抑癌基因p53 在肝癌组织中的异常表达及临床意义

目的:探讨抑癌基因p53在肝癌组织中表达及临床意义,为肝癌的治疗提供新的思路。方法:回顾性分析了2006年1月～2009年8月收治的40例肝癌患者的临床资料,采用免疫组织化学法测定肝癌组织、癌旁组织和正常组织中抑癌基因p53的表达,并分析不同肿瘤分化程度患者p53的表达。结果:p53阳性表达率在在肝癌组、癌旁组分别为47.5%和2.5%,在正常组未检测到p53阳性表达,三组之间比较有显著性差异(x2=6.515,P=0.024);高分化癌P53蛋白阳性表达率低,中低分化癌P53蛋白阳性表达率高,组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05),中、低分化组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:在肝癌组织中存在p53基因的高表达,其阳性表达与肿瘤分化程度有关。     

DAB致大鼠肝癌过程中免疫组化及免疫电镜研究

本文采用二甲氨基偶氮苯(DAB)诱发的大鼠肝癌模型,运用组织病理学、血清学、免疫组化及免疫电镜技术相结合的方法,对诱癌过程中各个不同时期肝脏的组织病理学变化及肝癌阳性标志物AFP的表达进行了动态观察。结果显示:早在血清AFP浓度上升和由卵圆细胞转变而来的小肝细胞表达AFP之前,肝小叶中就出现了散在的AFP阳性肝细胞,我们认为这种AFP阳性肝细胞可作为肝细胞癌前病变的早期征象之一。在AFP阳性的肝细胞内,AFP主要定位于核周间隙、粗面内质网和高尔基复合体。     

大鼠诱发型肝癌发生发展过程中SonicHedgehog、Ptc和Gli1表达的改变

目的 观察大鼠诱发肝癌过程中Sonic Hedgehog（Shh）信号通路相关基因的表达变化,探讨其在肝癌发生发展过程中的作用.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,随机分成4组,利用二乙基亚硝胺（DEN）制备诱发性大鼠肝癌模型,应用原位核酸杂交技术检测Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA在对照组、模型组（6w）、模型组（14w）、模型组（22w）大鼠肝脏癌变过程中的表达变化.结果 在模型组（6w）大鼠肝脏的肝小叶周边可见嗜酸性、气球样变性等肝细胞损伤的表现,模型组（14w）大鼠肝脏中可见肝假小叶和非典型增生结节,模型组（22w）大鼠肝脏中可见到高分化的肝细胞癌结节.Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA阳性表达细胞主要分布在大鼠肝脏中的肝细胞损伤区、增生结节、癌结节、小叶间胆管上皮和癌旁组织中,Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA在模型组的大鼠肝组织中表达的平均光密度值均高于对照组.结论 Shh信号通路在诱癌过程中异常激活,可能促进肝损伤后的正常修复、异常增殖及肝细胞癌变过程.     

食管鳞癌p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达研究

为探讨p53、c-erbB-2蛋白表达与食管鳞癌生物学行为的关系,应用免疫组化LSAB法研究181例食管鳞癌中p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。结果发现,正常食管粘膜均无p53、c-erbB-2蛋白的表达。47％食管鳞癌出现p53表达,p53阳性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮出现p53表达,p53阴性病例癌旁非典型增生上皮亦为阴性。p53阳性表达率与患年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、组织学分级,临床TNM分期无关,且与预后无关。51.4%食管鳞癌呈现c-erbB-2蛋白表达,癌旁非典型增生上皮无c-erbB-2表达。c-erbB-2阳性率与肿瘤组织学分级、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及肝转移有关,c-erbB-2阳性表达预后较差。结果提示,p53表达在食管鳞癌发生中起重要作用;c-erbB-2表达在食管鳞癌浸润转移中起重要作用。同时进行p53、c-erbB-2蛋白免疫组化检测,有助于对食管鳞癌进行早期诊断,监测病情和判断预后。     

