Heterotypic piRNA Ping-Pong requires qin, a protein with both E3 ligase and Tudor domains

piRNAs guide PIWI proteins to silence transposons in animal germ cells. Reciprocal cycles of piRNA-directed RNA cleavage--catalyzed by the PIWI proteins Aubergine (Aub) and Argonaute3 (Ago3) in Drosophila melanogaster--expand the population of antisense piRNAs in response to transposon expression, a process called the Ping-Pong cycle. Heterotypic Ping-Pong between Aub and Ago3 ensures that antisense piRNAs predominate. We show that qin, a piRNA pathway gene whose protein product contains both E3 ligase and Tudor domains, colocalizes with Aub and Ago3 in nuage, a perinuclear structure implicated in transposon silencing. In qin mutants, less Ago3 binds Aub, futile Aub:Aub homotypic Ping-Pong prevails, antisense piRNAs decrease, many families of mobile genetic elements are reactivated, and DNA damage accumulates in nurse cells and oocytes. We propose that Qin enforces heterotypic Ping-Pong between Aub and Ago3, ensuring that transposons are silenced and maintaining the integrity of the germline genome.     

PIWI/piRNA“机器”与雄性生殖细胞发育

PIWI(P-element-induced wimpy testis)蛋白在动物生殖系细胞中特异性表达,为动物生殖细胞发育分化所必需。piRNA(PIWI-interacting RNAs)是最近在动物生殖系细胞中发现的一类非编码小分子RNA,这类小RNA特异性地与PIWI家族蛋白相互作用。PIWI/piRNA"机器"通过沉默转座元件和调控编码mRNA等方式在动物生殖细胞发育分化过程中发挥重要作用。本文围绕PIWI/piRNA"机器"的生物学功能及分子机制,对近期取得的相关研究进展进行了系统性总结。     

Mitochondrial protein BmPAPI modulates the length of mature piRNAs

PIWI proteins and their associated PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) protect genome integrity by silencing transposons in animal germlines. The molecular mechanisms and components responsible for piRNA biogenesis remain elusive. PIWI proteins contain conserved symmetrical dimethylarginines (sDMAs) that are specifically targeted by TUDOR domain-containing proteins. Here we report that the sDMAs of PIWI proteins play crucial roles in PIWI localization and piRNA biogenesis in Bombyx mori-derived BmN4 cells, which harbor fully functional piRNA biogenesis machinery. Moreover, RNAi screenings for Bombyx genes encoding TUDOR domain-containing proteins identified BmPAPI, a Bombyx homolog of Drosophila PAPI, as a factor modulating the length of mature piRNAs. BmPAPI specifically recognized sDMAs and interacted with PIWI proteins at the surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane. BmPAPI depletion resulted in 3′-terminal extensions of mature piRNAs without affecting the piRNA quantity. These results reveal the BmPAPI-involved piRNA precursor processing mechanism on mitochondrial outer membrane scaffolds.     

piRNA clusters as a main source of small RNAs in the animal germline

PIWI subfamily Argonaute proteins and small RNAs bound to them (PIWI interacting RNA, piRNA) control mobilization of transposable elements (TE) in the animal germline. piRNAs are generated by distinct genomic regions termed piRNA clusters. piRNA clusters are often extensive loci enriched in damaged fragments of TEs. New TE integration into piRNA clusters causes production of TE-specific piRNAs and repression of cognate sequences. piRNAs are thought to be generated from long single-stranded precursors encoded by piRNA clusters. Special chromatin structures might be essential to distinguish these genomic loci as a source for piRNAs. In this review, we present recent findings on the structural organization of piRNA clusters and piRNA biogenesis in Drosophila and other organisms, which are important for understanding a key epigenetic mechanism that provides defense against TE expansion.     

