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1.
Viktor Demko Andrej Pavlovič Danka Valková L’udmila Slováková Bernhard Grimm Ján Hudák 《Planta》2009,230(1):165-176
Light-independent chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis is a prerequisite for the assembly of photosynthetic pigment–protein complexes
in the dark. Dark-grown Larix decidua Mill. seedlings synthesize Chl only in the early developmental stages and their Chl level rapidly declines during the subsequent
development. Our analysis of the key regulatory steps in Chl biosynthesis revealed that etiolation of initially green dark-grown
larch cotyledons is connected with decreasing content of glutamyl-tRNA reductase and reduced 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesizing
capacity. The level of the Chl precursor protochlorophyllide also declined in the developing larch cotyledons. Although the
genes chlL, chlN and chlB encoding subunits of the light-independent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase were constitutively expressed in the larch
seedlings, the accumulation of the ChlB subunit was developmentally regulated and ChlB content decreased in the fully developed
cotyledons. The efficiency of chlB RNA-editing was also reduced in the mature dark-grown larch seedlings. In contrast to larch, dark-grown seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. accumulate Chl throughout their whole development and show a different control of ChlB expression. Analysis of
the plastid ultrastructure, photosynthetic proteins by Western blotting and photosynthetic parameters by gas exchange and
Chl fluorescence measurements provide additional experimental proofs for differences between dark and light Chl biosynthesis
in spruce and larch seedlings. 相似文献
2.
Andrej Kormutak Božena Vookova Peter Manka Jan Salaj Vladimir Camek Dušan Gömöry 《Trees - Structure and Function》2008,22(5):657-662
Comparative study on fertilization process in Pinus sylvestris, Pinus mugo and in their putative hybrid swarm individuals was done involving pre-zygotic and post-zygotic stages. The amount of surviving
ovules from open pollination reflecting the mode of interaction between pollen grains and nucellar tissue of an ovule averaged
at 8.1 of sound ovules per conelet in Pinus sylvestris, 7.3 ovules in the hybrid swarm population and at 4.9 ovules in Pinus mugo. A strong correlation was observed between the number of surviving ovules and the proportion of germinating seeds in the compared
species and hybrids. Normal course of embryogenesis in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo contrasted with increased frequency of disturbances observed in the hybrid swarm individuals. The differential survival rates
of the ovules and deviations from typical pattern of embryogenesis are discussed from the standpoint of cross-ability relationship
between Pinus sylvestris and Pinus mugo. 相似文献
3.
Andrej Kormutak Martin Galgoci Peter Manka Martina Koubova Martin Jopcik Denisa Sukenikova Peter Bolecek Dusan Gőmőry 《Tree Genetics & Genomes》2017,13(3):68
Crossability relationships between Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and mountain dwarf pine (Pinus mugo Turra) was studied, using artificial pollination approach. Partial compatibility of the reciprocal crossings of these species was proved experimentally, validating the idea of a spontaneous formation of their hybrid swarms under natural conditions. The hybrids were validated using organellar DNA markers and nuclear DNA microsatellites. Based on the percentage of filled seeds, the interspecific crossings were less efficient than the intraspecific cross-pollinations of P. sylvestris and P. mugo individuals. Both species were found to intercross readily with individuals of their putative hybrid swarm, P. mugo exhibiting a higher hybridological affinity towards putatively hybrid individuals than P. sylvestris. Validation of the hybrids confirmed the paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) in the combination P. sylvestris × P. mugo only. Surprisingly, in the reciprocal crossing P. mugo × P. sylvestris, maternal inheritance of cpDNA was revealed. Obtained results offer a new insight into the direction and intensity of gene flow within the hybrid swarms of Scots pine and mountain dwarf pine. 相似文献
4.
S. P. Makarenko Yu. M. Konstantinov V. N. Shmakov T. A. Konenkina 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2010,57(5):739-743
The fatty acid (FA) composition of callus lipids in two pine species, Pinus sibirica Du Tour and P. sylvestris L. was studied. Callus lipids were characterized by a high content of unsaturated FAs: 81.7% in P. sibirica and 63.2% in P. sylvestris. Among them, oleic and linoleic acids predominated (22.9 and 34.0% of total FAs in P. sibirica and 17.6 and 27.8% in P. sylvestris, respectively). Callus lipids also contained Δ5-UPIFA (unsaturated polymethyle-interrupted FAs), where pinoleic and sciadonic
acids predominated. A comparison of FAs in the lipids of P. sylvestris calluses derived from needle and needle photosynthesizing tissues of this pine species showed that callus lipids were characterized
by a greater diversity of Δ5-UPIFA but a lower degree of FA unsaturation and he higher level of Δ5-UPIFA. 相似文献
5.
