云锦杜鹃种子萌发及对干旱胁迫的响应

以不同渗透势的PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫条件, 研究云锦杜鹃种子的萌发、幼苗生长和累积吸水率对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示：种子于第14 d开始萌发,萌发期为8 d,总萌发率为45.5%±1.7%。在渗透势为-0.3～-0.6 MPa的溶液中, 种子的累计吸水率在第5 d就超过对照(蒸馏水中), 种子的萌发和幼苗的生长也优于对照, 说明云锦杜鹃种子不适合过于湿润的土壤环境中萌发。但溶液的渗透势≥-0.9 MPa时, 种子的吸水减缓、萌发率下降, 同时幼苗的生长也慢, 而当渗透势≥-1.8 MPa时, 种子不能充分吸涨、萌发, 说明云锦杜鹃种子对干旱胁迫比较敏感。另外, 经PEG溶液浸种2天后移入蒸馏水中,萌发率均有一定程度的提高, 其中经-0.3～-1.5 MPa的PEG溶液浸种后, 萌发率显著高于对照。提示用一定浓度范围的PEG溶液浸种可使休眠种子活化, 提高种子繁育的效率。     

胀果甘草种子萌发对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为探讨胀果甘草种子萌发对干旱胁迫的生理生化适应机制,以聚乙二醇(PEG)-6000模拟干旱胁迫,分析了胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)种子萌发过程中发芽率(GR)、丙二醛(MDA)及游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化规律。结果显示,水势为-0.1MPa时,GR达到100%,之后随着干旱胁迫增强而显著降低(P0.05);MDA、Pro含量及SOD、POD活性都表现出水势≥-0.2MPa时增加和-1.4MPa≤水势-0.2MPa时减少的明显趋势(P0.05),这4个指标两两之间的相关关系均达到显著水平(P0.05);而干旱胁迫增强使SS含量显著增加(P0.05)。     

外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小冠花种子萌发及幼芽生理特性的影响

以豆科牧草“绿宝石”小冠花为试材,研究PEG-6000(浓度8%和12%)模拟干旱胁迫下不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1)对小冠花种子萌发和幼芽生理特性的影响.结果表明: 0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和芽长,12%PEG胁迫下1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理小冠花幼芽干质量显著高于干旱处理.0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花幼芽脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,显著提高了过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了幼芽细胞电解质渗透率、H₂O₂含量、O₂^-·产生速率,其中以1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理效果最好.水杨酸浓度超过2.0 mmol·L^-1时对干旱胁迫没有缓解效应.表明适宜浓度的水杨酸(0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1)可以提高小冠花幼芽渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进小冠花生长,缓解干旱胁迫伤害.     

干旱胁迫下柳枝稷在露天矿区土壤中的种子萌发和生长特性

将能源植物用作矿区生态修复物种,对矿区的经济发展和生态环境具有重要意义。以能源植物柳枝稷为研究对象,通过盆栽试验,分析其在对照、轻度、中度以及重度干旱胁迫下柳枝稷幼苗在矿区土壤基质和非矿区土壤基质下的生长特性,并结合不同干旱胁迫下矿区土壤基质中种子萌发特征,揭示柳枝稷对干旱胁迫的响应机制和对矿区土壤的生态适应性。试验结果表明：(1)柳枝稷种子发芽总数、发芽率、发芽势以及发芽指数在轻度胁迫下达到最大值,活力指数在对照组最高,而在重度胁迫下,各项指标均达到最小值;种苗各生长指标在轻度胁迫下最小,幼苗根长和鲜重在重度胁迫下最高,芽长和芽重在其余三组胁迫下相差不大。(2)干旱胁迫使两种土壤基质下的柳枝稷株高降低,枯叶率增加,在对照、轻度胁迫和重度胁迫下能够保持叶片水分含量和分蘖数稳定;矿区土壤基质中,柳枝稷根体积在轻度胁迫下最大,中度胁迫下根长最长,重度胁迫下根数最多;根冠比随着干旱胁迫的加剧表现出先减后增的趋势,在轻度胁迫下最小,在重度胁迫下最大。(3)与非矿区土壤基质相比,柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下根冠比更大,其余生长指标均更小;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,柳枝稷在矿区土壤基质下的株高、枯叶率、叶片相...     

