栽培荒漠肉苁蓉化学成分研究

从荒漠肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Y．C．Ma)栽培品中分离得到7个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱分析鉴定为甘露醇(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、甜菜碱(3)、2′-乙酰基麦角甾甙(4)、麦角甾甙(5)、肉苁蓉甙A(6)和海胆甙(7)。本研究表明,栽培肉苁蓉与已报道的野生肉苁蓉主要成分一致。     

滇杠柳的化学成分

从滇杠柳(Periploca forrestii)根茎中分得一个新强心甙元8-羟基杠柳甙元(3β,5β,8β,14β-四羟基-强心甾-20(22)-烯内酯(1),同时还获得杠柳甙元(2),杠柳甙(3),北五加皮甙E(4),胡萝卜甙(5)和熊果酸(6)。它们的化学结构经光谱和化学方法得以确定。     

火棘化学成分的研究

从火棘叶中分离得到四种化合物(晶1～4),经UV,IR,NMR和MS等方法鉴定了它们的结构,分别是芦丁(晶1),芒甙(晶2),异槲皮甙(晶3)和槲皮素(晶4)。以上四种成分均为首次由该植物中分得。     

红树植物内生真菌Penicillium sp.中两个甾体化合物的研究

从红树植物内生真菌Penicillium sp.的发酵液中分离纯化了两个甾体类化合物,通过各种波谱实验(1D-NMR,2D-NMR,ESI-MS)确定为:麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(1)和麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3-醇(2),1对于3α-HSD脱氢酶在250μm浓度下有较弱的活性。     

非洲隔囊蚁巢伞的化学成分研究(英文)

从肯尼亚安波塞利产的隔囊蚁巢伞(Termitomyces schimperi)子实体中分离得到8个已知化合物,通过波谱方法鉴定它们的结构为(22E,24R)-麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(1),(3β,5α,9α-三羟基麦角甾-7,22-二烯-6-酮(2),5α,8α-过氧-(22E,24R)-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(3),麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(4),D-阿拉伯糖醇(5),D-半乳糖醇(6),脑苷脂B(7)和脑苷脂D(8)。所有化合物均首次从该真菌中分离得到。     

赤芝孢子化学成分研究

从赤芝(Gunoderm lucidum )孢子脂溶部分分到六个甾体化合物,根据化学及光谱解析等方法鉴定为麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(Ⅰ),麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇(Ⅱ),麦角甾-7,9,22-三烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇(Ⅲ),麦角甾醇棕榈酸酯(Ⅳ),麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-(3)酮(Ⅴ),以及麦角甾醇(Ⅵ)。     

白首乌的化学成分

白首乌(Cynanchum auriculatum Roylc ex Wight),又称耳叶牛皮消,飞来鹤等,系萝蘼科鹅绒藤属植物,是常用中药,具有养血益肝,固肾益精,乌须黑发和延年益寿等作用。据文献报道其含有较高的磷脂类成分和C_(21)甾体酯甙。对其临床药理研究表明白首乌总磷酯可以明显提高正常小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞的数量和促进淋巴细胞的转化,其C_(21)甾体酯甙对环磷酰胺引起的免疫受抑小鼠有一定的调整作用。但有关C_(21)甾体酯甙成分的化学结构未见报道,我们首次对白首乌进行了化学研究,从其粗甙的酸水解产物分离得到了四个C_(21)甾体酯基甙元,经光谱测定和化学反应确定其结构分别为加加明(gagamine 1),告达庭(caudatin 2),萝摩甙元(metaplexigenin 3),凯底甙元(kidjoranin 4)。有关其配糖体的研究工作将另文发表。     

