑啡肽-αⅠ干扰素融合蛋白的双重功能.     

Induction of interferon and activation of NK cells and macrophages in mice by oral administration of Ge-132, an organic germanium compound

After oral administration of an organic germanium compound, Ge-132 (300 mg/kg), a significant level of interferon (IFN) activity was detected in the sera of mice at 20 hr and it reached a maximum of 320 U/ml at 24 hr. This IFN activity was lost after heat- or acid-treatment, suggesting that the induced IFN is of gamma-nature. The molecular weight of this IFN was estimated to be 50,000 daltons by gel filtration. The NK activity of spleen cells was increased 24 hr after the oral administration of Ge-132, and cytotoxic macrophages were induced in the peritoneal cavity by 48 hr. In the mice receiving an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of trypan blue or carrageenan 2 days before oral administration of Ge-132, neither induction of IFN nor augmentation of NK activity occurred, and X-ray irradiation of mice also rendered the mice incapable of producing IFN, all indicating that both macrophages and lymphocytes are required for this IFN induction. Both NK and cytotoxic macrophages appeared 18 hr after ip administration of the induced IFN with a titer as low as 20 U/ml. These facts suggest that both the augmentation of NK activity and activation of macrophages in mice after oral administration of Ge-132 are mediated by the induced IFN.     

Analysis of the factors motivating HCV-infected patients to accept interferon therapy

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to analyze factors motivating the acceptance of interferon (IFN) therapy and to clarify the prevalence of oral mucosal diseases in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Japanese patients treated with IFN. FINDINGS: A total of 94 HCV-infected patients who were admitted to our hospital for IFN therapy were asked questions regarding their motivation to accept IFN therapy and were investigated for the presence of oral lichen planus (OLP) before and during IFN treatment. Recommendation and encouragement from other people were the most common factors motivating the acceptance of IFN therapy (49/94, 52.13%). The other motivators were independent decision (30.85%), economic reasons (5.32%), and others. According to multivariate analysis, three factors - sex (male), retreatment after previous IFN therapy, and independent decision to accept IFN therapy - were associated with patients after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The adjusted odds ratios for these three factors were 26.06, 14.17, and 8.72, respectively. The most common oral mucosal lesions included OLP in 11 cases (11.70%). One patient with OLP had postoperative squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. The rate of sustained virological response (SVR) was 45.45% in cases with OLP and 54.55% in cases without OLP. There were no patients who discontinued IFN therapy because of side effects such as oral mucosal diseases. CONCLUSIONS: We should give full explanation and recommend a course of treatment for a patient to accept IFN therapy. The system to support liver disease as well as oral diseases is also necessary for patient treated for IFN therapy.     

Ethinylestradiol administered by oral and sublingual routes: a comparative study in ovariectomized women

Eight ovariectomized women with an intact uterus received 12.5 micrograms ethinylestradiol for 14 days, in a cross over fashion. Ethinylestradiol was administered as a paper disc for sublingual application or as a tablet for oral administration. The parameters studied were FSH secretion, plasma protein synthesis, endometrial morphology, cervical mucus properties and the karyopyknotic index. Both types of treatment resulted in estrogenic effects with a more pronounced effect on sperm penetration and the Spinnbarkeit test after paper disc treatment than after conventional tablet treatment. The post-treatment FSH concentration 20 h after ethinylestradiol administration was significantly lower than the pretreatment value only in the case of the paper disc treatment. There was no evidence of any difference in effects on protein synthesis. The results indicate that the availability of ethinylestradiol for peripheral tissues may be increased by sublingual administration compared to oral tablet administration, whereas the effects on liver protein synthesis may remain unchanged.     