凋亡相关基因p53、bcl-2在乳腺导管非典型增生中表达的研究

为观察凋亡相关基因-p53,bcl-2在乳腺导管非典型增生及乳腺癌中的表达,探讨其与乳腺癌组织发生的关系。本实验应用原位杂交方法检测凋亡相关基因p53,bcl-2mRNA,应用免疫组织化学方法检测p53蛋白在44例乳腺导管非典型增生组织中的表达,并与6例乳腺导管单纯性增生及26例乳腺癌对比分析,实验结果为,p53mRNA在乳腺导管单纯性增生组织中呈较强表达（66.7%),在乳腺导自欺欺人这非典型增生组织中阳性表达为40%（轻度;55.6%,中度：41.7%,重度;26.1%)。在癌组织中的表达率为19.2%(导管内癌：21.4%,浸润性导管癌：16.7%),p53蛋白在导管单纯性增生组无表达,在导管非典型增生组阳性表达为24%（轻度：11.1%,中度;25%,重度;34.8%)。在癌组织中的阳性表达为38.4%(导管内癌：35.7%,浸润性导管癌：41.7%),bcl-2mRNA在单纯性增生组无表达,在非典型增生组中阳性表达为轻度：11.1%,中度：16.7%,重度：39.1%,在乳腺癌组织中阳性表达为导管内癌;78.6%,浸润性导管癌83.3%。实验结果表明,在乳腺导管重度非典型增生组织中可检测到p53基因有较高的表达缺失,突变及bcl-2mRNA过表达。     

泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2活性及稳定性调控的研究进展

泛素蛋白连接酶MDM2(Murine double minute 2)具有癌基因活性, MDM2高表达会导致抑癌基因p53失活而诱发肿瘤, 但在至少7%的肿瘤中p53基因正常而mdm2异常扩增, 表明MDM2还具有其他底物分子, 以p53不依赖的方式促进肿瘤的发生。鉴于MDM2的重要作用, 文章在基因水平、转录水平、翻译后修饰水平、相互作用分子的调节等方面系统总结了目前对MDM2调控的主要研究机制及其进展。     

AFP表达调控载体对肝癌模型的靶向治疗作用

目的观察甲胎蛋白(AFP)表达调控载体pAFP-P53-EGFP对AFP表达阳性肝癌模型靶向治疗作用。方法以人肝癌HepG2(AFP阳性)、人肝癌SMMC7721(AFP阴性)细胞于BALB/c-nu裸小鼠右腋皮下荷瘤,14d成瘤,免疫组化检测AFP。将构建好的pAFP-EGFP和pAFP-P53-EGFP重组质粒于肿瘤内注射,观察肿瘤体积变化,通过免疫组化观察p53在HepG2肿瘤中的特异性表达及对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。结果荷HepG2、SMMC7721细胞株裸鼠14d皮下肿瘤生长良好,且肿瘤体积均为500mm3左右,经HE染色证实造模成功。同时,AFP免疫组化结果显示接种HepG2细胞的肿瘤组织AFP表达阳性,SMMC7721细胞的肿瘤组织AFP表达为阴性。经pAFP-EGFP和pAFP-P53-EGFP重组质粒治疗后,p53的免疫组化分析结果显示接种HepG2细胞的裸鼠pAFP-P53-EGFP治疗组p53表达量显著高于其他各组,可见明显细胞凋亡现象,且肿瘤体积较对照组减小。结论含AFP基因调控序列的pAFP-P53-EGFP载体可专一性地作用于AFP阳性肝癌细胞,引起肝癌细胞周期阻滞和凋亡。     

p21~(HBsAg/HBsAg)转基因小鼠肝脏病理学研究

[目的]观察p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学改变。[方法]分别选取2,6,12,18,24月龄的SPF级p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠和p21+/+野生型小鼠,剖检进行大体观察,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行组织学HE染色及电镜超微结构观察。[结果]p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏大体、光镜和电镜下均有的明显病理改变。随着月龄的增加,肝脏色暗质硬,表面有结节和肿瘤形成;光镜下,肝细胞浊肿,炎症细胞浸润,脂肪变性,点状、灶状和碎屑状坏死,非典型增生,肝细胞癌。癌细胞分化良好,类似肝细胞,形成索状和腺泡状结构。癌细胞核深染,具核分裂像。电镜下,癌细胞核变形,核膜曲折凹陷,线粒体肿胀,数目增多,脊减少。4例18月龄转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(4/10),6例24月龄的转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(6/10),其中2例发现远处转移;[结论]p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏出现明显病理损害,18月龄小鼠开始发展成高分化的肝细胞癌,高龄小鼠形成的肝细胞癌能够转移。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌中hMSH2、PCNA和p53的表达及意义

目的:探讨hMSH2、PCNA和p53在OSCC中的表达及可能存在的临床意义.方法:运用免疫组织化学S-P法对56例OSCC组织中hMSH2、PCNA和p53的表达进行检测.结果:(1)3种基因产物在OSCC中的阳性率均高于正常口腔黏膜,中-低分化癌的阳性率高于高分化癌,有淋巴结转移的阳性率高于无淋巴结转移.(2)hMSH2与PCNA、p53,p53与PCNA的表达均呈正相关.(3)5年生存率与hMSH2蛋白表达和淋巴结转移有关.结论:hMSH2、PCNA和p53的异常表达及其相互之间的调节可能与OSCC的发生发展有关.     