种子特征和播种深度对辽东栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

该文在玻璃温室内的遮阴环境下,采用盆播方法研究了辽东栎种子特征(大小和种皮)和播种深度(0、3、6、10 cm)对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)辽东栎大种子萌发率、萌发速率、萌发值和萌发指数在所有播种深度均高于小种子。其中非去皮种子萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在0 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间差异显著,去皮种子所有萌发参数在6和10 cm播种深度的不同大小种子间均差异显著;去皮可促进大种子萌发,但抑制小种子萌发;不同大小种子所有萌发参数均在0 cm播种深度最大,在10cm播种深度最小。(2)不论有无种皮,大种子萌发幼苗的叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比在所有播种深度均大于小种子萌发幼苗;去皮种子萌发幼苗的株高、基径、叶片数、单株叶面积和总干物质质量在所有播种深度均不同程度地小于非去皮种子萌发幼苗,但前者根冠比在0、3、6 cm播种深度大于后者;随着播种深度增大,幼苗株高、叶片数、单株叶面积、总干物质质量和根冠比等生长参数均呈减小趋势,但基径随播种深度增大而增大。     

生物土壤结皮对种子萌发和幼苗建植的影响研究进展

生物土壤结皮（BSC）在陆地生态系统中具有重要的生态地位,尤其是旱地生态系统中,BSC占据了种子植物之间的广阔地面。因此,BSC的发展必然影响种子植物更新过程与植被空间格局;但其作用方式、影响程度等因相关研究涉及多气候要素、土壤类型、BSC组成物种和种子植物物种的差异及其不同组合,导致目前的研究结论存在广泛争议。研究综合论述了BSC改变地表微形态对种子传播过程的影响;BSC改变土壤特性（物理、化学、生物学）对种子萌发和幼苗存活与建植等关键环节的影响;并结合种子形态特征及种子萌发、幼苗建植的性状等,综合分析了BSC对种子传播、种子萌发与幼苗建植等更新过程的潜在影响机理;探讨了目前研究矛盾性结论产生的原因。总体来说,深入研究并全面揭示BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,应加强学科交叉,将分子生物学、植物生理学、生物化学等微观研究,与遥感、野外生态因子过程监测、控制实验等宏观、中观研究结合,从机理到过程方面动态研究BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,并引入水文模型、气候模型、种群动态模型等模型预测方法,研究气候变化、各类干扰频发的情景下,BSC对种子传播、萌发及幼苗建植过程的潜在影响,以期促进对BSC与种子植物间相互关系的研究,加深对干旱脆弱生态系统植被发展规律的认识。     

黑果枸杞种子萌发及幼苗生长对盐胁迫的响应

研究不同浓度(0、1、2、3、6、9、14、18g.L-1)的盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)对河西走廊中部荒漠边缘的黑果枸杞种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应。结果表明:黑果枸杞种子吸胀速率随NaCl、MgSO4和土壤溶液浓度的增大呈先升后降的趋势,吸水速度随胁迫时间的延长而减慢;种子萌发率随3种盐浓度的增大而降低,盐胁迫解除后种子仍具有较高的萌发率;发芽指数、活力指数、根长、下胚轴随3种盐浓度的增大而降低或先升后降,根轴比随盐胁迫的增强先升后降;随3种盐浓度的增大,种苗损害率增大,3种盐的胁迫效应依次NaCl>MgSO4>盐渍土壤溶液。黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长对NaCl胁迫较为敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是6g.L-1;种子萌发能耐受较高浓度的MgSO4的胁迫,幼苗生长对MgSO4胁迫较敏感,其耐受的临界阈值是9g.L-1;种子萌发和幼苗生长对生境盐渍土壤具有较强的耐受能力和适应性。     

Temperature controls seed germination and dormancy in the European woodland herbaceous perennial Erythronium dens-canis (Liliaceae)

