侧柏叶的化学成分与药理学作用研究进展

侧柏叶是具有多种药用价值的传统中药,许多古籍记载了其功效.侧柏叶的主要化学成分为黄酮类、挥发油、鞣质等.经药理学研究证实,侧柏叶具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、促进毛发生长、止血等多种药理学作用.通过对侧柏叶的化学成分、药理学作用的研究进行总结,为侧柏的研究开发和利用提供资料依据.     

油松侧柏混交林及其纯林枯枝落叶生态效益的研究

枯枝落叶作为森林生态系统中净第一性生产力的重要组成部分,是物质循环过程中的一个物质库,起着涵养水分,减少地表蒸发,改善土壤肥力,防止水土流失的重要作用。油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)和侧柏(Platicladus orientalis)是我国北方山区防护林的主要造林树种,目前多为人工纯林。这种针叶纯林一般生长缓慢,郁闭较迟,保持水土的能力也较差,并易受自然灾害的影响,从而不能有效地     

崖柏与侧柏光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的比较研究

以盆栽的中国特有濒危植物崖柏及其近缘广布种侧柏幼苗为材料,测定了二者的光照和二氧化碳响应特征参数、光合作用气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,比较分析两者间差异并探讨崖柏异地保存的可行性。结果显示:(1)在光响应参数方面,崖柏和侧柏的表观量子效率分别为0.039和0.027 mol.mol-1,但二者差异不显著;崖柏的光补偿点(81.04μmol.m-2.s-1)显著高于侧柏(59.72μmol.m-2.s-1),但二者的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)和暗呼吸速率(Rd)均无显著差异;崖柏的CO2补偿点(129.17μmol.mol-1)显著高于侧柏(95.86μmol.mol-1),而光呼吸速率则崖柏略高于侧柏,但二者的羧化效率相当。(2)气体交换参数方面,崖柏的叶片气孔导度和蒸腾速率均低于侧柏,而瞬时水分利用效率和气孔限制值则略高于侧柏;随着光照强度增加,崖柏和侧柏的净光合速率和胞间CO2浓度增加,而气孔限制值则降低。(3)2个树种的叶绿素荧光参数,如初始荧光、最大荧光、可变荧光、光系统Ⅱ原初光能转换效率、光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子效率、非光化学猝灭等均无显著差异,但崖柏光化学猝灭系数(0.218)显著低于侧柏(0.322)。研究表明,崖柏与侧柏在光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数方面具有较大的相似性,也表明崖柏在生长季对北迁环境具有较强的适应性。     

侧柏林高生长和径向生长及其与经营措施的关系（简报）

侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)原产中国,具有较大的环境价值和经济价值,是我国主要造林树种之一。山东省位于我国暖温带南部,是侧柏林的中心分布区之一。境内现有侧柏人工林149万亩,为褐土上分布面积最大的森林类型。     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

基于侧柏液流的测定对Granier原始公式系数进行校正

为研究Granier原始公式计算单株树木蒸腾耗水量的准确性,以侧柏作为研究对象,采用热消散方法测定在15、30、50、70和90cm水柱高度形成不同压力梯度下的树干液流通量密度,并以称重法作为对照,利用回归分析方法拟合称重法测定的液流通量密度与热消散法测定的树干液流温差系数(K值),进而建立校正公式.结果表明:基于侧柏校正的Granier公式为Fd=0.0115K0.5581(R2=0.8319).与称重法测定的液流通量密度相比,校正的Granier公式计算的结果略高(6.70±0.02)％,而Granier原始公式计算的则低估(78.53±0.04)％.由此可知,采用校正的Granier公式计算侧柏的液流通量密度具有较高的精度.     

