乌梢蛇胃上皮的组织学研究

用光镜和电镜观察了乌梢蛇胃上皮的组织结构,结果表明,1胃表面上皮均为单层柱状上皮,上皮细胞上部充满电子密度较高的椭圆形或杆状黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性;2胃体及幽门区上皮分别内陷形成单管状的胃底腺和幽门腺,无贲门腺;③胃底腺腺管分颈部和颈下部,颈部上皮细胞充满电子密度较低的近圆形的黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性,颈下部上皮细胞均分泌酶原颗粒,PAS反应呈阴性;④幽门腺细胞中亦充满电子密度较低、近圆形的黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性;⑤胃腺上皮细胞之间和腺细胞基部有不同类型的内分泌细胞分布.本文认为,乌梢蛇胃的消化能力较弱,其胃的进化在爬行动物中处于较低等的地位.     

6种蝙蝠精子储存现象的组织学观察

精子储存是蝙蝠的生殖对策之一,有些种类的蝙蝠能将成熟精子在交配前(雄性)或交配后(雌性)储存在附睾或者输卵管及子宫内数月。采用冰冻切片和苏木精-伊红(H.E)染色法,观察了6种蝙蝠的睾丸、附睾、卵巢、输卵管和子宫,发现5种蝙蝠有精子储存现象。另外,本文还讨论了不同生殖对策蝙蝠的地理分布。     

乌梢蛇上唇腺及达氏腺的组织学研究

该文用光镜及透射电镜观察了４条乌梢蛇的上唇腺及达氏腺。两体均具分叶,上唇腺为混合腺,基分泌部呈管泡状,由大量的粘液性细胞和少量的浆液细胞组成,达氏腺为浆液腺,其分泌部呈分枝管状,由单层柱状上皮的浆液性细胞组成,腺体具单一导管。最后讨论了两腺体的生理功能,协同作用及达氏腺在系统演化上的意义。     

食蚊鱼消化系统的组织学观察

食蚊鱼的消化道由口咽腔、食道、肠和肛门组成。口咽腔内有味蕾分布。食道粘膜为复层扁平上皮,粘膜内有粘液细胞。肠可分为前后两段,皱襞高度、肌层厚度有差异。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺。肝小叶不明显,雌雄肝脏的显微结构不同。胰腺呈弥散型,一部分分布在肝脏内,另一部分和消化道伴生。讨论了食蚊鱼消化系统的特点与食性的关系。     

乌梢蛇的人工孵化与冬眠前的人工饲养

室内人工孵化乌梢蛇卵16 7枚。平均卵重10 . 4 1g ,孵化出幼蛇14 2条,孵化率85 % ,其中11枚未受精,受精率93. 5 %。对幼蛇做了形体度量,挑选活泼健康的幼蛇98条,平均体重6 . 2 6±0 . 89g ,随机分成3组进行人工饲养,一组为群体饲养,另两组为单个饲养。开口饲料采用两种处理,一种是人工填喂瘦猪肉,另一种是饲喂活幼体泽蛙。饲养时间为冬眠前两个月。群体饲养组冬眠前平均增重率达4 0. 4 % ,单个饲养组平均增重率达4 6. 5 % ,未达差异显著(P >0 . 0 5 )。结果表明,活幼体泽蛙是乌梢蛇幼蛇良好的开口饲料     

白鲟消化道形态学与组织学的初步观察

白鲟消化道具有肉食性鱼类的典型特征,其口咽腔结构既适合捕食又适合吞食与滤食水生动物。咽后消化道可分为食道、胃后行支、胃前行支、小肠、瓣肠、直肠与肛门。幽门盲囊似一致密器官,小肠与瓣肠连接处有一特殊淋巴器官,肛门两侧有腹孔。白鲟口咽腔被覆层扁平上皮,上皮内有味蕾分布。咽后消化道组织分层为粘膜(无粘膜肌层)、粘膜下层(小肠及瓣肠前部无)、肌层与外膜。粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮,由纤毛柱状细胞、一般柱状细胞和杯状细胞组成,其间还散在有颗粒细胞和游走细胞。食道后部与胃的一般柱状细胞为分泌粘液的细胞,肠内的一般柱状细胞为吸收细胞。胃后行支及部分前行支固有膜内有消化腺,其余各部的固有膜为致密层。小肠前中部粘膜形成蜂窝状粘膜窦,无肠腺。除食道前部肌层中有横纹肌外,其余部的肌层均为平滑肌。外膜内结缔组织有的致密有的疏松,外膜表面细胞柱状或立方形或扁平。     

小黄蝠精子储存的组织学研究

小黄蝠是分布在我国南方典型的翼手类.为探讨小黄蝠是否具有精子储存的现象,利用组织学切片技术,研究不同月份小黄蝠性腺的发育情况,采用放射免疫测定方法测定了不同月份的小黄蝠血清性类固醇激素含量(雌二醇E2和睾酮T)的变化.结果显示:雄性小黄蝠5月份的附睾有部分的管腔呈中空状态,部份还有精子残留;7月附睾管腔细小、中空、尚未...     

