胆汁酸受体FXR 的研究进展

法尼酯衍生物X受体(FXR)是一种胆汁酸受体,在胆汁酸代谢和胆固醇代谢中发挥重要作用,并有望成为降低胆固醇,治疗某些心血管病及肝脏疾病的治疗靶点。本文介绍了FXR的发现、FXR在调控胆汁酸和脂质代谢中的作用,以及FXR在心血管疾病治疗中的应用前景。     

法尼酯X受体在脂质代谢过程中的调控作用

法尼酯X受体(Farnesoid X Receptor,FXR)属于配体依赖的核转录因子,可被内源性配体胆汁酸激活,通过调节胆汁酸、胆固醇、脂蛋白及脂肪酸代谢维持血浆中脂质的稳态,从而达到调节脂质代谢的目的。最近研究发现FXR在脉管系统中也有表达活性,开辟了FXR调节脂质代谢的新途径。随着新配体及靶基因的发现,研究FXR的作用机制以及寻找对脂质代谢具有调控作用的FXR的配体,对于脂代谢异常和动脉粥样硬化的防治具有重要意义。本文综述了该领域的最新进展。     

人FXR基因5′调控区功能分析

为研究人法尼酯衍生物X受体(FXR)基因5′调控区的功能,在对人FXR基因进行生物信息学分析的基础上,用5′RACE法确定该基因的转录起始位点碱基是A.采用PCR技术,扩增人基因组DNA中FXR基因5′上游序列,构建了5种含不同长度启动子序列的荧光素酶报告基因表达体系.将它们瞬时转染HepG2细胞,检测其荧光素酶活性.结果表明,-1651~ 200、-1496~ 200区域的启动子活性无明显区别,-847~ 200区域的启动子活性最高,-544~ 200区域启动子活性较前显著降低.研究提示,FXR基因转录所必需的基因启动子序列在-847~-544范围内.     

人FXR基因5′调控区功能分析

为研究人法尼酯衍生物X受体（FXR）基因5′调控区的功能,在对人FXR基因进行生物信息学分析的基础上,用5′RACE法确定该基因的转录起始位点碱基是A.采用PCR技术,扩增人基因组DNA中FXR基因5′上游序列,构建了5种含不同长度启动子序列的荧光素酶报告基因表达体系.将它们瞬时转染HepG2细胞,检测其荧光素酶活性.结果表明,－1　651～+200、－1　496～+200区域的启动子活性无明显区别,－847～+200区域的启动子活性最高,－544～+200区域启动子活性较前显著降低.研究提示,FXR基因转录所必需的基因启动子序列在－847～－544范围内.     

胆汁酸代谢与肠道微生物

肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢密切相关,肠道微生物参与了胆汁酸在肠道中的修饰过程;肠道微生物通过法尼醇受体影响胆汁酸的合成;肠道微生物通过调节胆汁酸的代谢影响机体健康,反过来胆汁酸也可以通过调节肠道微生物菌群的组成影响机体健康.肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢间的稳态影响着机体健康,现对肠道微生物与胆汁酸代谢及其相互影响做一综述.     

类法尼醇X受体对脂代谢的调控作用

类法尼醇X受体（famesoid X receptor,FXR）属于于配体激活的核转录因子,是核受体超家族中的一员。受配体激活后．FXR在胆汁酸、脂质代谢中具有重要调控作用。随着FXR特异性配体及拮抗剂的发现,其在代谢及相关疾病中的调控作用日趋明显。最近发现,FXR在心血管系统中有表达活性,开辟了FXR调控网络的新领域。     

孤儿受体与胆固醇及胆汁酸的代谢调节

30多年前,已经发现体内胆固醇及胆汁酸在转录水平受反馈激活或反馈抑制的调节,其机理不清楚。最近,随着孤儿受体LXR基因的克隆及其功能的研究,逐步认识到包括LXR在内的几种孤儿受体作为体内胆固醇及胆汁酸的感受器,在转录水平调节体内胆固醇及胆汁酸的代谢平衡。这4类孤儿受体在胆固醇及其代谢产物与自身代谢平衡之间建立了直接的联系。综述了4类孤儿受体的研究进展,特别是它们和胆固醇及胆汁酸代谢平衡的关系。     