北京山区侧柏人工林水分利用效率及其影响因素

水分利用效率(WUE)是衡量植物抗旱性的一个重要指标,研究其动态变化及其影响因素能为北京山区植被建设提供参考.本研究基于稳定碳同位素技术,通过测定北京山区侧柏人工林在生长季的水分利用效率,探究气象因子、土壤因子和大气CO₂浓度对侧柏短期WUE的影响.结果表明: 1)侧柏生长季内的短期WUE呈现先降低后增加的变化特征,7月侧柏的短期WUE最低(2.69 mmol·mol^-1),10月侧柏的短期WUE最高(13.88 mmol·mol^-1).2)叶内外水汽压差(VPD)、大气温度(T_a)、土壤湿度(M_s)、空气相对湿度(RH)和大气CO₂浓度(C_a)是植物WUE的影响因素,5个影响因素对侧柏短期WUE变化的累计解释率达89.7%;太阳辐射(R_a)和风速(W_s)与侧柏短期WUE没有显著关系.3)VPD和T_a是影响侧柏短期WUE的主要因素,两者组成的主成分可以解释53.9%的侧柏短期WUE变化,其中VPD对侧柏短期WUE的影响高于T_a;M_s和RH是影响侧柏短期WUE的次要因素,两者组成的主成分可以解释25.4%的侧柏短期WUE变化,其中M_s对植物短期WUE的影响高于RH;C_a对侧柏短期WUE的影响较小,主要由C_a和T_a组成的主成分可以解释10.3%的侧柏短期WUE变化.     

不同土壤含水量下侧柏幼树叶片水分利用效率

对植物水分利用效率的研究,可以揭示植物的内在耗水机制,为区域森林生态系统经营与维护提供依据.本研究以侧柏幼树为研究对象,通过室内控制试验设置不同的土壤水分梯度,分别用气体交换法和稳定同位素法对其不同土壤含水量条件下的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE_gs)和短期水分利用效率(WUE_cp)进行研究.结果表明:受气孔导度(g_s)的影响,叶片净光合速率(P_n)和蒸腾速率(T_r)随土壤含水量的增加呈现相同的变化趋势,均在土壤含水量为70%～80%田间持水量(FC)时达到最大值;叶片WUE_gs则在土壤含水量最低(35%～45% FC)时达到最大值(7.26 mmol·m^-2·s^-1).叶片可溶性糖、枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ¹³C都在土壤含水量最低(35%～45% FC)条件下达到最大值,且叶片可溶性糖的δ¹³C明显高于枝条韧皮部渗出液的δ¹³C,未产生明显分馏;而叶片WUE_cp也在土壤含水量最低(35%～45% FC)时达到最大值(7.26 mmol·m^-2·s^-1).相同条件下,叶片WUE_gs和WUE_cp存在一定差异(平均相差0.52 mmol·m^-2·s^-1),WUE_gs时空变异性较大,而WUE_cp更具有代表性.侧柏幼树通过降低生理生态活动和提高水分利用效率来适应干旱的土壤条件.     

基于侧柏蒸腾量分析Granier经验公式的测量精度

为了解Granier热扩散法测定树木蒸腾耗水量的精度,2010年5-6月采用热扩散探针测定盆栽侧柏的液流量,并以整树盆栽称重法作为对照.结果表明:热扩散法测定侧柏南、北两个方位的树干液流速率与称重法测定的蒸腾速率均具有良好的线性关系(R2 ＞0.825).侧柏南、北两个方位的树干平均日液流量分别比平均日蒸腾量低10.6％和15.1％,但未达到显著水平.尽管昼夜温差较大会造成侧柏日液流量小于日蒸腾量,但采用Granier热扩散法测定侧柏的蒸腾量在日尺度上具有较高的可靠性.     

Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the South American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) from the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii were assayed in sera of 396 opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) from the city of S?o Paulo, Brazil. Antibodies to N. caninum were assayed using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Antibodies (IFAT, approximately 1:25) to N. caninum were found in 84 opossums (D. marsupialis) in titers of 1:25 in 46, 1:50 in 20, 1:100 in 17, and 1:400 in 1. Antibodies to T. gondii were assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT) and the IFAT. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT, approximately 1:25) were found in 82 (20.4%) of the 396 opossums, in titers of 1:25 in 24, 1:50 in 26, 1:100 in 18, 1:200 in 13, and 1:800 in 1. The IFAT antibodies to T. gondii were found in 148 of 396 opossums, in titers of 1:16 in 41, 1:32 in 23, 1:64 in 13, 1:128 in 6, 1:256 in 20, 1:512 in 17, 1:1,024 in 10, 1:2,048 in 10, 1:4,096 in 7, and 1:8,192 in 1. This is the first report of N. caninum and T. gondii infections in D. marsupialis.     

Effect of serial transfer of three strains of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus on growth in vitro, virulence, and host specificity

Serial passage of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes has been shown to alter virulence and host specificity. We evaluated virulence, host specificity, biomass production, conidiation, conidial germination, and a genetic fingerprint of 3 strains of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus after passage in vitro or in vivo in Diuraphis noxia or Plutella xylostella. Strain 4461 did not change in virulence toward D. noxia or P. xylostella after 30 passages in vitro nor after 15 passages in D. noxia. However, it lost virulence toward D. noxia after 15 passages in P. xylostella and did not regain virulence after 5 passages in D. noxia. Passage in D. noxia did result in a loss in conidiation for strain 4461, and passage in vitro resulted in a reduction in the speed of germination. Strain 4481 was the least variable and did not change in any of our tests. Strain 4491 did not change in virulence after passage in vitro nor after passage in D. noxia. It lost virulence toward D. noxia after passage in P. xylostella but regained virulence after re-passage in D. noxia. Mycelial dry weight and conidiation were both reduced after passage in vitro, but were increased after passage in D. noxia. These two traits did not change after passage in P. xylostella. Germination speed was reduced after in vitro passage of strain 4491. No change in banding pattern was observed for any strain using 14 primers for RAPD-PCR. These results demonstrate the intraspecific variability and phenotypic plasticity of strains of P. fumosoroseus. Stability of virulence after in vitro passage is clearly a desirable trait for a mass-produced biocontrol agent. However, a change in host specificity or productivity in vitro, as we observed for some strains, must be monitored and minimized.     

HIV epidemics in Africa: what explains the variations in HIV prevalence?

There are large differences in the prevalence of HIV infection between different regions in sub-Saharan Africa, ranging from less than 10% in pregnant women in most of West Africa, to over 25% in pregnant women in large cities in Eastern and Southern Africa. These differences in HIV prevalence are in many instances due to differences in rate of spread of the virus. The multicenter study on factors determining the differential spread of HIV in four African cities tried to identify factors that could explain differences in spread of HIV between different regions in sub-Saharan Africa. The study was conducted in four cities, including two cities with a relatively low HIV prevalence (Cotonou in Bénin and Yaoundé in Cameroon) and two cities with a high HIV prevalence (Kisumu in Kenya and Ndola in Zambia). The difference in HIV prevalence between the four cities could not be explained by differences in sexual behavior. Any differences in sexual behavior were outweighed by differences in factors that influence HIV transmission, i.e. male circumcision and HSV-2 infection. These findings have important implications for the design of interventions.     

Chemoattractant-elicited increases in Dictyostelium myosin phosphorylation are due to changes in myosin localization and increases in kinase activity