石磺消化系统的组织学观察

对石磺消化系统各部分结构进行组织学观察.石磺的消化系统由消化道和消化腺两部分组成.消化道包括口、食道、贲门胃、幽门胃、中肠和后肠,不具吻;消化腺包括肝胰腺、唾液腺和肛门腺.在光学显微镜下,消化道由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜4层组成;肌层主要为环肌,粘膜层主要为柱状细胞.肝胰腺甚为发达,组织结构显示肝胰腺由很多分支的腺管组成,腺管由腺细胞、分泌细胞等组成.唾液腺和肛门腺发达.     

东方蝾螈肝脏形态学与组织学观察

对东方蝾螈Synops orientalis的肝脏进行了组织学观察.结果 如下:东方蝾螈肝脏分为5叶,每叶由许多肝小叶组成.中央静脉位于小叶中央,肝细胞排列成肝细胞索(肝板),以中央静脉为中心向周围呈放射状排列.肝细胞索或肝细胞团之间的间隙为形状不规则、大小不等的肝血窦,窦壁由一层内皮细胞构成,间有枯否氏细胞,其核为细长状,有数目不等突起.肝细胞间有狄氏间隙,肝细胞呈多边形,胞核为圆形或卵圆形.肝实质内有大量色素沉着.并将东方蝾螈肝脏和其他动物肝脏进行了比较.     

棕色田鼠胃的形态与组织学观察

目的研究棕色田鼠胃的适应性特征。方法采用大体解剖、组织学和扫描电镜研究方法,观察棕色田鼠胃部形态学结构特征。结果根据形态特征棕色田鼠胃部可明显的分为2个胃室,根据有无腺体分布可分为有腺区和无腺区,第一胃室及第二胃室的大部分区为无腺区,胃的无腺区表面为角质化复层扁平上皮;有腺区上皮为单层柱状上皮;第一胃室与第二胃室交界处存在有19～21个特殊的瓣膜结构。结论棕色田鼠胃的形态发生了明显的适应性变化特征,出现了两个胃室,胃室之间首次发现有瓣膜结构存在。     

Histological and immunocytochemical study of deferens ducts in the Chinese rat snake (Zaocys dhumnades)

To investigate the relationship between structure and function of the deferens ducts in the Chinese rat snake (Zaocys dhumnades), morphological changes within an annual cycle were observed by routine histological techniques. Also, the correlation of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and aromatase (Ar) expressions in the vas deferens and testis were studied immunohistochemically. To confirm that the sperm and the spherical structure existed in deferens ducts, we also used routine histological technique observed deferens ducts in the Striped-tailed rat-snake (Elaphe taeniura), Red-banded snake (Dinodon rufozonatum), and Tiger-spotted neck-troughed snake (Rhabdophis tigrina lateralis). The results showed that the deferens ducts of the Chinese Rat Snake were composed of efferent duct, epididymal duct and vas deferens. Efferent duct contained sperm from August-October, and the sperm were observed in the epididymal duct from August-the following January. Throughout the year (except July) a large number of sperm were present in the vas deferens where a previously unreported spherical structure formed by spermatids was observed, which showed no significant differences in the IOD values of AR-, ER-, PR- and Ar-immunoreactivities. Since the spermatids in the spherical structure were undergoing spermatogenesis and this phenomenon also existed in the Striped-tailed rat-snake and Red-banded snake, the term, seminiferous spherule, was named for this spherical structure This study demonstrated that the testis was the main site for snake spermiogenesis, and the seminiferous spherule in vas deferens was the other Both the epididymis and vas deferens stored sperm; however, the vas deferens was the main organ for sperm storage.     