不同方法口服特比萘芬片治疗趾甲甲真菌病的疗效观察

目的评价不同方法口服特比萘芬片治疗趾甲甲真菌病的疗效。方法将入选患者随机分成两组,A组口服特比萘芬片0.25 g/d连续12周,B组前4周0.25 g/d,第5周开始隔天服0.25 g至16周,分别于治疗开始前、16周及26周对观察指标进行记录、分析。结果共入选1 001例,其中A组512例,16周、26周临床有效率分别是83.01%、95.31%,B组489例,16周、26周临床有效率分别是81.12%、93.86%,两组对应观察期有效率经χ2检验,差异无统计学意义,26周时有效率比16周有进一步提高。结论 4周后隔日服药疗法在减少服用14片特比萘芬片的情况下可以达到与常规治疗组近似的疗效,患者依从性较高,特比萘芬片治疗甲真菌病具有明显的后效应。     

Stability Enhancement of Drug Layered Pellets in a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet

The purpose of this research was to develop a stable fixed dose combination tablet for a model DPP-IV inhibitor and metformin hydrochloride. The dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor was particularly challenging to formulate due to its significant chemical instability and moisture sensitivity. Various formulation strategies were investigated and placed on accelerated stability to determine the lead approach and critical quality attributes. The lead formulation investigated was a drug layered pellet containing the DPP-IV inhibitor, which was further coated with various seal coats and moisture barriers, then compressed into a tablet with compression aids and granulated metformin hydrochloride. The investigations revealed that the drug layered pellets compressed into a fixed dose combination tablet yielded a unique stability enhancement. The stability was highly dependent on the final tablet water content and could be further improved by the addition of moisture barrier coatings. A fundamental understanding of the key critical quality attributes for the fixed dose combination product containing a DPP-IV inhibitor and metformin hydrochloride as an oral solid dosage form were established. This research identified a formulation approach to enable a successful commercial product to be developed.     

Development,Characterization and Permeability Assessment Based on Caco-2 Monolayers of Self-Microemulsifying Floating Tablets of Tetrahydrocurcumin

Novel self-microemulsifying floating tablets were developed to enhance the dissolution and oral absorption of the poorly water-soluble tetrahydrocurcumin (THC). Their physicochemical properties and THC permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers were assessed. The self-microemulsifying liquid containing THC was adsorbed onto colloidal silicon dioxide, mixed with HPMC, gas-generating agents (sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid), lactose and silicified-microcrystalline cellulose and transformed into tablets by direct compression. The use of different types/concentrations of HPMC and sodium bicarbonate in tablet formulations had different effects on the floating characteristics and in vitro THC release. The optimum tablet formulation (F2) provided a short floating lag time (∼23 s) together with a prolonged buoyancy (>12 h). About 72% of THC was released in 12 h with an emulsion droplet size in aqueous media of 33.9 ± 1.0 nm while that of a self-microemulsifying liquid was 29.9 ± 0.3 nm. The tablet formulation was stable under intermediate and accelerated storage conditions for up to 6 months. The THC released from the self-microemulsifying liquid and tablet formulations provided an approximately three- to fivefold greater permeability across the Caco-2 cell monolayers than the unformulated THC and indicated an enhanced absorption of THC by the formulations. The self-microemulsifying floating tablet could provide a dosage form with the potential to improve the oral bioavailability of THC and other hydrophobic compounds.KEY WORDS: Caco-2 cells, controlled release, permeability, self-microemulsifying floating tablets, tetrahydrocurcumin     

Synthesis and evaluation of 2-substituted 8-hydroxyadenines as potent interferon inducers with improved oral bioavailabilities

In order to create novel compounds which possess potent interferon (IFN) inducing activities with excellent oral bioavailabilities, a series of 8-hydroxyadenines, which have various alkoxy or alkylthio moieties at the adenine C(2)-position, were synthesized and evaluated. The introduction of hydrophobic groups was not considered to be effective for potentiating the IFN-inducing activity, but several compounds having hydrophilic groups were effective. Among the compounds tested, compound 13f induced IFN from the dosage of 0.03 mg/kg, which was approximately 100-fold more potent than that of Imiquimod, and showed an excellent oral bioavailability (F=40%) which was 10-fold improved over 5, a lead compound (F=4%).     

Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of indobufen from tablets and intramuscular injections in man

The influence of administration route (oral or intramuscular (i.m.)) on the pharmacokinetics of total indobufen (INDB) enantiomers was studied in healthy volunteers after a 200 mg dose as a single oral tablet or i.m. injection. Enantiospecific reversed phase (RP) HPLC with UV detection was used for the determination of INDB enantiomers in serum. INDB enantiomers were isolated from serum by solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure using C(18) columns. INDB enantiomers were converted to their L-leucinamide diastereoisomers and separated on a C(18) HPLC column. INDB from i.m. injections is absorbed faster (t(max) = 0.6-0.9 h) than from tablets (t(max) = 1.3-1.8 h). The area under curve (AUC) after administration of the tablet was slightly higher than after i.m. injection. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of (+)-S- and (-)-R-INDB after administration of the tablet was different from i.m. injection of racemic INDB. The (+)-S-enantiomer is more rapidly eliminated than its (-)-R-antipode. Statistically significant differences also occurred between enantiomers in AUC, first order elimination rate constant (k), clearance (Cl). The ratio AUC(R):AUC(S) was similar for the tablet (1.57-1.62) and i.m. injection (1.59-1.62). It was concluded that the formulation and extent of ionisation of rac-INDB (acid or sodium salt of INDB) do not significantly influence its stereoselective pharmacokinetics.     

Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives in monkeys fed adequate protein & low proein diets

The effects of 2 oral contraceptives, Ovulen and Norlestrin, were studied in monkeys fed adequate protein and low protein diets. The experiment was carried out in parts. In the first one, the administration of contraceptives was cyclic and similar to that employed in human subjects. In the other experiments, the contraceptives were given continuously and an attempt was made to exaggerate the deleterious effects of the oral contraceptive on the liver by including small doses of a known hepatotoxic agent, aflatoxin (AT). In Experiment 1, 45 female monkeys were divided into 2 groups of 20 and 25 and received an adequate protein (16%) and low protein diet (4%) respectively. Each monkey was fed 1/5 of a tablet of Ovulen or Norlestrin orally for 3 weeks, and then administration was discontinued for 1 week. In Experiment 2, 35 female monkeys were divided into 7 groups of 5 each. All the animals recieved 4% protein diet. 5 groups were tube fed at the rate of 100 cal/kg body weight, while 2 groups were given diet ad libitum. Group I received the diet alone while groups II-V received 10 mcg AT, 25 mcg AT, 10 mcg AT plus 1/5 Ovulen tablets, and 25 mcg AT plus 1/5 Ovulen tablet respectively daily. Groups VI and VII received the diet ad libitum but were orally fed 75 mcg AT and 75 mcg AT plus 1/5 Ovulen tablet respectively. Serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity were studied at regular intervals after the administation of oral contraceptives in the experiments. Serum proteins and hemoglobin were also determined. Monkeys fed oral contraceptives showed increased serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities irrespective of the level of protein in the diet. Livers of animals receiving oral contraceptives were morphologically similar to the controls fed respective diets. The experiments were conducted for a period of almost 2 years.     

Comparison of Echinacea alkylamide pharmacokinetics between liquid and tablet preparations

The relative oral bioavailability of alkylamides from two different Echinacea dosage forms (liquid and tablet) were compared in a small two-way crossover study in humans (n=3). The liquid preparation investigated contained a mixture of Echinacea purpurea root (300 mg/ml) and Echinacea angustifolia root (200 mg/ml) extracted in 60% ethanol. The tablet preparation investigated was also a mixture of E. purpurea root (675 mg/tablet) and E. angustifolia root (600 mg/tablet), but was prepared from the dried 60% ethanolic extracts of these two Echinacea species. Alkylamides were found to be rapidly absorbed and measurable in plasma from both preparations. No significant differences in the tetraene alkylamide pharmacokinetic parameters for T(1/2), AUC(t-lin) and C(max) in the two different preparations were found. T(max) increased from 20 min for the liquid to 30 min for the tablet, which is not unexpected as the tablet required time for disintegration before absorption could occur. These results suggested that there was no significant difference in the bioavailability of alkylamides from the liquid and tablet Echinacea formulations. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the absorption site and any alkylamide loss due to digestive processes were similar in both preparations.