We previously reported (Berlot, C. H., Spudich, J. A., and Devreotes, P. N. (1985) Cell 43, 307-314) that cAMP stimulation of chemotactically competent Dictyostelium amoebae causes transient increases in phosphorylation of the myosin heavy chain and 18,000-dalton light chain in vivo and in vitro. In this report we investigate the mechanisms involved in these changes in phosphorylation. In the case of heavy chain phosphorylation, the amount of substrate available for phosphorylation appears to be the major factor regulating the in vitro phosphorylation rate. Almost all heavy chain kinase activity is insoluble in Triton X-100, and the increase in the heavy chain phosphorylation rate in vitro parallels an increase in Triton insolubility of myosin. Changes in heavy chain phosphatase activity are not involved in the changes in the in vitro phosphorylation rate. In the case of light chain phosphorylation, increases in the vitro phosphorylation rate occur under conditions where the amount of substrate available for phosphorylation is constant and phosphatase activity is undetectable, implicating light chain kinase activation as the means of regulation. The specificity of the myosin kinases operating in vivo and in vitro was explored using phosphoamino acid and chymotryptic phosphopeptide analysis. The light chain is phosphorylated on serine both in vivo and in vitro, and phosphopeptide maps of the light chain phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro are indistinguishable. In the case of the heavy chain, both serine and threonine are phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro, although the cAMP-stimulated increases in phosphorylation occur primarily on threonine. Phosphopeptide maps of the heavy chain show that the peptides phosphorylated in vitro represent a major subset of those phosphorylated in vivo. The kinetics of the transient increases in myosin phosphorylation rates observed in vitro can be predicted quantitatively from the in vivo myosin phosphorylation data assuming that there is a constant phosphatase activity.     

Natural incidence of interruptions in the internal elastic lamina of caudal and renal arteries of the rat

Interruptions in the internal elastic lamina (IEL) have been quantified by light microscopy in the caudal arteries of different strains of rats and in caudal and renal arteries of (i) male and female virgin rats up until 2 years of age, (ii) repeatedly bred rats and (ii) hypertensive rats. Results showed that gaps in the IEL exist in caudal arteries of adult males in all strains studied, but to a lesser extent in the hairless mutant. In the virgin Wistar rat these interruptions in the IEL form with age in both caudal and renal arteries, and are more numerous (i) in the male than in the female in both arteries, and (ii) in the caudal than in the renal artery in both sexes. Repeated breeding in the Wistar rat abolishes the sex difference in incidence of IEL gaps in both renal and caudal arteries. The Sprague-Dawley breeder rat is more susceptible than the Wistar breeder to their formation in the renal artery. Hypertension in the male consistently increases the formation of IEL gaps in the renal but not in the caudal artery. The importance of local factors, e.g. hemodynamics, in the formation of these defects in the IEL, and their possible relationship with the development of arteriosclerosis is discussed.     

Neuroactive steroids in the brain and age and sex specificity of behavior and anxiety: An experimental study

Changes in the brain’s neuroactive steroid levels, behavior in the open field, and the anxious-phobic status of male and female rats in the course of development have been studied. An increase in the motor and exploratory activity and emotionality in rats of both sexes in the pubertal period and a decrease in their values in mature and old animals have been detected. Anxiety has no sexual dimorphism in adult animals; it is significantly higher in males than in females in the prepubertal and pubertal periods of development and is higher in old females than in males of the same age. An increase in the level of corticosterone in some brain structures in maturing and old rats has been found; the testosterone concentration increases in one-month-old and adult animals but decreases in old individuals, while the estradiol concentration in all studied brain structures of male and female rats was low in all periods of postnatal life. Correlation analysis has shown modulation by steroid hormones of the changes in behavioral responses during development.     

Ciprofloxacin: in vivo genotoxicity studies.

The fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is widely used in antimicrobial therapy. It inhibits the bacterial gyrase and in high concentrations in vitro also the functionally related eukaryotic topoisomerase-II, which resulted in genotoxic effects in several in vitro tests. In order to evaluate the relevance of these findings, ciprofloxacin was tested in vivo for genotoxic activity using the following test systems: micronucleus test in bone marrow of mice, cytogenetic chromosome analysis in Chinese hamster, dominant lethal assay in male mice and UDS tests in primary rat and mouse hepatocytes in vivo. These results are compared with already published in vitro and in vivo studies with ciprofloxacin. All in vivo genotoxicity revealed no genotoxic effect for ciprofloxacin. In addition, ciprofloxacin was found to be non-carcinogenic in two rodent long-term bioassays. Therefore, ciprofloxacin is considered to be safe for therapeutic use.     

Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of the perfused rat hemicorpus compared with rates in the intact animal.

The rate of protein synthesis was measured in muscles of the perfused rat hemicorpus, and values were compared with rates obtained in whole animals. In gastrocnemius muscle of fed rats the rate of synthesis measured in the hemicorpus was the same as that in the whole animal. However, in plantaris, quadriceps and soleus muscles rates were higher in the hemicorpus than those in vivo. In the hemicorpus, starvation for 1 day decreased the rate of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, in parallel with decreases in the RNA content, but the soleus remained unaffected. Similar effects of starvation were observed in vivo, so that the relationships between rates in vivo and in the hemicorpus were the same as those in fed rats. Proteins of quadriceps and plantaris muscles were separated into sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions. The rate of synthesis in the sarcoplasmic fraction of the hemicorpus from fed rats was similar to that in vivo, but synthesis in the myofibrillar fraction was greater. In the plantaris of starved rats the rates of synthesis in both fractions were lower, but the relationships between rates measured in vivo and in the perfused hemicorpus were similar to those seen in fed rats. The addition of insulin to the perfusate of the hemicorpus prepared from 1-day-starved animals increased the rates of protein synthesis per unit of RNA in gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles to values above those seen in fed animals when measured in vivo or in the hemicorpus. Insulin had no effect on the soleus. Overall, the rates of protein synthesis in the hemicorpus differed from those in vivo. However, the effect of starvation when measured in the whole animal was very similar to that measured in the isolated rat hemicorpus when insulin was omitted from the perfusate.     

Nicotine increases dopamine clearance in medial prefrontal cortex in rats raised in an enriched environment

Environmental enrichment results in differential behavioral and neurochemical responsiveness to nicotine. The present study investigates dopamine clearance (CL_DA) in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) using in vivo voltammetry in rats raised in enriched (EC) or impoverished conditions (IC) and administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline. Baseline CL_DA in striatum or mPFC was not different between EC and IC. Across repeated DA application, striatal CL_DA increased in saline-control EC and IC. CL_DA increased in mPFC in saline-control IC; CL_DA did not change in saline-control EC. Thus, enrichment differentially alters dynamic responses of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to repeated DA application in mPFC, but not in striatum. In EC, nicotine increased mPFC CL_DA compared to saline-control, but had no effect on CL_DA in IC; nicotine had no effect in striatum in EC or IC. Compared to respective saline-controls, nicotine increased dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content in striatum and mPFC in EC, but not in IC. Nicotine also had no effect on DA content in striatum or mPFC in EC or IC. Results indicate that enrichment eliminated the dynamic response of mPFC DAT to repeated DA application in saline-control and augmented the nicotine-induced increase in DAT function in mPFC, but not in striatum.     

Sexual dimorphism of body size and shell shape in European tortoises

Adult body size and shape were examined in almost 1400 individuals of the tortoises Testudo graeca , T. hermanni and T. marginata from Greece. The size at maturity was greater in females than in males in all three species. Maximum and mean adult sizes were also greater in females than in males in T. graeca and T. hermanni . Males grew to a larger size than females in T. marginata , and mean adult size was similar in the sexes in this species. Sexual dimorphism of shape (adjusted for size covariate) was shown in most of the characters examined, and the degree of this dimorphism differed significantly among the three species. Differences were related to their contrasting courtship behaviours: horizontal head movements and severe biting in T. marginata , vertical head bobs and carapace butting in T. graeca , and mounting and tail thrusting in T. hermanni . There was no difference in the frequency of observations of courtship or fighting among the three species, but courtship was about 10 times more common than combat in males. All species showed greatest courtship activity in autumn; copulation was rarely observed in T. hermanni (only 0.36% of courting males) and not seen in the other species in the field. Observations made throughout the activity season indicated that feeding was equally common in males and females in all three species. Differences in shape were more likely to be the result of sexual selection than of natural selection for fecundity. Detailed predictions are made for sexual dimorphism of other characters in these species.