We examined the germination ecology and the temperature requirements for germination of Erythronium dens-canis, under both outdoor and laboratory conditions. E. dens-canis is a spring flowering woodland geophyte widely distributed across Europe. Germination phenology, including embryo development and radicle and cotyledon emergence, were investigated in a natural population growing in Northern Italy. Immediately after harvest, seeds of E. dens-canis were either sown on agar in the laboratory under simulated seasonal temperatures or placed in nylon mesh sachets and buried in the wild. Embryos, undifferentiated at the time of seed dispersal, grew during summer and autumn conditions in the laboratory and in the wild, culminating in radicle emergence in winter when temperatures fell to ≈ 5 °C. Emergence of cotyledons did not occur immediately after radicle emergence, but was delayed until the end of winter. Laboratory experiments showed that temperature is the main factor controlling dormancy and germination, with seeds becoming non-dormant only when given warmth, followed by cold stratification. Unlike seeds of E. dens-canis that germinate in winter, in other Erythronium species radicle emergence occurs in autumn, while in some it is delayed until seeds are transferred from winter to spring conditions. Our results suggest that there is genetic and environmental control of the expression of seed dormancy amongst Erythronium species, which is related to local climate.     

干旱胁迫下华北驼绒藜种子大小及苞片对萌发和幼苗生长的影响

干旱是影响荒漠区植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的关键因素.以多年生强旱生半灌木华北驼绒藜为对象,研究了不同干旱程度(0、100、200、300和400g·L-1PEG6000)下,种子大小及苞片有无对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫显著抑制了种子萌发和幼苗地上部的生长.100和200 g ? L-1 PEG6000...     

Aerial and soil seed banks enable populations of an annual species to cope with an unpredictable dune ecosystem

Background and Aims

Simultaneous formation of aerial and soil seed banks by a species provides a mechanism for population maintenance in unpredictable environments. Eolian activity greatly affects growth and regeneration of plants in a sand dune system, but we know little about the difference in the contributions of these two seed banks to population dynamics in sand dunes.

Methods

Seed release, germination, seedling emergence and survival of a desert annual, Agriophyllum squarrosum (Chenopodiaceae), inhabiting the Ordos Sandland in China, were determined in order to explore the different functions of the aerial and soil seed banks.

Key Results

The size of the aerial seed bank was higher than that of the soil seed bank throughout the growing season. Seed release was positively related to wind velocity. Compared with the soil seed bank, seed germination from the aerial seed bank was lower at low temperature (5/15 °C night/day) but higher in the light. Seedling emergence from the soil seed bank was earlier than that from the aerial seed bank. Early-emerged (15 April–15 May) seedlings died due to frost, but seedlings that emerged during the following months survived to reproduce successfully.

Conclusions

The timing of seed release and different germination behaviour resulted in a temporal heterogeneity of seedling emergence and establishment between the two seed banks. The study suggests that a bet-hedging strategy for the two seed banks enables A. squarrosum populations to cope successfully with the unpredictable desert environment.     

Identification and fine mapping of quantitative trait loci for seed vigor in germination and seedling establishment in rice

Seed vigor is an index of seed quality that is used to describe the rapid and uniform germination and the establishment of strong seedlings in any environmental conditions.Strong seed vigor in low-temperature germination conditions is particularly important in direct-sowing rice production systems. However, seed vigor has not been selected as an important breeding trait in traditional breeding programs due to its quantitative inherence. In this study, we identified and mapped eight quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for seed vigor by using a recombinant inbred population from a cross between rice(Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) cultivars ZS97 and MH63.Conditional QTL analysis identified qSV-1, qSV-5b, qSV-6a, qSV-6b, and qSV-11 influenced seedling establishment and that qSV-5a, qSV-5c, and qSV-8 influenced only germination. Of these,qSV-1, qSV-5b, qSV-6a, qSV-6b, and qSV-8 were low-temperature-specific QTLs. Two major-effective QTLs, qSV-1, and qSV-5c were narrowed down to 1.13-Mbp and 400-kbp genomic regions, respectively. The results provide tightly linked DNA markers for the marker-assistant pyramiding of multiple positive alleles for increased seed vigor in both normal and low-temperature germination environments.     