piRNA/PIWI功能调控与精子发生

piRNAs(PIWI-interacting RNAs)是一类与PIWI相互作用的小非编码RNAs(small noncoding RNAs, sncRNAs),其长度介于24~32 nt,特异性地在动物生殖腺细胞中表达。近来研究表明piRNA/PIWI系统在动物生殖腺细胞的基因组转座元件沉默及转录后调控mRNAs方面具有重要功能。最近,中国科学院上海生物化学与细胞生物学研究所刘默芳课题组的一项研究表明,在人和小鼠的精子发生过程中,PIWI (鼠源同源蛋白MIWI、人源同源蛋白HIWI)的严格代谢调控至关重要。以此为契机,本文综述了piRNA/PIWI在哺乳动物(主要是小鼠和人)精子发生过程中调控功能的研究进展。     

The piRNA pathway: a fly's perspective on the guardian of the genome

Throughout the eukaryotic lineage, small RNA silencing pathways protect the genome against the deleterious influence of selfish genetic elements such as transposons. In animals an elaborate small RNA pathway centered on PIWI proteins and their interacting piRNAs silences transposons within the germline. In contrast to other small RNA silencing pathways, we lack a mechanistic understanding of this genome defense system. However, genetic and molecular studies have uncovered a fascinating conceptual framework for this pathway that is conserved from sponges to mammals. We discuss our current understanding of the piRNA pathway in Drosophila with an emphasis on origin and biogenesis of piRNAs.     

Mice deficient for a small cluster of Piwi-interacting RNAs implicate Piwi-interacting RNAs in transposon control

The mammalian testis expresses a class of small noncoding RNAs that interact with mammalian PIWI proteins. In mice, the PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) partner with mammalian PIWI proteins, PIWIL1 and PIWIL2, also known as MIWI and MILI, to maintain transposon silencing in the germline genome. Here, we demonstrate that inactivation of Nct1/2, two noncoding RNAs encoding piRNAs, leads to derepression of LINE-1 (L1) but does not affect mouse viability, spermatogenesis, testicular gene expression, or fertility. These findings indicate that piRNAs from a cluster on chromosome 2 are necessary to maintain transposon silencing.     

The role of piRNA and Piwi proteins in regulation of germline development

A new group of small noncoding RNAs of 24-30 nucleotides in length, piRNAs, are mainly expressed in germline cells. They form complexes with Piwi proteins, members of the Argonaute family and unlike other small RNAs they are created without RNase Dicer participation. They are present in male and female germinal cells of numerous animals, from flies to humans. The piRNA biogenesis mechanism is unknown, however, it is postulated that they are formed from long single-stranded RNA precursors coded by repetitive sequences occurring in the genome. A large part of piRNA corresponds to retrotranspozon sequences, which may indicate their participation in silencing the mobile elements and maintaining genome integrity of germinal cells. However, disruption of the piRNA biosynthesis pathway and mutations genes encoding Piwi proteins cause the activation of transpozons and a number of defects in the course of gametogenesis, resulting in reproduction disturbance. In this review, the current state of knowledge on the structure, biogenesis and function of piRNA and their interactions with Piwi proteins is presented.     

Small RNA profiling and characterization of piRNA clusters in the adult testes of the common marmoset,a model primate

Small RNAs mediate gene silencing by binding Argonaute/Piwi proteins to regulate target RNAs. Here, we describe small RNA profiling of the adult testes of Callithrix jacchus, the common marmoset. The most abundant class of small RNAs in the adult testis was piRNAs, although 353 novel miRNAs but few endo-siRNAs were also identified. MARWI, a marmoset homolog of mouse MIWI and a very abundant PIWI in adult testes, associates with piRNAs that show characteristics of mouse pachytene piRNAs. As in other mammals, most marmoset piRNAs are derived from conserved clustered regions in the genome, which are annotated as intergenic regions. However, unlike in mice, marmoset piRNA clusters are also found on the X chromosome, suggesting escape from meiotic sex chromosome inactivation by the X-linked clusters. Some of the piRNA clusters identified contain antisense-orientated pseudogenes, suggesting the possibility that pseudogene-derived piRNAs may regulate parental functional protein-coding genes. More piRNAs map to transposable element (TE) subfamilies when they have copies in piRNA clusters. In addition, the strand bias observed for piRNAs mapped to each TE subfamily correlates with the polarity of copies inserted in clusters. These findings suggest that pachytene piRNA clusters determine the abundance and strand-bias of TE-derived piRNAs, may regulate protein-coding genes via pseudogene-derived piRNAs, and may even play roles in meiosis in the adult marmoset testis.     

