中国汉族髋骨的性别差异和判断

本文研究乌鲁木齐市附近出土的汉族达到成年尺寸的正常髋骨(男115块,女54块,性别主要借助骨盆形态来判断)。测量了耻骨长、坐骨长、髋臼径及坐骨大切迹宽、深等八个项目。列表和图显示了各项数据的分布。利用这些图表可以帮助鉴别中国汉人髋骨的性别。经统计方法检验,这些特征在性别和人种之间有非常显著或显著的差异,汉人与美国白人及爱斯基摩人较接近。     

Sex determination from the skull and parts of the hip bone

Using multivariate discriminant analyses of various skull length and breadth measurements and some measurements of the ischio-pubic and/or sacro-iliac pelvic bone segments, we remarkably improved the skeleton sex diagnosis on the larger bone samples from Prague, Brno, and Leipzig. According to NOVOTNY, a correct sexing of pelves is possible on the basis of combination of 2 type-morphognostic characters and 4 morphometric ones of the pubis, the ischium, and the greater sciatic notch (incisura ischiadica major). The symphysis region also yields several characters usable in discriminant functions which, in combination with the ventral border of the symphyseal surface, enable the sex diagnosis required by forensic medicine using one part of pelvis only.     

Sex differences in the sciatic notch of great apes and modern humans

The sciatic notch has been widely used as a sexing criterion in modern humans. In order to better understand the sex differences of this feature in modern humans and great apes, four measurements of the sciatic notch were taken on samples of modern humans and great apes of known sex. Univariate (ANOVA) analysis and discriminant function analysis were performed on the extant taxa to determine: (1) the discriminating power of each variable in these samples of known group membership; and (2) which of these extant taxa shows the best discrimination between the sexes for the sciatic notch. Of the four extant taxa, the sciatic notch of Homo sapiens is the most sexually dimorphic, followed by Gorilla gorilla, and more weakly by Pongo pygmaeus, while Pan troglodytes is the least dimorphic of these taxa. Since the presence of a well defined sciatic notch is a hominid trait resulting from the dorsal extension of the posterior ilium, the close approximation of the sacrum to the acetabulum, the shortened ischium, and the accentuation of the ischial spine as part of the bipedal adaptation, it seems likely that the configuration of the sciatic notch in hominids was initially related to bipedalism, not reproduction. The development of sex differences in the sciatic notch of modern humans is more likely to have occurred after the transition to bipedality. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Geometric morphometric analysis of the greater sciatic notch in South Africans

The width of the greater sciatic notch of the pelvis is a characteristic commonly used to determine sex in unknown individuals. Recent research on South African skeletal material indicated that this feature may not be so reliable, especially in South African white males. In this study the greater sciatic notches of 115 known skeletons of South African origin were analysed using geometric morphometrics. Geometric morphometrics is a relatively new method that helps to quantify shape. Using this method, it was observed that South African black males have the typical narrow shape, while both the black and white females have typical wide notches. The white males, however, showed a very wide variation and their shapes scattered across the range. The shape of the greater sciatic notch is therefore not reliable to use in sex determination in this population group. Geometric morphometric analysis proved to be a valuable and reliable method to verify morphological characteristics observed with more traditional methods.     

Statistical study of sexual dimorphism in the human fetal sciatic notch

Whether human fetal skeletal remains exhibit sexual dimorphism has been the subject of considerable debate. Most attention in this debate has focused on the greater sciatic notch of the ilium, since it is a gross morphological characteristic with known sex differences in the adult and is easily seen in fetal skeletal remains. Unfortunately, previous traditional morphometric analyses of the fetal sciatic notch have led to ambiguous results. The purpose of this study is to determine whether differences between the sexes can be discerned when modern morphometric techniques are applied to the fetal sciatic notch. Photographs of the ventral side of 133 fetal ilia of known age and sex from the Trotter Collection of Washington University were digitized, and the trace coordinates used for all subsequent analyses. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there is significant sexual dimorphism in the anterior to posterior location of the maximum depth of the sciatic notch, but that the depth of the notch itself is not dimorphic. While there is significant sexual dimorphism in the shape of the sciatic notch, the amount of overlap between males and females is too great for the sciatic notch to be used as a reliable indicator of sex. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Greater sciatic notch morphology: sex, age, and population differences

The accuracy of a method for visually scoring sex differences in the greater sciatic notch was tested on 296 skeletons of known age and sex. The proportion of correct sex assignments is 80% when all specimens are classified, and 89% when os coxae assigned the score in which the sexes show the greatest overlap are excluded. Although many os coxae (35%) have this sexually intermediate morphology, excluding them has the advantage of substantially reducing sex biases in sexing errors. For both sexes, there is a strong relationship between age at death and sciatic notch score. People who die at a younger age tend to have wider, more feminine-appearing sciatic notches than people of greater longevity. There are also significant population differences. The 18th-19th century English sample from St. Bride's Church has a more feminine morphology than Americans of European or African ancestry. Environmental influences on skeletal development (vitamin D deficiency) appear to provide the most likely explanation for these population differences.     