模拟干旱胁迫对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长的影响

巴东木莲原生种群天然更新差,林下鲜见更新幼苗或幼树.为探究其种子萌发和芽苗在生长期对干旱胁迫的耐受性,该文以巴东木莲种子为材料,采用不同质量浓度的聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫,分析干旱胁迫对其种子萌发、芽苗生长及其相关的生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:(1)不同质量浓度的PEG溶液对巴东木莲种子萌发和芽苗生长...     

荒漠草原向灌丛地转变过程中两种优势植物种子萌发及阈值特征

选取宁夏荒漠草原人为灌丛地转变过程中的两种优势种沙芦草（Agropyron mongolicum）和柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii）为对象,利用不同浓度PEG条件下的种子萌发特性来探究其在干旱胁迫下植被更新萌发特征,结果表明：柠条锦鸡儿平均初始萌发时间早于沙芦草14 h,且柠条锦鸡儿吸水率低于沙芦草,分别为201.21%、293.43%;柠条锦鸡儿和沙芦草种子萌发率和萌发速率均随渗透势的升高呈先上升后下降趋势,且均在-0.02 MPa时萌发率最高,分别为28.67%、44.67%,在-1.2 MPa时最低,分别为6.67%、1.33%;两者萌发速率均在-0.02 MPa时达到最大,分别为12.84%、9.52%,且柠条锦鸡儿起始萌发天数少于沙芦草1-4 d;通过S型生长曲线和线性模型模拟种子萌发水势和萌发率关系,分析得出柠条锦鸡儿萌发水势阈值范围为-0.3--0.86 MPa、沙芦草为-0.3--0.65 MPa,灌木柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发水势阈值范围低于多年生禾草沙芦草。以上结果表明灌丛引入下的荒漠草原在未来干旱条件下,其灌丛柠条锦鸡儿种子在植被更新中较沙芦草更具萌发优势。     

盐旱互作对不同生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了盐旱互作对潮间带和盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬棕色种子萌发、地上部生长和离子积累的影响。不同盐浓度预处理后,未萌发的种子风干后复水,其萌发率与对照相比没有降低,说明两种生境盐地碱蓬种子萌发期间都耐干湿交替。400mmol/LNaCl溶液浇灌的潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗在第3次干旱处理后萎蔫幼苗的百分比高于盐碱地生境的,而复水后正常幼苗的百分比却相反。400mmol/LNaCl溶液处理下,第3次干旱处理复水后,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗地上部离子含量(主要是Na+和Cl-)高于潮间带生境的。表明在干旱情况下,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗能积累更多的无机离子,降低渗透势,提高根系吸收水分的能力。上述结果说明,盐碱地生境盐地碱蓬幼苗较潮间带生境盐地碱蓬幼苗更耐盐与干旱的交互作用。     

土壤菲污染对两种草坪草种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响

采用培养皿中的种子暴露试验方法,研究了2种城市绿化草种——多年生黑麦草和三叶草在不同多环芳烃菲污染浓度梯度和不同土壤改良方式下的种子萌发及其幼苗生长反应。结果表明:不同浓度菲污染对2个草种的发芽率和幼苗生长没有显著差异;除了低浓度胁迫下黑麦草处理外,所有处理的萌发指标大都随着菲胁迫浓度的提高而降低。此外,污染土壤的几种改良方式在一定程度上对草种的萌发及其幼苗生长有积极的作用。总的来说,表面活性剂和树木凋落物复合的改良作用效果要好于二者单独使用的效果。     

Effect of brassinosteroids on salinity stress induced inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of 24-epibrassinolide and 28-homobrassinolide on the inhibitionof germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa) induced bysalinity stress was studied. Brassinosteroids were found to reverse theinhibitory effect on germination and seedling growth. The activation ofseedling growth by brassinosteroids under salinity stress was associatedwith enhanced levels of nucleic acids and soluble proteins.     