Dual functions of Macpiwi1 in transposon silencing and stem cell maintenance in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano

PIWI proteins and piRNA pathways are essential for transposon silencing and some aspects of gene regulation during animal germline development. In contrast to most animal species, some flatworms also express PIWIs and piRNAs in somatic stem cells, where they are required for tissue renewal and regeneration. Here, we have identified and characterized piRNAs and PIWI proteins in the emerging model flatworm Macrostomum lignano. We found that M. lignano encodes at least three PIWI proteins. One of these, Macpiwi1, acts as a key component of the canonical piRNA pathway in the germline and in somatic stem cells. Knockdown of Macpiwi1 dramatically reduces piRNA levels, derepresses transposons, and severely impacts stem cell maintenance. Knockdown of the piRNA biogenesis factor Macvasa caused an even greater reduction in piRNA levels with a corresponding increase in transposons. Yet, in Macvasa knockdown animals, we detected no major impact on stem cell self-renewal. These results may suggest stem cell maintenance functions of PIWI proteins in flatworms that are distinguishable from their impact on transposons and that might function independently of what are considered canonical piRNA populations.     

Maternal Piwi regulates primordial germ cell development to ensure the fertility of female progeny in Drosophila

In many animals, germline development is initiated by proteins and RNAs that are expressed maternally. PIWI proteins and their associated small noncoding PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which guide PIWI to target RNAs by base-pairing, are among the maternal components deposited into the germline of the Drosophila early embryo. Piwi has been extensively studied in the adult ovary and testis, where it is required for transposon suppression, germline stem cell self-renewal, and fertility. Consequently, loss of Piwi in the adult ovary using piwi-null alleles or knockdown from early oogenesis results in complete sterility, limiting investigation into possible embryonic functions of maternal Piwi. In this study, we show that the maternal Piwi protein persists in the embryonic germline through gonad coalescence, suggesting that maternal Piwi can regulate germline development beyond early embryogenesis. Using a maternal knockdown strategy, we find that maternal Piwi is required for the fertility and normal gonad morphology of female, but not male, progeny. Following maternal piwi knockdown, transposons were mildly derepressed in the early embryo but were fully repressed in the ovaries of adult progeny. Furthermore, the maternal piRNA pool was diminished, reducing the capacity of the PIWI/piRNA complex to target zygotic genes during embryogenesis. Examination of embryonic germ cell proliferation and ovarian gene expression showed that the germline of female progeny was partially masculinized by maternal piwi knockdown. Our study reveals a novel role for maternal Piwi in the germline development of female progeny and suggests that the PIWI/piRNA pathway is involved in germline sex determination in Drosophila.     

Identification and Characterization of piRNA-Like Small RNAs in the Gonad of Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus nudus)

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) and their partner PIWI proteins play an essential role in fertility, germline stem cell development, as well as the basic control and evolution of animal genomes. However, research was rare with regard to piRNA population in sea urchin, a model animal intensively used for development and genetics studies. Utilizing Solexa sequencing, we present an identification of 13,051 piRNA-like RNAs expressed in male gonad of Strongylocentrotus nudus. Out of 202 tested RNAs, 94 sequences were confirmed to express in female gonad using microarray assay, suggesting that both male and female gonads are piRNA-like RNA-enriched organs. These RNAs with "U" at the 5' end or "A" at position of 10, in size from 26 to 30 nucleotides, were predominantly 28?nt in length and tend to be clustered in small regions in genome, achieving the longest piRNA-like RNA-enriched region about 5.5?kb in scaffold78427. Alignment results showed 11 RNAs were homologous to the known piRNAs. Furthermore, BLASTn searching against sea urchin repeat element database showed these piRNA-like RNAs matched to 101 types of DNA transposons and retrotransposons, of which SPRP1, Harbinger-N2, piggyBac-N10, SINE2-1, and piggyBac-N11 were the most frequent hit elements, suggesting a transposon silencing function of these piRNA-like RNAs.