海洋链霉菌H41-59甾醇类化学成分及其细胞毒活性研究

对来源于南海红树林底泥的海洋链霉菌H41-59发酵物中的次级代谢产物进行了分离纯化、结构鉴定及抗肿瘤细胞毒活性评价研究。经硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20分子排阻层析和高效液相色谱等分离手段,从中分离得到了10个甾醇类化合物。通过核磁、质谱等方法,并结合与文献数据比对,鉴定分离得到的化合物分别为:麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(1)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇(2)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,9α-四醇(3)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,25-四醇(4)、5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8(9),22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(5)、5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,7α-二醇(6)、麦角甾-8(9),22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,7α-四醇(7)、麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,5α,6β,7α-四醇(8)、5α,6α-环氧麦角甾-8(14),22-二烯-3β,7β-二醇(9)、麦角甾-5,7,22-三烯-3β-醇(10),化合物1~10均为首次从海洋来源链霉菌中分离得到。采用MTT法对这10个化合物进行体外抗肿瘤细胞活性的筛选,发现均具有一定的细胞毒活性。其中,化合物5、7和8表现出较好的抑制活性,其IC50值均小于50μg/m L。     

耳状网褶菌的化学成分

从野生真菌耳状网褶菌（Paxillus pamuoides Fr.)子实体中分得4个化合物,经光谱和化学方法分别鉴定为（2S,3S,4R,2′R）-2－（2′－羟基二十四碳酰氨基）十八碳－1,3,4－三醇（1）、5α,8α－表二氧－（22E,24R）－麦角甾－6,22－二烯－3β-醇[5α,8α-epidioxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β－o1,2]、（22E,24R）－麦角甾－4,6,8（14）,22－四烯－3－酮[(22E,24R)-ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one,3]和对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate,4)。其中化合物4作为天然产物属首次报道。化合物1－4为本科真菌中首次分得。     

裂冠牛奶菜的化学成分

从裂冠牛奶菜(Marsdenia incisa P. T. Li et Y. H. Li)的粗甙酸水解产物中分离得到2个已知的C_(21)甾体甙元——肉珊瑚甙元(sarcostin, Ⅰ),青羊参甙元(qingyangshengenin,Ⅱ),和一个新的C_(21)甾体甙元,命名为裂冠牛奶菜甙元A(incisagenin-A,Ⅱ)经光谱分析和化学反应,证明(Ⅲ)的结构为12-β-氧-顺芷酰去酰基萝藦甙元。     

Saprophytic fungi isolated from the hair of domestic and laboratory animals with suspected dermatophytosis

Hair samples from domestic and laboratory animals with suspected dermatophytosis were examined for the presence of saprophytic fungi. A nutritionally poor base medium, developed by the author, was used in the isolation and identification of the saprophytes. Three hundred and ninety-four specimens were examined of which 246 were from dogs, 75 from cats, 30 from horses, 19 from cows, 12 from guinea pigs, 5 from rats, 2 from parakeets, 2 from chinchillas and one each from a goat, a mink and a lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens). Moulds classified in 32 genera were isolated. The commonest in order of frequency were members of the genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma and Trichothecium. The yeasts that were isolated were not identified. Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated significantly more often (chi 2 test p less than 0.025) from the dog samples than those from cats, Cladosporium spp. in the samples from dogs than horses, Mucor spp. from the cow samples than horses, Penicillium spp. from the dog samples than those of cats or horses. Skin infections caused by any of the contaminants were not encountered.     

Psychrophilic Microorganisms from Areas Associated with the Viking Spacecraft

Microorganisms capable of growth at 7 C were enumerated and isolated from soil samples from the manufacture and assembly areas of the Viking spacecraft. Populations ranging from 4.2 X 10(3) to 7.7 X 10(6)/g of soil were isolated from the 15 soil samples examined. Temperature requirements were determined, and those growing at 3 C, but not at 32 C, were designated as obligate psychrophiles in this investigation. Populations of soil bacteria, including aerobic sporeformers, ranging from 1.5 X 10(2) to 9.8 X 10(5)/g were capable of growth at 3 C, but not at 32 C. Bacterial isolates were identified to major generic groups. No psychrophilic sporeformers were isolated from soil from the manufacture area, but psychrophilic sporeformers ranged from 0 to 6.1 X 10(3)/g from soil from the assembly area.     