The ecology and physiology of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) symbiosis with conifer trees are well documented. In comparison, however,
very little is known about the molecular regulation of these associations. In an earlier study, we identified three EcM-regulated
Pinus expressed sequence tags (EST), two of which were identified as homologous to the Medicago truncatula nodulin MtN21. The third EST was a homologue to the receptor-like kinase Clavata1. We have characterized the expression patterns of these genes and of auxin- and mycorrhiza-regulated genes after induction
with indole-3-butyric acid in Pinus sylvestris and in a time course experiment during ectomycorrhizal initiation with the co-inoculation of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, an
auxin transport inhibitor. Our results suggest that different P. sylvestris nodulin homologues are associated with diverse processes in the root. The results also suggest a potential role of the Clv1-like gene in lateral root initiation by the ectomycorrhizal fungus. 相似文献
6.
Komulainen P Brown GR Mikkonen M Karhu A García-Gil MR O'Malley D Lee B Neale DB Savolainen O 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2003,107(4):667-678
A genetic map of Pinus sylvestris was constructed using ESTP (expressed sequence tag polymorphism) markers and other gene-based markers, AFLP markers and microsatellites. Part of the ESTP markers (40) were developed and mapped earlier in Pinus taeda, and additional markers were generated based on P. sylvestris sequences or sequences from other pine species. The mapping in P. sylvestris was based on 94 F1 progeny from a cross between plus-tree parents E635C and E1101. AFLP framework maps for the parent trees were first constructed. The ESTP and other gene sequence-based markers were added to the framework maps, as well as five published microsatellite loci. The separate maps were then integrated with the aid of AFLPs segregating in both trees (dominant segregation ratios 3:1) as well as gene markers and microsatellites segregating in both parent trees (segregation ratios 1:1:1:1 or 1:2:1). The integrated map consisted of 12 groups corresponding to the P. taeda linkage groups, and additionally three and six smaller groups for E1101 and E635C, respectively. The number of framework AFLP markers in the integrated map is altogether 194 and the number of gene markers 61. The total length of the integrated map was 1,314 cM. The set of markers developed for P. sylvestris was also added to existing maps of two P. taeda pedigrees. Starting with a mapped marker from one pedigree in the source species resulted in a mapped marker in a pedigree of the other species in more than 40% of the cases, with about equal success in both directions. The maps of the two species are largely colinear, even if the species have diverged more than 70 MYA. Most cases of different locations were probably due to problems in identifying the orthologous members of gene families. These data provide a first ESTP-containing map of P. sylvestris, which can also be used for comparing this species to additional species mapped with the same markers.Communicated by C. Möllers 相似文献
7.
Dark-grown seedlings of Picea abies (L) Karst. are able to accumulate the highest amounts of chlorophyll (Chl) and its precursor protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)
in all Pinaceae, but calli derived from 14-d-old green cotyledons of P. abies are completely white during the cultivation in the dark. Pchlide reduction is catalysed in the dark by light-independent
protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR). This enzyme complex consists of three protein subunits ChlL, ChlN and ChlB, encoded
by three plastid genes chlL, chlN and chlB. Using semiquantitative RT-PCR, we observed very low expression of chlLNB genes in dark-grown calli. It seems, that chlLNB expression and thus Chl accumulation could be modulated by light in P. abies calli cultures. This hypothesis is supported by the fact, that we observed low contents of glutamyl-tRNA reductase and Flu-like
protein, which probably affected Chl biosynthetic pathway at the step of 5-aminolevulinic acid formation. ChlB subunit was
not detected in dark-grown P. abies calli cultures. Our results indicated limited ability to synthesize Chl in callus during cultivation in the dark. 相似文献
8.