柳江化石人髋骨的性别判断

柳江化石人髋骨曾经断裂,上下二片间相互错动移位影响了坐骨大切迹有关实测数据的准确性。本文给出了校正后的数据,并应用吴新智等（1982）和孙尚辉等（1986）提供的方法,判断柳江化石人髋骨应属男性范围。柳江头骨与日本港川旧石器时代晚期男性头骨之间很小的歧异系数和柳江骶骨的男性特征也加强这一判断的可信性。     

Greater sciatic notch as a sex indicator in juveniles

Using Schutkowski's method for juvenile sex determination (Schutkowski H. 1993. Am J Phys Anthropol 90:199-205), we evaluated the morphology of the greater sciatic notch of 56 ilia (23 females and 33 males) from a documented skeletal collection housed at the Bocage Museum in Lisbon (Portugal). After applying Schutkowski's original methodology and comparing the results with previous studies, we used age-adjusted metrical variables to describe greater sciatic notch depth, breadth, and angle. Although results of both morphological and metrical analyses did not reveal a statistically significant level of sexual analyses dimorphism, we found a strong correlation between pelvic morphology and age at death. On the basis of the obtained results, we argue that Schutkowski's morphological method does not predict sex accurately in all populations and that recorded correlation of iliac features with age needs to be further explored in the context of the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism.     

Sexual dimorphism,asymmetry, and the effect of reproduction on pelvis bone in the bank vole, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myodes glareolus</Emphasis>

Sexual dimorphism in anatomical traits has been widely studied in animals. Although pelvis dimorphism was mostly studied in humans, it occurs also in many other mammalian species. Here, we investigated sexual dimorphism in the pelvis of the bank vole Myodes glareolus using individuals with known sex and reproductive status of females (parous vs nulliparous). The analyses revealed that the size and shape of pelvis differed significantly between sexes, as well as between nulliparous and parous females. In comparison with males, females had a significantly longer pelvis and pubis bones and a longer obturator foramen length, but a smaller pubis width. Interestingly, the difference between parous and nulliparous females resembles that between females and males: parous females had bigger pelvis, which probably resulted from changes during pregnancy and after birth. Left bones were on average larger than right ones, but the magnitude of directional asymmetry was not different between sex and reproduction group. Moreover, we noticed that fluctuating asymmetry of pelvis and pubis length was higher in females than in males and higher in parous than in nulliparous females, what is presumably associated with locomotor performance. A discriminant function analysis performed for the four bone size traits showed that the traits can be effectively used for a nearly perfect recognition of sexes and also a quite reliable recognition of the reproductive status of females.     

Multiple discriminant function analysis of sex and race in the postcranial skeleton

Terry Collection femora and innominates of 260 American Whites and Blacks (65 males and 65 females of each race) were analyzed by multiple discriminant function analysis. A stepwise procedure produced three optimal discriminant functions using 15 of our 32 measurements. These functions correctly identified 95% of the sample. The first two-one for sex and one for race-are statistically and biologically significant and form the basis of our analysis. The sexing function manifested both size and shape elements. Prominent among the former was joint size--acetabular diameter and epicondylar diameter of the femur. The shape elements included form of the greater sciatic notch and of the inferomedial aspect of the pubic body. The racing function highlighted a pattern of greater innominate dimensions, exclusive of the acetabular joint, in Whites. This was in contrast to the greater length of the Black femur. Overall, the function seems to express the established differences between the races in the ratio of lower limb length to torso length. While these functions have been applied successfully to forensic cases with confirmed identifications, questions regarding the breadth of applicability of discriminant functions make it desirable to validate our results on new material from the Terry and other collections.     