HNF1α对人FXR 启动子的调控作用

为探讨肝细胞核因子1α（HNF1α）对人胆汁酸受体（FXR）转录激活的作用及机制,将含HNF1α的真核表达载体（pcDNA3.1(+)HNF1α）和含有FXR启动子的荧光素酶报告基因载体共转染人肝癌细胞系HepG2,检测转染细胞中荧光素酶活性并用半定量RT-PCR、免疫印迹法检测FXR的表达.QuikChange法对FXR启动子HNF1α可能结合位点进行突变,将包含突变点的重组荧光素酶报告质粒单独或与pcDNA3.1(+)共同转染HepG2细胞,检测各组荧光素酶活性.根据凝胶电泳迁移率变化,分析HNF1α与FXR启动子区域的结合.结果发现,转染pcDNA 3.1(+)HNF1α可以上调FXR在HepG2细胞中的表达,并增强FXR启动子活性且具有剂量依赖性;－65～－48区域的点突变,导致FXR启动子活性明显降低,共转染pcDNA3.1(+)HNF1α也不具有增强作用.结果提示,转录因子HNF1α能调控FXR基因表达,其机制为：HNF1α与FXR启动子区域－65～－48区域的反向半位点结合,发挥其反式激活作用.     

法尼酯X受体对肝脂酶表达的影响

目的:探讨法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)对肝脂酶(hepatic lipase,HL)表达的影响。方法:用FXR激动剂CDCA作用人肝癌细胞株(HepG2),用RT-PCR和Western blotting检测HL的表达情况。结果:用不同浓度的CDCA(25μmol/L、50μmol/L、75μmol/L)分别作用HepG2细胞6h、12h、24h、48h后,HL的mRNA和蛋白质水平呈时间和剂量依赖性下调。结论:FXR激动剂可抑制肝脂酶的表达。     

核受体与脂质代谢

核受体是配体活化的转录因子,能调控大量的靶基因。近年来核受体调节脂质代谢的研究已成为国内外研究的热点。由于核受体在调节脂质代谢、糖代谢以及炎症反应方面发挥重要作用,它们是治疗心血管疾病理想的靶标。本文简要地介绍了核受体在调节脂质代谢方面的研究进展。     

Anthranilic acid derivatives as novel ligands for farnesoid X receptor (FXR)

Nuclear farnesoid X receptor (FXR) has important physiological roles in various metabolic pathways including bile acid, cholesterol and glucose homeostasis. The clinical use of known synthetic non-steroidal FXR ligands is restricted due to toxicity or poor bioavailability. Here we report the development, synthesis, in vitro activity and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of anthranilic acid derivatives as novel FXR ligands. Starting from a virtual screening hit we optimized the scaffold to a series of potent partial FXR agonists with appealing drug-like properties. The most potent derivative exhibited an EC₅₀ value of 1.5 ± 0.2 μM and 37 ± 2% maximum relative FXR activation. We investigated its SAR regarding polar interactions with the receptor by generating derivatives and computational docking.     

On the relationship of anthranilic derivatives structure and the FXR (Farnesoid X receptor) agonist activity

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor related to lipid and glucose homeostasis and is considered an important molecular target to treatment of metabolic diseases as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver cancer. Nowadays, there are several FXR agonists reported in the literature and some of it in clinical trials for liver disorders. Herein, a compound series was employed to generate QSAR models to better understand the structural basis for FXR activation by anthranilic acid derivatives (AADs). Furthermore, here we evaluate the inclusion of the standard deviation (SD) of EC₅₀ values in QSAR models quality. Comparison between the use of experimental variance plus average values in model construction with the standard method of model generation that considers only the average values was performed. 2D and 3D QSAR models based on the AAD data set including SD values showed similar molecular interpretation maps and quality (Q²_LOO, Q²_(F2), and Q²_(F3)), when compared to models based only on average values. SD-based models revealed more accurate predictions for the set of test compounds, with lower mean absolute error indices as well as more residuals near zero. Additionally, the visual interpretation of different QSAR approaches agrees with experimental data, highlighting key elements for understanding the biological activity of AADs. The approach using standard deviation values may offer new possibilities for generating more accurate QSAR models based on available experimental data.     