Z. -L. Liu S. Yuan W. -J. Liu J. -B. Du W. -J. Tian M. -H. Luo H. -H. Lin 《Photosynthetica》2008,46(1):73-78
NYB is chlorophyll-less barley mutant, which is controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. The mutation mechanism is revealed. The
activities of enzymes transforming 5-aminolevulinic acid into protochlorophyllide were the same in both NYB and the wild type (WT), but the activity of the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) in WT was much higher than that
of NYB. Most of the photosystem 2 apoproteins were present in both WT and NYB, suggesting that the capability of protein synthesis was probably fully preserved in the mutant. Thus chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis
in NYB was hampered at conversion form protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) into chlorophyllide. The open reading frame of porB gene in NYB was inserted with a 95 bp fragment, which included a stop codon. The NYB mutant is a very useful material for studies of Chl biosynthesis, chloroplast signalling, and structure of light-harvesting
POR-Pchlide complex (LHPP). 相似文献
9.
This study investigated the genetic and chemical basis of resistance of Pinus sylvestris seedlings to herbivory by a generalist mollusc, Arion ater. Using feeding trials with captive animals, we examined selective herbivory by A. ater of young P. sylvestris seedlings of different genotypes and correlated preferences with seedling monoterpene levels. We also investigated the feeding
responses of A. ater to artificial diets laced with two monoterpenes, Δ3-carene and α-pinene. Logistic regression indicated that two factors were the best predictors of whether seedlings in the
trial would be consumed. Individual slug variation (replicates) was the most significant factor in the model; however, α-pinene
concentration (also representing β-pinene, Δ3-carene and total monoterpenes due to multicollinearity) of needles was also a significant factor. While A. ater did not select seedlings on the basis of family, seedlings not eaten were significantly higher in levels of α-pinene compared
to seedlings that were consumed. We also demonstrated significant genetic variation in α-pinene concentration of seedlings
between different families of P. sylvestris. Nitrogen and three morphological seedling characteristics (stem length, needle length and stem diameter) also showed significant
genetic variation between P. sylvestris families. Artificial diets laced with high (5 mg g−1 dry matter) quantities of either Δ3-carene or α-pinene, were eaten significantly less than control diets with no added monoterpenes, supporting the results of
the seedling feeding trial. This study demonstrates that A. ater selectively feed on P. sylvestris seedlings and that this selection is based, in part, on the monoterpene concentration of seedlings. These results, coupled
with significant genetic variation in α-pinene concentration of seedlings and evidence that slug herbivory is detrimental
to P. sylvestris fitness, are discussed as possible evidence for A. ater as a selective force on the evolution of defensive chemistry in P. sylvestris. 相似文献
10.
Different methods to inoculate seedlings of Pinus pinaster and P. sylvestris with edible Lactarius species under standard greenhouse conditions were evaluated. Fungal inoculations were performed both under pure culture synthesis in vitro, followed by transplantation of acclimatized seedlings, and directly in the greenhouse using different techniques for inocula production (mycelial slurries, vegetative inoculum grown in peat-vermiculite and alginate-entrapped mycelium). In vitro inoculations with L. deliciosus produced thoroughly colonized seedlings. However, a sharp decrease in mycorrhizal colonization was detected on transplanted seedlings after 4 month's growth in the greenhouse. On the other hand, all the inocula applied directly in the greenhouse, except the alginate-entrapped mycelium, produced a variable number of mycorrhizal seedlings and colonization rates after the first growing season, depending on the plant-fungal combination and the inoculation method. Inoculations with vegetative inocula of the strain 178 of L. deliciosus were the most effective in producing mycorrhizal seedlings. All the seedlings inoculated with this strain were colonized although the colonization rates were relatively low. The commercial feasibility of the different inoculation methods for the production of seedlings colonized with edible Lactarius species is discussed. 相似文献
11.
Amal Fadl Abdelkader Henrik Aronsson Christer Sundqvist 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2010,32(5):971-978
To examine the effects of salt stress on dark-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum), seedlings of the salt-tolerant cultivar Sids 1 and the susceptible cultivar Giza 168 were grown in darkness for 14 days
in nutrient solution with and without 200 mM of supplementary salt (100 mM of NaCl and 100 mM of KCl). During this time, we
monitored their protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) contents, ratios of photoactive to non-photoactive forms of Pchlide (from 655/633-nm
emission ratios in their 77 K fluorescence emission spectra) and (following flash irradiation) ratios of newly formed chlorophyllide
(Chlide) to non-photoactive Pchlide. In addition, the accumulation of chlorophyll a in leaf sections was monitored during prolonged (24 h) irradiation. The results depended on the developmental state of the
seedlings. However, the salt stress treatment caused marked increases in both Pchlide contents in dark-grown leaves and in
Chlide contents following irradiation of leaf sections of both cultivars. The ratio of phototransformable to non-phototransformable
Pchlide and the abundance of newly formed Chlide were also increased by the salt stress. Further, leaves of salt-stressed
seedlings consistently accumulated more chlorophyll a than leaves of unstressed seedlings when floating on the nutrient solution (with or without supplementary salt) in continuous
white light. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that increased levels of the long-wavelength form of Pchlide
contribute to protective mechanisms against salt stress. 相似文献
12.