Multivariate analysis of the sexual dimorphism of the hip bone in a modern human population and in early hominids

A large sample of hip bones of known sex coming from one modern population is studied morphologically and by multivariate analysis to investigate sexual dimorphism patterns. A principal component analysis of raw data shows that a large amount of the hip bone sexual dimorphism is accounted for by size differences, but that sex-linked shape variation is also very conspicuous and cannot be considered an allometric consequence of differences in body size between the sexes. The PCA of transformed (“shape”) variables indicates that the female hip bones are different in those traits associated with a relatively larger pelvic inlet (longer pubic bones, a greater degree of curvature of the iliopectineal line, and a more posterior position of the auricular surface), as well as a broader sciatic notch. The analysis of nonmetric traits also shows marked sexual dimorphism in the position of the sacroiliac joint in the iliac bone, in the shape of the sciatic notch, in pubic morphology, and in the presence of the pre-auricular sulcus in females. When the australopithecine AL 288-1 and Sts 14 hip bones are included in the multivariate analysis, they appear as “ultra-females.” In particular these early hominids exhibit extraordinarily long pubic bones and iliopectineal lines, which cannot be explained by allometry. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Natural selection on floral traits through male and female function in wild populations of the heterostylous daffodil Narcissus triandrus

Measurements of natural selection in hermaphrodite populations require the analysis of performance through both female and male sex functions. Here, we investigate selection on three floral traits: flower number, flower length, and corona width through both sex functions in natural populations of the tristylous daffodil Narcissus triandrus . Selection through female function was examined in six populations, and in two of these we also estimated male selection gradients using multilocus microsatellite genotyping of parents and offspring. We detected significant directional selection for flower number through female function, and significant stabilizing selection for corona width and flower length through male function. Variation in male reproductive success was strongly influenced by the distance between mates and was significantly higher than variation in female reproductive success in one population, a result consistent with Bateman's principle. However, variation through both sex functions was similar in the other population and there was a significant negative correlation between female and male fitness indicating sex-specific trade-offs in reproductive success. Selection on floral design in N. triandrus was stronger through male than female function probably because floral morphology plays an important role in promoting effective cross-pollen transfer in populations of this heterostylous species.     

Sexually dimorphic pelvic morphology in South African whites and blacks

It is well known that there is metric and morphologic variation in the expression of sexual dimorphism between racial phenotypes and populations. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to assess morphologic sex differences in the pelves of South African whites and blacks. Results will be used to improve the identification of human skeletal remains by producing group specific standards. Morphologic features of both left and right os coxae were studied in a sample of 400 known sex/race individuals from the Pretoria and Dart collections. Bones that were clearly pathologic or visibly deformed were excluded from the study. Data were subjected to SPSS analysis.

Results indicated that overall, pubic bone shape was the easiest to assess and was the most consistently reliable morphological indicator of sex in both sexes and population groups. At 88% average accuracy, the most discriminating traits in whites were pubic bone shape and subpubic concavity form. In blacks, greater sciatic notch form allowed the highest separation, averaging 87.5%, followed by pubic shape at 84.5%. Important findings included the fact that there were significant differences in the accuracy of sex determination from pelvic morphology between both males and females and whites and blacks.

In conclusion, this study provides quantification of individual morphological traits in the os coxae of white and black South Africans that will be of value in forensic and archaeological analyses, especially when dealing with fragmentary remains. It also demonstrates that population differences affect the expression of sexual dimorphism and must be accounted for to develop the most effective methods of analysis.     

Sexual dimorphism of the European Pond Turtle,Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758), in Anzali Lagoon,Iran (Reptilia: Emydidae)

The morphometric characteristics of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis, were studied at Anzali lagoon on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Males were on average (N=249) with 272.0?g significantly lighter than females with 447.0?g, and average carapace length was significantly smaller (123.0?mm in males, 139.0 in females). Females exceeded males also in all other studied characters (carapace width, plastron length, plastron width, and scute height). The sex ratio of male to female was 1 to 1.03, and the comparison of total tail length and cloaca-tail tip length revealed a difference between the position of the cloaca in both sexes, a character useful for sex determination in this species.     

Sex differences in the growth of the human bony pelvis

The study of individual patterns of longitudinal growth of the bony pelvic complex reveals the following findings concerning the sex differences in the growth of the bony pelvis. (1) The patterns of growth show the same individual variability and male-female overlap as the adult configuration of pelves. (2) The sex differences in the adult bony pelvis cannot be attributed to the differential response of one bone to sex hormone. (3) Sex differences develop from complicated variations in rates and direction of growth of local areas of the pelvic complex. (4) The superior functional division of the bony pelvis shows only one notable sex difference — the sexual dimorphism of the directional growth of the anterior one-half of the iliac crest. (5) The inferior functional division of the bony pelvis shows numerous local areas of sexually dimorphic growth, but the major sex differences result from the greater lateral migration of the ischia. (6) Of the regions showing definite sexual dimorphism in growth, the pelvic inlet and sciatic notch are the more variable because of their dependency on two separate anatomical systems for their final adult morphological configuration. The subpubic angle and length of the superior pubic ramus are directly associated with only one anatomical system, the enlargement of the pelvic cavity, thus, they show less variability and more definitive sex difference.     