Toxigenic Fungi in Food

Forty-five fungal isolates from moldy supermarket foods were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp, and twenty-two of these isolates were subsequently tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Highly toxigenic fungi were Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a bakery product, Fusarium oxysporum from carrots, F. solani from cabbage, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum from bread, P. cyclopium and P. herguei from corn meal, P. lanosum from onions,P. steckii from chocolate syrup, Penicillium sp. from jelly, and Rhizopus nigricans isolates from sweet potato, applesauce, and strawberries. Approximately one-third of the fungal cultures were moderately to highly toxigenic to brine shrimp and chicken embryos, while several additional cultures were slightly toxigenic.     

Infection rate of Babesia spp. sporokinetes in engorged Boophilus microplus from an area of enzootic stability in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The infection rates of Babesia sporokinetes in engorged Boophilus microplus were evaluated during a 2-year period in a dairy farm located in an area of enzootic stability. Every 14 days engorged females were collected from calves and from adult animals. Ticks were incubated at 27 +/- 0.5 degree C and 80-90% relative humidity and Babesia infection rates were determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained hemolymph smears. After 52 collections, 2105 ticks were obtained, from which 982 were collected from calves and 1123 from cows. The total Babesia infection rate was 10%, however the incidence was higher (p < 0.05) in ticks collected from calves (17.5%) than in those collected from cows (3.6%). Females collected from cows showed the highest infection rates in January, March, and August, and absence of infection in April and May. Ticks feeding on calves were infected throughout the experimental period. The infection rates of engorged females collected from naturally infected calves that were artificially infested with Babesia-free-larvae of B. microplus gradually decreased until the calves were four months old. No differences were observed among infection rates of ticks collected from calves maintained under natural conditions.     

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN SKULL MORPHOLOGY OF ADULT STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS)

Data from cranial specimens of adult E. jubatus were analyzed to compare intraspecific morphology of skulls. Males and females were grouped separately to avoid bias from sexual dimorphism. Geographic variation was observed in adult male E. jubutus , indicating the potential presence of three morphologically disparate groups: those from Alaska, those from California, and those from Japan and Russia. Although sample sizes were small, results from cluster and discriminant function analyses indicated that specimens from eastern and western Alaska were morphologically similar, and that the most divergent specimens for the species appeared to be those from Japan. Skulls from Alaska possessed a typically longer, less robust skull, whereas those from Japan appeared smaller, yet most robust. Skulls from California were intermediate.     

Seroepidemiologic aspects of Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men.

Neisseria meningitidis has been isolated with increasing frequency from specimens obtained from patients attending venereal disease clinics and is an occasional cause of genital infection. Among 383 homosexual men attending either a venereal disease clinic or a community screening clinic meningococci were cultured from specimens obtained from 35.0% of all the subjects, and with similar frequency in the two groups. Of the positive specimens 93.5% were from the throat, 5.8% from the rectum and 0.72% from the urethra. The serogroups and serotypes of the isolates were characteristic of those commonly found in nasopharyngeal specimens from other asymptomatic carriers. Gonococci were isolated from 8.6% of all the subjects and were 1.4 times more common in those who also harboured meningococci. Of the cultures positive for gonococci, 14.7% were from the throat and 85.3% from the rectum. The two bacteria were rarely isolated from the same site in the same individual. Gonococci, but not meningococci, were significantly more common (P less than 0.05) in the group attending the venereal disease, clinic than in the group attending the screening clinic, the rates being 17.1% and 7.0%.     

Relationship of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci races to the rhizosphere of Wisconsin-grown tobacco

Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, including 21 strains of the wildfire pathogen and 2 strains of the angular leafspot pathogen, were isolated from 143 rhizosphere and soil samples collected from 11 tobacco fields in Wisconsin. These pathogens were isolated by inoculating rhizosphere and soil washings into tobacco leaves and isolating the bacteria from wildfire or angular leafspot lesions that developed on the leaves. The wildfire isolates were from the rhizospheres of tobacco and Panicum capillare and from soil. While the majority of these were from wildfire-diseased fields, one isolate was from a field without disease symptoms; both angular leafspot isolates were from fields without angular leafspot symptoms. The majority of wildfire isolates were race 1, but three were race 0, and one was a new race. In three fields multiple races of wildfire were found. Both angular leafspot isolates were race 1. Two wildfire and one angular leafspot isolates were from fields where the cultivars were resistant to the races isolated.     