乌梢蛇胃上皮的组织学研究

用光镜和电镜观察了乌梢蛇胃上皮的组织结构。结果表明,①胃表面上皮均为单层柱状上皮,上皮细胞上部充满电子密度较高的椭圆形或杆状黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性;②胃体及幽门区上皮分别内隐形成单管状的胃底腺和幽门腺,无贲门腺;③胃底腺腺管分颈部和颈下部,颈部上皮细胞充满电子密度较低的近圆形的黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性,颈下部上皮细胞均分泌酶原颗粒,PAS反应呈阴性;④幽门腺细胞中亦充满电子密度较低、近圆形的黏液颗粒,PAS反应呈强阳性;⑤胃腺上皮细胞之间和腺细胞基部有不同类型的内分泌细胞分布。本文认为,乌梢蛇胃的消化能力较弱,其胃的进化在爬行动物中处于较低等的地位。     

乌梢蛇血清对白眉蝮等3种蛇毒解毒作用初探

目的 探讨乌梢蛇血清对孟加拉眼镜蛇、白眉蝮、莽山烙铁头3种毒蛇的解毒作用。方法 给18～22g昆明小鼠分别注射盂加拉眼镜蛇毒、白眉蝮蛇毒及莽山烙铁头蛇毒后,随机分组注射不同浓度的乌梢蛇血清,并观察对3种蛇毒的解毒效果。结果 发现（1）乌梢蛇血清对盂加拉眼镜蛇毒有解毒作用．且注射蛇毒与4ml／kg的血清混合液的解毒作用最好,但随着间隔时间的延长,解毒作用逐渐减弱;（2）乌梢蛇血清对白眉蝮蛇毒有解毒作用,且注射量为1ml／kg和2ml／kg时出现了拮抗作用;（3）乌梢蛇血清对莽山烙铁头蛇毒有解毒作用,但莽山烙铁头蛇毒对血清注射量和间隔时间不敏感,在血清注射量为2ml／kg时和注射蛇毒10min后,再注射4ml／kg的血清时出现了拮抗作用。（4）只给小鼠注射不同量的乌梢蛇血清,发现乌梢蛇血清对小鼠无明显的毒副作用。结论 乌梢蛇血清对3种蛇毒均有解毒作用。     

非洲雏鸵鸟消化管的组织学观察

为了给非洲鸵鸟(Struthio camelus)雏鸟的饲养管理、生理机能研究和疾病防治提供可靠的形态学依据,采用石蜡切片技术,对6羽50日龄非洲鸵鸟雏鸟消化管的组织学结构进行了观察。结果显示,其消化管具有一般的4层结构。食管有粗大的皱襞,肌层发达,有发达的食管腺;无嗉囊;腺胃的腺体由位于固有膜的单管状腺和位于黏膜下层发达的复管状腺组成;肌胃的黏膜肌层较明显,由内纵肌和外环肌组成;小肠绒毛较长,有分支现象,未见中央乳糜管结构;十二指肠的固有膜中有发达的腺体和集合淋巴小结,黏膜下层内无十二指肠腺;从十二指肠到回肠,肠绒毛的汇合及分支现象更加明显,固有膜内集合淋巴小结的数量逐渐减少,并且空肠的绒毛弯曲呈“S”型;具有一对发达的盲肠;结肠异常发达,黏膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,其间夹有杯状细胞,有黏膜皱襞,绒毛短且发达。非洲鸵鸟雏鸟消化管的特点可能与其食性有关,这决定了非洲鸵鸟具有较强的消化吸收能力。     

Structure and functions of the genital ducts of the male Port Jackson shark,Heterodontus portusjacksoni

Synopsis The genital ducts ofHeterodontus portusjacksoni consist of the sperm carrying ducts (the rete testis, ductuli efferentes, and initial and terminal segments of the ductus epididymidis) and the Leydig glands (anterior opisthonephros). The ducts are lined by a ciliated epithelium which maintains a barrier to the transport of solute between blood and the lumen of the duct. Spermatozoa, Sertoli cell bodies, Sertoli cell cytoplasts and cellular debris are released from spermatocysts into the longitudinal canal of the rete testis. However, only the Sertoli cell cytoplasts persist throughout the sperm ducts. The epithelia lining the initial segment of the ductus epididymidis and secretory tubules of the Leydig glands are specialized for protein secretion and (particularly the Leydig glands) must be the main source of luminal protein in the ductus epididymidis. The epithelium lining the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis also secretes protein, reabsorbs fluid and sodium, and may carry out heterophagic digestion. Spermatozoa develop the capacity for motility in the extratesticular sperm ducts, but do not undergo structural changes. However, they form spherical bundles in the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis. It is suggested that the reduction in ratio of sodium:potassium from 48:8 in the ductuli efferentes to 3:4 in the distal end of the terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis may favour sperm survival.     