Relationship between dental morphology, sex, body length and age in Pontoporia blainvillei and Sotalia fluviatilis (Cetacea) in Northern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The relationship between dental morphology, sex, body length and age of small cetaceans can be used to determine ontogeny, sexual dimorphism and geographical variation. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between dental morphology, sex, body size and age. A total of 91 specimens of P. blainvillei and 80 specimens of S. fluviatilis accidentally captured in fisheries or stranded in northern Rio de Janeiro (21 masculine37'-22 masculine25'S), from September 1988 to November 1996 were analysed. The teeth root diameter in P. blainvillei was significantly different between the sex; the values for females were larger than males. In neither species aid we observed significant in variations dimension and number of teeth, thickness of dentine and cemental layers and in the maximum width of cement as a function of body size. Age was related to increases in tooth length, root and cingulum diameters, and maximum width of cement in individuals of P. blainvillei, and tooth and crown lengths and maximum width of cement in individuals of S. fluviatilis. The observation of a linear growth between maximum width of cement and age in both species indicates that the equations obtained can be used to estimate relative age in P. blainvillei and S. fluviatilis in northern of Rio de Janeiro.     

Anatomical and developmental bases for the ventral arc of the human pubis

The ventral arc of the pubis is frequently used for sexing adult human hip bones. This study addresses the issues of the anatomical and developmental bases for the ventral arc. Dissection of seven adult pelves (four females and three males) demonstrates that the sexes are identical in the muscular and ligamentous attachments to this ridge of bone. The tendons of gracilis and adductor brevis, which are fused for a variable extent, arise from the ridge of bone, and the fibers of the ventral pubic ligament attach to its medial border. Lateral placement of the ventral arc is defined in terms of the minimum distance between the ridge of bone and the inferior border of the symphyseal face of the pubis. The hypothesis that lateral placement of the ventral arc is positively correlated with pubic length was tested using two random samples of adult female hip bones (N = 50 for both whites and blacks) from the Hamann-Todd collection. The correlation between these variables is significant. The results support the argument that lateral placement of the ventral arc is related to the amount of postadolescent growth occurring at the symphyseal border of the pubis. Therefore, the ventral arc should not be considered as an independent criterion from pubic length in sexing adult hip bones.     

Evaluation of hand asymmetry in relation to hand preference

We evaluated the asymmetric hand measurements in right- and left-handed individuals. 343 men and 290 women aged 18-42 years (22.11 +/- 2.07) participated in the study. There were no statistically significant differences when right-left differences in hand length, third finger length, palmar length, and the digit index value were evaluated according to hand preference and sex. Statistically significant differences were found for right-left differences in hand width, hand-shape index, and the palmar length/width according to hand preference. The strong left-handers, weak left-handers, and ambidextrous individuals in the study group all exhibited asymmetry favoring the left and were considered together. Similarly, the strong and weak right-handers exhibited asymmetry favoring the right hand and were considered together. The difference between these two groups was significant. When the data were evaluated according to sex, significant differences were found between the subgroups. In particular, right-left differences in the hand-shape index and palmar length/width values of the strong left-handers, weak left-handers, and ambidextrous individuals were found to be statistically significant according to sex; in contrast, the strong and weak right-handers showed no significant differences according to sex. These results suggest a relation of hand asymmetry to hand preference in a Turkish population.     

Diachronic variation in cranial thickness of Near Eastern populations

Cephalometric radiographs were taken of 111 skulls of skeletal remains of populations living in Israel and Jordan during the last 12,000 years. From these radiographs, skull length and height, and cranial thickness were measured. For each sex and period, high correlations were found between cranial thickness at vertex, bregma, and lambda. Cranial thickness at nasion was correlated with sinus width but not sinus height. All measurements were correlated with skull length but not skull breadth. Using multivariate analysis, no significant differences in cranial thickness were found between the sexes. Significant diachronic trends were found in lambda and sinus width, and they were independent of variation in skull length.     

基于叶形特征的切花菊品种鉴别

通过测定、计算获得40个切花菊品种叶片的6个定性分级性状及叶片的长宽比、尖削度、裂片长宽比、裂片开张度等14个叶形结构参数。以6个定性分级性状为变量,用聚类法选取叶形相似性大的18个切花菊品种,通过多元判别分析法对18个品种叶片的形态结构参数进行数值化鉴别。结果表明,18个叶形相似的品种多元判别的平均拟合率为88．28％,达到了判别品种的目的。说明根据叶形的测量数据能对切花菊品种进行有效鉴别。