重症监护病房的病原调查及耐药性监测研究

目的调查浙江中医药大学附属第一医院重症监护病房（ICU）临床分离株的病原分布及细菌耐药状况,并与非ICU相比较,观察二者的区别,为临床用药提供有效的参考价值。方法收集该院2010年1月至2011年6月临床送检的各类标本,采用VITEK-2 compact全自动微生物鉴定仪,用GPI、GNI、ANC、YST鉴定卡、AST—GN13、AST—GP67药敏卡进行菌株的鉴定和药敏,根据美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI2010）制定的指导原则,判断细菌的耐药率。结果共计分离到2341株细菌,其中ICU有505株占21．6％,非ICU有1836株占78．4％。在ICU分离到的细菌中,革兰阳性菌占23．2％（117／505）;非发酵菌占47．3％（239／505）。在非ICU中,革兰阳性菌占34．4％（632／1836）;非发酵菌20．2％（371／1836）。ICU前3位细菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。非ICU前3位依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率,ICU和非ICU差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。亚胺培南对ICU铜绿假单胞中的MIC50是非ICU的8倍,MIC。值相当。ICU与非ICU分离的葡萄球菌属细菌对头孢唑啉、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ICU和非ICU葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感。结论ICU患者分离的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中又以非发酵菌占大多数。非ICU患者分离的革兰阳性菌比例明显要比ICU高。在主要的致病菌中,ICU的耐药率明显高于非ICU。     

Convergence of forelimb afferent actions on C7-Th1 propriospinal neurones bilaterally projecting to sacral segments of the cat spinal cord

Propriospinal neurones located in the cervical enlargement and projecting bilaterally to sacral segments of the spinal cord were investigated electrophysiologically in eleven deeply anaesthetized cats. Excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials from forelimb afferents were recorded following stimulation of deep radial (DR), superficial radial (SR), median (Med) and ulnar (Uln) nerves. 26 cells were recorded from C7, 22 from C8 and 3 from Th1 segments. The majority of the cells were located in the Rexed's laminae VIII and the medial part of the lamina VII. In 10 cases no afferent input from the forelimb afferents was found. In the remaining neurones effects were evoked mostly from DR (88%) and Med (63%), less often from SR (46%) and Uln (46%). Inhibitory actions were more frequent than excitatory. The highest number of IPSPs was evoked from high threshold flexor reflex afferents (FRA)--all connections were polysynaptic. However, inhibitory actions were often evoked from group I or II muscle afferents (polysynaptic or disynaptic) and, less frequently, from cutaneous afferents (mostly polysynaptic). Di- or polysynaptic IPSPs often accompanied monosynaptic EPSPs from group I or II muscle afferents. Disynaptic or polysynaptic EPSPs from muscle and cutaneous afferents were also recorded in many neurones, while polysynaptic EPSPs from FRA were observed only exceptionally. Various patterns of convergence in individual neuronal subpopulations indicate that they integrate different types of the afferent input from various muscle and cutaneous receptors of the distal forelimb. They transmit this information to motor centers controlling hind limb muscles, forming a part of the system contributing to the process of coordination of movements of fore--and hind--limbs.     

旱生和湿生生境对蒲公英体内抗氧化物质的影响

选择旱生和湿生生境中生长的蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz)分根、叶、花序分别测定抗氧化成分及总抗氧化能力,并比较了SOD同工酶谱的变化情况。结果表明不同生境选取的蒲公英叶片中抗氧化物质以SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶和Vc等小分子为主,花序中可溶性糖、类黄酮和绿原酸含量最高;湿生蒲公英各器官尤其是根中的SOD、CAT、POD活性高于旱生蒲公英对应器官中的酶活性,旱生蒲公英各器官尤其是花序中的可溶性糖、类黄酮和绿原酸含量高于湿生蒲公英对应器官中的含量;旱生和湿生生境未诱导出新的SOD同工酶带;旱生和湿生蒲公英对应器官的总抗氧化能力接近。