p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学研究

目的观察p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏病理学改变.方法分别选取2、6、12、18、24月龄的SPF级p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠和p21+/+野生型小鼠,剖检进行大体观察,取肝脏及肝脏肿瘤组织,进行组织学HE染色及电镜超微结构观察.结果 p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏大体、光镜和电镜下均有明显病理改变.随着月龄的增加,肝脏色暗质硬,表面有结节和肿瘤形成;光镜下,肝细胞浊肿,炎症细胞浸润,脂肪变性,点状、灶状和碎屑状坏死,非典型增生,肝细胞癌.癌细胞分化良好,类似肝细胞,形成索状和腺泡状结构.癌细胞核深染,具核分裂像.电镜下,癌细胞核变形,核膜曲折凹陷,线粒体肿胀,数目增多,嵴减少.4例18月龄转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(4/10),6例24月龄的转基因小鼠发生肝细胞癌(6/10),其中2例发现远处转移.结论 p21HBsAg/HBsAg转基因小鼠肝脏出现明显病理损害,18月龄小鼠开始发展成高分化的肝细胞癌,高龄小鼠形成的肝细胞癌能够转移.     

Gene expression patterns in human liver cancers

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Using cDNA microarrays to characterize patterns of gene expression in HCC, we found consistent differences between the expression patterns in HCC compared with those seen in nontumor liver tissues. The expression patterns in HCC were also readily distinguished from those associated with tumors metastatic to liver. The global gene expression patterns intrinsic to each tumor were sufficiently distinctive that multiple tumor nodules from the same patient could usually be recognized and distinguished from all the others in the large sample set on the basis of their gene expression patterns alone. The distinctive gene expression patterns are characteristic of the tumors and not the patient; the expression programs seen in clonally independent tumor nodules in the same patient were no more similar than those in tumors from different patients. Moreover, clonally related tumor masses that showed distinct expression profiles were also distinguished by genotypic differences. Some features of the gene expression patterns were associated with specific phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the tumors, including growth rate, vascular invasion, and p53 overexpression.     

The expressions of oncogenes and liver-specific genes in Morris hepatomas

The expression of three liver-specific genes and four oncogenes was studied in the Morris hepatomas 8994, 7288c, 7777, 5123tc, and 7800. Total RNA isolated from these tumors was probed with cDNA's for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and the oncogenes Ha-ras, Ki-ras, myc and src. When compared to mRNA's levels expressed in normal adult liver, we found AFP levels elevated in AFP-producing tumors, albumin and TAT mRNA levels depressed in all tumors, except TAT is elevated in 5123tc and the oncogenes with the exception of src elevated in all tumors. These results argue against a coordinated expression of these genes as a result of transformation, but suggest that oncogene expression is related to tumorigenesis or proliferation.     

Liver-Specific Expressions of HBx and src in the p53 Mutant Trigger Hepatocarcinogenesis in Zebrafish

Hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process that starts from fatty liver and transitions to fibrosis and, finally, into cancer. Many etiological factors, including hepatitis B virus X antigen (HBx) and p53 mutations, have been implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. However, potential synergistic effects between these two factors and the underlying mechanisms by which they promote hepatocarcinogenesis are still unclear. In this report, we show that the synergistic action of HBx and p53 mutation triggers progressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) formation via src activation in zebrafish. Liver-specific expression of HBx in wild-type zebrafish caused steatosis, fibrosis and glycogen accumulation. However, the induction of tumorigenesis by HBx was only observed in p53 mutant fish and occurred in association with the up-regulation and activation of the src tyrosine kinase pathway. Furthermore, the overexpression of src in p53 mutant zebrafish also caused hyperplasia, HCC, and sarcomatoid HCC, which were accompanied by increased levels of the signaling proteins p-erk, p-akt, myc, jnk1 and vegf. Increased expression levels of lipogenic factors and the genes involved in lipid metabolism and glycogen storage were detected during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in the HBx and src transgenic zebrafish. The up-regulation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, tumor progression and other molecular hallmarks of human liver cancer were found at later stages in both HBx and src transgenic, p53 mutant zebrafish. Together, our study demonstrates that HBx and src overexpression induced hepatocarcinogenesis in p53 mutant zebrafish. This phenomenon mimics human HCC formation and provides potential in vivo platforms for drug screening for therapies for human liver cancer.     