We investigated the strategies of four co-occurring evergreen woody species Quercus ilex, Quercus coccifera, Pinus halepensis, and Juniperus phoenicea to cope with Mediterranean field conditions. For that purpose, stem water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence,
and Chl and carotenoid (Car) contents were examined. We recognized two stress periods along the year, winter with low precipitation
and low temperatures that led to chronic photoinhibition, and summer, when drought coincided with high radiation, leading
to an increase of dynamic photoinhibition and a decrease of pigment content. Summer photoprotection was related to non-photochemical
energy dissipation, electron flow to alternative sinks other than photosynthesis, decrease of Chl content, and proportional
increase of Car content. Water potential of trees with deep vertical roots (Q. coccifera, Q. ilex, and P. halepensis) mainly depended on precipitation, whereas water potential of trees with shallow roots (J. phoenicea) depended not only on precipitation but also on ambient temperature. 相似文献
13.
S. P. Makarenko T. A. Konenkina T. E. Putilina L. I. Donskaya O. V. Muzalevskaya 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2008,55(4):480-485
The fatty acid (FA) composition of storage lipids in the seed endosperms and embryos of two pine species, Pinus sibirica and P. sylvestris, and possible biosynthetic pathways of these acids were studied by the GLC method. Linoleic acid predominated in the embryo and endosperm lipids of both P. sibirica (43.5 and 42.6%) and P. sylvestris (44.8 and 46.8%); this was evidently determined by a high expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-Δ9 acyl-lipid desaturase and the fad2 gene encoding microsomal ω6 acyl-lipid desaturase. P. sibirica lipids of the embryo and endosperm contained more oleic acid (22.0 and 24.0%, respectively) than corresponding P. sylvestris lipids (18.7 and 14%). Storage lipids of conifer seeds contain Δ5-unsaturated FAs: taxoleic (18:2Δ5,9), ephedrenic (18:2Δ5,11), pinoleenic (18:3Δ5,9,12), skiadonic (18:3Δ5,11, 14), and coniferonic (18:4Δ5,9,12,15). In the endosperm and embryos of P. sylvestris, the content of pinolenic acid was higher (22.1 and 19.6%) than in P. sibirica seeds (19.1 and 18.6%). 相似文献
14.
A. Pavlovič Ľ. Slováková V. Demko M. Durchan K. Mikulová J. Hudák 《Photosynthetica》2009,47(4):510-516
Ginkgo biloba L. is a large tree native in China with evolutionary affinities to the conifers and cycads. However unlike conifers, the
gymnosperm G. biloba is not able to synthesize chlorophyll (Chl) in the dark, in spite of the presence of genes encoding subunits of light-independent
protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (DPOR) in the plastid genome. The principal aims of the present study were to investigate
the presence of DPOR protein subunits (ChlL, ChlN, ChlB) as well as the key regulatory step in Chl formation: aminolevulinic
acid (ALA) synthesis and abundance of the key regulatory enzyme in its synthesis: glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR). In addition,
functional stage of photosynthetic apparatus and assembly of pigment-protein complexes were investigated. Dark-grown, illuminated
and circadian-grown G. biloba seedlings were used in our experiments. Our results clearly showed that no protein subunits of DPOR were detected irrespective
of light conditions, what is consistent with the absence of Chl and Chl-binding proteins (D1, LHCI, LHCIIb) in the dark. This
correlates with low ALA-synthesizing capacity and low amount of GluTR. The concentration of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide)
in the dark is low and non-photoactive form (Pchlide633) was predominant. Plastids were developed as typical etioplasts with prollamelar body and few prothylakoid membranes. Continual
illumination (24 h) only slightly stimulated ALA and Chl synthesis, although Pchlide content was reduced. Prollamelar bodies
disappeared, but no grana were formed, what was consistent with the absence of D1, LHCI, LHCIIb proteins. Lightinduced development
of photosynthetic apparatus is extremely slow, as indicated by Chl fluorescence and gas exchange measurements. Even after
72 h of continuous illumination, the values of maximum (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII) and rate of net photosynthesis (P
N) did not reach the values comparable with circadian-grown plants. 相似文献
15.