The spermatogenesis and the sperm structure of Terebrantia (Thysanoptera, Insecta)

Spermatogenesis and the sperm structure of the terebrantian Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall are described. Spermatogenesis consists of two mitotic divisions; the second is characterized by the loss of half of the spermatids, which have pyknotic nuclei. Early spermatids have two centrioles, but when spermiogenesis starts, a third centriole is produced. The three basal bodies give rise to three flagella; later these fuse into a single flagellum which contains three 9 + 0 axonemes. The basal bodies are surrounded by a large amount of centriole adjunct material. During spermiogenesis this material contributes to the shifting of the three axonemes towards the anterior sperm region parallel to the elongating nucleus, and it is transformed into a dense cylinder. In the mature spermatids the three axonemes amalgamate to create a bundle of 27 doublet microtubules. Near the end of spermiogenesis the dense cylinder of the centriole adjunct lies parallel to the nucleus and the axonemes. It ends where the mitochondrion appears at half-sperm length. We confirm that Terebrantia testes have a single sperm cyst; their sperm are characterized by a cylindrical nucleus, three axonemes fused into one, a small mitochondrion and a short cylindrical centriole adjunct which corresponds to the dense body described in a previous work. The acrosome is lacking. At the midpoint of the anterior half of the sperm the outline of the cross-section is bilobed, with the nucleus contained in a pocket evagination of the plasma membrane. These characters are discussed in light of a comparison between Tubulifera and Terebrantia.     

Development of the genital ducts in Telmatodrilinae (Tubificidae, Clitellata)

In Tubificidae, the male genital duct comprises a funnel in the testes segment, followed by a vas deferens, an atrium, and, frequently, a copulatory structure in the adjacent ovarian segment. There may also be a diffuse or compact prostate gland in association with the duct. The morphology and position of the genital ducts are important for the classification of the oligochaetous Clitellata. Different parts of the male duct, however, have been named without regard to whether they are homologous or not. One way to establish better hypotheses of homology is to study the detailed morphology and/or the development of the genital ducts. The morphogenesis of the genital ducts in Alexandrovia onegensis (Telmatodrilinae) is described. The male funnel originates by multiplication of peritoneal (mesodermal) cells in the posterior septum in the testes segment. A cord of these cells breaks through the septum and grows backwards into the next segment, where it connects to the epidermis. This cord gives rise to the vas deferens, and is therefore mesodermal in origin. The atrium in A. onegensis develops from a primary epidermal (ectodermal) invagination. The vas deferens and atrium connect and a continuous duct from the testes segment to the exterior is formed. Several compact prostate glands develop along the atrium, each being formed from cells in the atrial epithelium. The spermatheca develops from an invagination of the epidermis in the testes segment. The female duct is formed from peritoneal (mesodermal) cells in the posterior septum in the ovarian segment. These developmental findings strengthen the hypothesis about a closer relationship between the Telmatodrilinae and Tubificinae (both Tubificidae).     

Spatial and Temporal Changes in Testis Morphology and Sperm Ultrastructure of the Sportfish Sauger (Sander canadensis)

The objective of this study was to assess testicular morphology and spermatozoal structure spatially within the reproductive tract and temporally among seasons in the sauger (Sander canadensis). The testis exists as two separate lobes joined at the urogenital pore and were characterised as unrestricted lobular with seminiferous tubules terminating at the ventral periphery and coalescing dorsally on the main sperm duct. Differences were observed between the pre-breeding season (November) and breeding season (March), with every stage of spermatogenesis occurring in spermatocysts in pre-breeding season in contrast to only spermatozoa being present in the tubules and main duct during the breeding season. Longitudinal folds in the main duct epithelium increased in number with increasing proximity to the urogenital pore, greatly increasing epithelial height regardless of season. Sauger spermatozoa consisted of an ovoid head, a midpiece containing 2 – 4 mitochondria incorporated into the head and a single flagellum containing an asymmetrical lateral ribbon. Motile spermatozoa were found throughout the testis during the breeding season. A decrease in sperm concentration was quantified moving proximally, suggesting a hydration effect by the main duct epithelium during the breeding season. These observations fill an important knowledge gap regarding reproductive biology of this impactful recreational fish species.