人类p53和c-myc同源基因在玉米颖果发育过程中的表达

肿瘤抑制基因p53和原癌基因c-myc已被证明在动物中高度保守并参与许多PCD过程。这两个基因编码的同源蛋白及其RNA在玉米中的存在已有报道,并且其DNA同源序列已利用荧光原位杂交定位在玉米相应的染色体上。利用免疫组织化学方法探测了与人类p53和c-myc基因同源的玉米基因在玉米颖果发育过程中的时空表达模式。结果发现,在授粉后的一定阶段,在反足细胞、珠被、未成熟的胚乳、予房壁、导管组织和糊粉层中,p53同源基因表达强烈,c-myc同源基因的表达相反,在授粉后的这些组织中基本不表达,而在授粉前的中央细胞的极核中表达水平较高。TUNEL检测显示,在p53同源基因呈现高水平表达的地方,DNA断裂信号强烈。在动物细胞中,p53和c-myc起相反的调节作用,这与其同源基因在玉米中的作用模式相似。由此说明p53和c-myc同源基因可能在玉米颖果发育PCD过程中起重要作用,并进一步推论高等植物PCD和动物细胞凋亡存在一定的保守性机制。     

GATA5 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells malignant behaviours by blocking expression of reprogramming genes

Evidence indicated that GATA5 may suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell malignant transformation, but the mechanism of how GATA5 affects cancer cell reprogramming to inhibit HCC malignant behaviour is still unclear. In this study, we report that the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes p‐Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, c‐myc and EpCAM was significantly higher in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. In contrast, the expression of GATA5 was significantly lower in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues. Transfection of CDH‐GATA5 vectors into HCC cells (HLE, Bel 7402 and PLC/PRF/5 cells) increased the GATA5 expression and decreased the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes p‐Oct4, Nanog, Klf4, c‐myc and EpCAM. Increased GATA5 expression by transfection with its expression vectors was also able to inhibit the cell growth, colony formation and capability of migration, invasion, while promoting apoptosis in HCC cells. Results revealed that GATA5 co‐localization with β‐catenin in the cytoplasm, preventing β‐catenin from entering the nucleus. Treatment with the specific Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitor salinomycin was able to reduce the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes. Salinomycin exerted a similar influence as GATA5, and siRNA‐GATA5 restored β‐catenin and reprogramming gene expression. This study demonstrates that an increase in the expression of GATA5 inhibits the expression of β‐catenin and reprogramming genes and suppresses tumour growth, colony formation, metastasis and invasion, while promoting apoptosis in HCC cells. The mechanism of GATA5 inhibiting the malignant behaviours of HCC cells may involve in the disruption of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and the reduction of reprogramming gene expression.     

Quantitative and qualitative immunohistochemical detection of myc and src oncogene proteins in normal, nodule, and neoplastic rat liver

This study examined the possibility of using an immunohistochemical technique to detect the expression of myc and src oncogene proteins (ops) in livers of male Sprague-Dawley rats after treatment with the carcinogen diethylnitrosamine (with or without phenobarbital promotion) or untreated. We found that the majority of nodules and tumors from these livers stained for myc and src ops, indicating that myc and src expression did occur in these structures. These results were expected, since myc and src expression has been previously observed by others using different techniques. However, in our study, myc and src op staining was also noted in normal liver areas from rats in any of the four treatment groups (DENA, DENA + PB, PB alone, or untreated). The staining pattern of normal liver was different for each oncogene probe but was consistent within the four groups. In most cases, oncogene expression of normal liver occurred at sites of abnormal (but non-neoplastic) hepatocytes. The method reported here used both a qualitative technique of op expression analysis and a quantitative method using a Zeiss computer-driven image analysis system.     

Genetic aberration in primary hepatocellular carcinoma：correlation between p53 gene mutation and loss—of—heterozygosity on chromosome 16q21—q23 and 9p21—p23

To elucidate the molecular pathology underlying the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),we used 41 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers to examine 55 HCC and corresponding non-tumor liver tissues on chromosome 9,16 and 17.Loss-of-heterozygosity(LOH) is observed with high frequency on chromosomal region 17p13(36k/55,65%),9q21-p23(28/55,51%),16q21-23(27/55,49%) in tumors.Meanwhile,microsatellite instability is rarely found in these microsatellite loci.Direct sequencing was performed to detect the tentative mutation of tumor wuppressor genes in these regions:p53,MTS1/p16,and CDH1/E-cadherin.Wihin exon 5-9 of p53 gene,14 out of 55 HCC specimens(24%) have somatic mutations,and nucleotide deletion of this gene is reported in HCC for the first time.Mutation in MTS1/p16 is found only in one tumor case.We do not find mutations in CDH1/E-cadherin.Furthermore,a statistically significant correlation is present between p53 gene mutation and loss of chromosome region 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23,which indicates that synergism between p53 inactivation and deletion of 16q21-q23 and 9p21-p23 may play a role in the pathogenesis of HCC.     