FXR agonists and FGF15 reduce fecal bile acid excretion in a mouse model of bile acid malabsorption

Bile acid malabsorption, which in patients leads to excessive fecal bile acid excretion and diarrhea, is characterized by a vicious cycle in which the feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis is interrupted, resulting in additional bile acid production. Feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis is under the control of an endocrine pathway wherein activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), induces enteric expression of the hormone, fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15). In liver, FGF15 acts together with FXR-mediated expression of small heterodimer partner to repress bile acid synthesis. Here, we show that the FXR-FGF15 pathway is disrupted in mice lacking apical ileal bile acid transporter, a model of bile acid malabsorption. Treatment of Asbt-/- mice with either a synthetic FXR agonist or FGF15 downregulates hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNA levels, decreases bile acid pool size, and reduces fecal bile acid excretion. These findings suggest that FXR agonists or FGF15 could be used therapeutically to interrupt the cycle of excessive bile acid production in patients with bile acid malabsorption.     

孕烷X受体研究进展

孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)是核受体超家族成员之一,以同名内源性配体孕烷命名,主要表达在肝脏、小肠、胃、肾脏等组织,在机体异源性/内源性物质的代谢及排泄过程中起重要的调节作用。近年的研究表明,PXR还可以通过调节其下游靶基因的表达,直接参与机体脂质、胆固醇和糖代谢,维持机体内环境的稳态。本文将就PXR的研究进展做一综述。     

激活类法尼醇X核内受体（FXR）可下调载脂蛋白M在HepG2细胞中的表达

类法尼醇X核内受体（farnesoid X receptor, FXR）和载脂蛋白M(ApoM)在动脉粥样硬化中发挥重要作用．为研究FXR激动剂鹅脱氧胆酸(chenodexycholic acid, CDCA)和拮抗剂Guggulsterones在人肝癌细胞株HepG2和人胎肝细胞株L02中对载脂蛋白M(apolipoprotein M, ApoM)表达的影响．本研究应用逆转录 聚合酶链反应（RT PCR）法和Western印迹法检测CDCA和CDCA加Guggulsterones处理后HepG2和L02细胞中ApoM的mRNA水平和HepG2细胞中ApoM的蛋白水平．实验结果显示：FXR天然配体CDCA以剂量依赖的方式显著降低HepG2细胞中ApoM分子（mRNA和蛋白水平）的表达,L02细胞中ApoM分子mRNA水平的表达;FXR抑制剂Guggulsterones不仅能明显阻止CDCA对ApoM表达的下调,而且可引起ApoM表达显著增加．本研究提示,FXR抑制剂Guggulsterones在抗动脉粥样硬化过程中可能发挥重要作用．     

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation and FXR genetic variation in inflammatory bowel disease

Background

We previously showed that activation of the bile salt nuclear receptor Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) protects against intestinal inflammation in mice. Reciprocally, these inflammatory mediators may decrease FXR activation. We investigated whether FXR activation is repressed in the ileum and colon of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in remission. Additionally, we evaluated whether genetic variation in FXR is associated with IBD.

Methods

mRNA expression of FXR and FXR target gene SHP was determined in ileal and colonic biopsies of patients with Crohn''s colitis (n = 15) and ulcerative colitis (UC; n = 12), all in clinical remission, and healthy controls (n = 17). Seven common tagging SNPs and two functional SNPs in FXR were genotyped in 2355 Dutch IBD patients (1162 Crohn''s disease (CD) and 1193 UC) and in 853 healthy controls.

Results

mRNA expression of SHP in the ileum is reduced in patients with Crohn''s colitis but not in patients with UC compared to controls. mRNA expression of villus marker Villin was correlated with FXR and SHP in healthy controls, a correlation that was weaker in UC patients and absent in CD patients. None of the SNPs was associated with IBD, UC or CD, nor with clinical subgroups of CD.

Conclusions

FXR activation in the ileum is decreased in patients with Crohn''s colitis. This may be secondary to altered enterohepatic circulation of bile salts or transrepression by inflammatory signals but does not seem to be caused by the studied SNPs in FXR. Increasing FXR activity by synthetic FXR agonists may have benefit in CD patients.     

Conformationally constrained farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists: Naphthoic acid-based analogs of GW 4064

Starting from the known FXR agonist GW 4064 1a, a series of stilbene replacements were prepared. The 6-substituted 1-naphthoic acid 1b was an equipotent FXR agonist with improved developability parameters relative to 1a. Analog 1b also reduced the severity of cholestasis in the ANIT acute cholestatic rat model.