The Nicotiana tabacum transgenic plants expressing a Cucurbita pepo antisense PHYA RNA were obtained. The seedlings of transgenic tobacco with reduced phytochrome A (PHYA) content displayed decreased sensitivity
to continuous broad-band far-red radiation (λ > 680 nm). Under far-red irradiance transgenic seedlings showed less elongation
of the hypocotyls, more rapid plastid development, more chlorophyll accumulation, less repression of lightdependent NADPH:protochlorophyllide
oxidoreductase than wild-type plants that was in accordance with PHYA control of plant development. Dynamics of the far-red
radiation dependent changes in low temperature chlorophyll fluorescence spectra for the transgenic and wild-type seedlings
were consistent with the more rapid formation of photosynthetic apparatus in the seedlings with reduced PHYA. 相似文献
16.
Pinus sylvestris and Salix dasyclados, which differ in leaf longevity, were compared with respect to four aspects of photosynthetic light use and response: high light acclimation, photoinhibition resistance and recovery, lightfleck exposure and use and chloroplast acclimation across leaves. The first two aspects were examined using seedlings under controlled conditions and the other two were tested using trees in the field. When exposed to high light, shade leaves of Pinus acclimated completely, achieving the same photosynthetic capacities as sun leaves, whereas shade leaves of Salix did not reach sun leaf capacities although the absolute magnitude of their acclimation was larger. Shade leaves of Pinus were also more resistant to photoinhibition than those of Salix. Much of the direct light supplied within the canopy was in the form of rapid fluctuations, lightflecks, for Pinus and Salix alike. They exploited short lightflecks with similar efficiency. The greater proportion of diffuse light in the canopy for Pinus than Salix seems to lead to a lesser degree of differential intra-leaf acclimation of chloroplasts, in turn leading to lower efficiency of photosynthesis under unilateral light as reflected by a lower convexity, rate of bending, of the light–response curve. The differences in light use and responses are discussed in relation to possible differences in characteristics of the long and short-lived leaf. 相似文献
17.
18.
O. V. Osipenkova M. S. Odintsova N. P. Yurina 《Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology》2010,46(3):331-338
19.
P. Machón J. A. Pajares J. J. Diez F. M. Alves-Santos 《Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)》2009,49(2):101-109
In greenhouse experiments, the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata was evaluated for biological control of preemergence, post-emergence and late damping-off of Pinus pinea caused by Fusarium verticillioides and F. oxysporum. In pre-emergence damping-off assays, preinoculation with Laccaria laccata did not significantly improve germination of seeds and no statistical significant differences were found in Fusarium treatments when compared with controls. At 18 weeks after sowing, inoculation with L. laccata reduced the incidence of post-emergence damping-off but differences were significant only in F. oxysporum treatments. Pinus pinea transplanted plants were used in late damping off assays, and only F. oxysporum produced significant damage. Inoculation with L. laccata did not attenuate significantly the virulence of F. oxysporum. However, the percentage of mycorrhization did not reached significant level, so the amount of mycorrhizal fungus was insufficient
for effective protection. Although very low percentages of mycorrhization were recorded in all mycorrhized treatments, and
Fusarium occurrence significantly reduced mycorrhization, those levels have been efficient to reduce damage in F. oxysporum post-emergence damping-off assays. In short, pre-emergence damping-off was not found; only F. oxysporum produced significant damage on P. pinea seedlings and L. laccata reduced damage when the percentage of mycorrhization reached a significant level. These results have been compared with previous
work on P. sylvestris inoculated with the same mycorrhizae isolate and Fusarium pathogens. 相似文献
20.
A synthetic chimeric gene SbtCryIII(A) encoding the insecticidal protein btCryIII(A), was transformed into Pinus armandii embryos and embryogenic calli using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Polymerase chain reaction and genomic DNA Southern blot analysis showed that the SbtCryIII(A) gene was integrated into the genome of transgenic Pinus armandii plants, and Northern blot analysis indicated that the SbtCryIII(A) gene was transcribed. 相似文献