Aberrant Expression of the p53-Inducible Antiproliferative Gene BTG2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma is Associated with Overexpression of the Cell Cycle-Related Proteins

We previously reported that the abnormal BTG2 expression was related to genesis/development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the BTG2 expression in HCC compared with p53, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. For this purpose, modified diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced primary HCC rat model was established. Target proteins and mRNAs were measured by western blot and RT-PCR/northern blot, respectively. In rat liver, expression of BTG2 and other proteins was determined by western blot, and BTG2 mRNA in HCC/normal tissues was detected by high-flux tissue microarray (TMA) and in situ hybridization (ISH). BTG2 mRNA/protein expression was increased in fetal liver, 7701, and LO2 cell lines but decreased in HepG2 cells. BTG2/p53 were expressed early after DEN treatment, peaked at 5?weeks and decreased gradually thereafter. Cyclin-D1/Cyclin-E expression increased significantly with the tumor progression. BTG2 mRNA was expressed in 71.19% HCC by ISH and correlated with differentiation. Expression of p53/cyclin D1/cyclin E was positive in 82.35/94.12/76.47% BTG2 mRNA-negative tissues, respectively. BTG2 protein expression was lost in 32.2% (19/59) HCC tissues, and the mRNA/protein expression correlated significantly with the increasing tumor grade (P?相似文献   

Retroviral expression of the hepatitis B virus x gene promotes liver cell susceptibility to carcinogen-induced site specific mutagenesis

Mutational inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 is common in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). AGG to AGT transversion in codon 249 of exon 7 of the p53 gene occurs in over 50% of HCC from endemic regions, where both chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) prevail. In this study, we report the effect of the HBV x protein (HBx) on carcinogen-induced cytotoxicity and AGG to AGT mutation in codon 249 of the p53 gene in the human liver cell line CCL13. Expression of HBx, as revealed by its transactivation function, results in enhanced cell susceptibility to cytotoxicity induced by the AFB1 active metabolite, AFB1-8,9-epoxide, and benzo(a)pyrene diol-epoxide. Under similar conditions, expression of HBx promotes apoptosis in a subset of cell population. Exposure to AFB1-8, 9-epoxide alone induces a low frequency of AGG to AGT mutation in codon 249 of the p53 gene, as determined by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) assay. However, expression of HBx enhances the frequency of AFB1-epoxide-induced AGG to AGT mutation compared to control cells. In summary, this study demonstrates that expression of HBx enhances liver cell susceptibility to carcinogen-induced mutagenesis, possibly through alteration of the balance between DNA repair and apoptosis, two cellular defense mechanisms against genotoxic stress.     

Myc-Induced Liver Tumors in Transgenic Zebrafish Can Regress in tp53 Null Mutation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently one of the top lethal cancers with an increasing trend. Deregulation of MYC in HCC is frequently detected and always correlated with poor prognosis. As the zebrafish genome contains two differentially expressed zebrafish myc orthologs, myca and mycb, it remains unclear about the oncogenicity of the two zebrafish myc genes. In the present study, we developed two transgenic zebrafish lines to over-express myca and mycb respectively in the liver using a mifepristone-inducible system and found that both myc genes were oncogenic. Moreover, the transgenic expression of myca in hepatocytes caused robust liver tumors with several distinct phenotypes of variable severity. ~5% of myca transgenic fish developing multinodular HCC with cirrhosis after 8 months of induced myca expression. Apoptosis was also observed with myca expression; introduction of homozygous tp53^-/- mutation into the myca transgenic fish reduced apoptosis and accelerated tumor progression. The malignant status of hepatocytes was dependent on continued expression of myca; withdrawal of the mifepristone inducer resulted in a rapid regression of liver tumors, and the tumor regression occurred even in the tp53^-/- mutation background. Thus, our data demonstrated the robust oncogenicity of zebrafish myca and the requirement of sustained Myc overexpression for maintenance of the liver tumor phenotype in this transgenic model. Furthermore, tumor regression is independent of the function of Tp53.