干扰强度对群落中紫茎泽兰种子萌发、幼苗定居和生长的影响

干扰与外来植物入侵密切相关,种子萌发和幼苗定居是植物生活史中最脆弱、也是外来植物入侵最关键的阶段.为研究干扰在恶性外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰成功入侵过程中的作用,采用人工牧草群落代替自然群落,人为干扰(去除不同面积的牧草)模拟自然干扰的方式,研究了紫茎泽兰入侵初期种子萌发、幼苗定居和生长对不同干扰强度的响应与适应.结果表明:...     

Effects of NaCl stress on seed germination and seedling development of Brassica insularis Moris (Brassicaceae)

• Brassica insularis is a protected plant that grows on both coastal and inland cliffs in the western Mediterranean Basin. The objective of this study was to test if any variability exists in the salt stress response during seed germination and seedling development in this species relative to its provenance habitat.
• Variability among three populations in the salt stress effects on seed germination and recovery under different temperatures was evaluated. The effect of nebulisation of a salt solution on seedling development was evaluated between populations growing at different distances from the sea.
• Seeds of B. insularis could germinate at NaCl concentrations up to 200 mm . Seed viability was negatively affected by salt, and recovery ability decreased with increasing temperature or salinity. Inter‐population variability was detected in salt response during the seed germination phase, as well as in seedling salt spray tolerance. The inland population seedlings had drastically decreased survival and life span and failed to survive to the end of the experiment. In contrast, at least 90% of the coastal seedlings survived, even when sprayed at the highest frequency with salt solution.
• This study allowed investigation of two natural factors, soil salinity and marine aerosols, widely present in the B. insularis habitat, and provided the first insights into ecology of this protected species and its distribution in the Mediterranean. These results might be useful in understanding the actual distributions of other species with the same ecology that experience these same abiotic parameters.

     

Effects of Neotyphodium fungi on Lolium multiflorum seed germination in relation to water availability

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Temperate endophyte-infected (Neotyphodium sp.) grasses have been shown to exhibit an ecological advantage over endophyte-uninfected grasses under abiotic stressful conditions. It is predicted that endophyte-infected plant populations will display higher rates of germination and proportion of germinated seeds under limiting water conditions. METHODS: The hydrotime regression model was used to describe the effect of Neotyphodium endophyte on seed germination of Lolium multiflorum at different water potentials. Additionally, seed mortality after water stress exposure was estimated in endophyte-infected and -uninfected seeds. KEY RESULTS: Endophyte infection inhibited seed germination at all water potentials. The hydrotime model described satisfactorily the germination responses, and revealed that endophyte-free seeds exhibited higher rates of and final percentage germination, probably due to a lower base water potential compared with endophyte-infected seeds. However, Neotyphodium endophyte conferred a higher rate of survival in those seeds that remained ungerminated when exposed to highly water stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Changes produced by Neotyphodium endophyte in L. multiflorum seeds might affect fitness in particular ecological scenarios. For example, the presence of the endophyte may curtail seed germination when water is limiting, reducing the risk of seedling death. Conversely, endophyte-free seeds would display an enhanced germination, ensuring a more rapid seedling establishment if later water conditions do not restrict plant growth.     

桔梗种子萌发对低温、干旱及互作胁迫的响应

以药用植物桔梗种子为材料,研究了低温、干旱及其互作对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,旨在探索在春寒干旱条件下其种子萌发对策及生态适应性,为桔梗野生种群恢复及人工栽培群体构建提供依据.结果表明,温度、干旱及其互作对桔梗种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著影响.0-10％ PEG水分条件下,在变温10/20℃及恒温15-25℃下桔梗种子能够良好萌发(10％ PEG、20℃除外),而15％ PEG可显著抑制萌发.低温(10℃)下种子萌发始时间延迟,发芽率降低.随干旱胁迫程度的增加,10℃发芽率呈先升后降趋势,而其它温度下,发芽率和发芽指数均呈下降趋势.随温度的降低,幼苗根长、茎长及鲜重均呈下降趋势,且幼根生长对温度变化更为敏感.