The effect of preparations of non-histone chromosomal proteins on the expression of hetero-organic membrane antigens of kidney origin in a primary rat hepatocyte culture

The expression of membrane hetero-organic antigens of kidney origin, associated with the rat hepatomas in primary culture of intact adult rat hepatocytes, was investigated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence method using a specific immune serum. These antigens were observed on the membrane of some hepatocytes after their contact with nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP), which were obtained from the kidney of intact rats from cells of hepatoma 27 and Zajdela hepatoma, or from the carcinogenic liver after a single diethylnitrosamine injection. Negative results were obtained after the incubation of hepatocytes in the medium lacking some of NHCP, or in that with NHCP obtained from the liver of intact rats.     

THE TURNOVER OF ISOTOPICALLY LABELLED DNA IN VIVO IN DEVELOPING, ADULT AND SCRAPIE-AFFECTED MOUSE BRAIN

Abstract— Tracer experiments using [³H]thymidine have shown that a large proportion of the DNA synthesized in control and scrapie-affected mouse brain is metabolically unstable. Although the turnover of mitochondrial DNA contributed to the loss of radioactivity from whole brain, it has been shown that 70 per cent of the labelled nuclear DNA was removed between 1 and 21 days after injecting the isotopic precursor. Observations on developing mouse brain, where the rate of DNA synthesis is far higher than that in adult brain, also revealed the existence of metabolically unstable DNA. Similar studies on developing and adult brain using [¹⁴C]thymidine indicated that most of the radioactivity lost in vivo was not due to radiation damage to newly labelled DNA molecules. Hydroxyapatite chromatography of heat denatured and renatured DNA from adult brain showed that the rates of turnover of the poorly, moderately and highly reiterated species of nuclear DNA were similar. The results of some dissection experiments have further shown that the observed breakdown of DNA in adult brain was not specifically associated with the turnover of subependymal cells. It is suggested that a metabolically labile fraction of nuclear DNA is present in developing and adult mouse brain and that the amount of tracer incorporated into this fraction is increased in mice infected with scrapie.     

神经型一氧化氮合酶在生后小鼠肾脏发育中的表达

目的观察生后小鼠肾脏发育不同阶段神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)的表达,以及新生小鼠与成年小鼠肾脏nNOS表达差异,探讨nNOS在小鼠生后肾脏发育中的意义。方法分别取新生(出生小于2h)、生后3、5、7、14、40d昆明小鼠各8只,共6组。用免疫组织化学及免疫印迹方法对小鼠肾脏内nNOS表达进行定性、定量分析。结果新生小鼠生肾区nNOS呈强阳性表达,肾小管也有表达;成年小鼠肾远端小管,特别是致密斑,nNOS呈强阳性表达,集合管及肾小管均有阳性表达;新生小鼠肾脏nNOS含量最多,随后逐渐减少,成年小鼠nNOS含量最低。结论新生小鼠与成年小鼠肾脏nNOS表达部位不同,且表达含量由新生时最高到成年时降至最低。     

Molecular weights of the hetero-organic NHCP antigens of kidney origin associated with rat hepatomas

The narrow NHCP protein fractions, possessing a proper phosphoprotein kinase activity, were isolated from kidney of intact rats, hepatoma tissue and liver cells of rats treated with hepatocarcinogen in the process of phosphocellulose gradient chromatography by elution of 0.4-0.5 M NaCl. The gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and SDS-PAAG electrophoretic data demonstrate that all the NHCP protein fractions mentioned above include a general molecular component with the mass of 23 kD, and display identical antigenic properties. Thus, in accordance with the data obtained, the role of the hetero-organic NHCP protein antigen of kidney origin associated with hepatoma may be played by the general molecular component of NHCP protein fractions possessing properties of a specific chromosomal phosphoprotein kinase.     

ARGINASES OF MOUSE BRAIN AND LIVER

The arginase present in mouse brain and liver was studied in order to determine if the activity in both tissues was due to the same enzyme. Mouse liver contains only one arginase enzyme whereas mouse brain contains two. One of the arginases in the brain is distinct from the liver enzyme as determined by fractionation on DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose and disc gel electrophoresis. The second enzyme from brain tissue has the same properties as the liver enzyme when subjected to these same fractionation techniques. However this arginase can be distinguished from the liver enzyme by its K_m for arginine heat lability and MnCl₂ activation curve. Thus both arginases in brain differ from the liver enzyme. No interconversion of the brain enzymes was detected, and the molecular weight of all the arginases appears to be the same. The observation of multiple distinct brain and liver arginases in mouse brain and liver was confirmed with bovine tissues.     

The expression of hetero-organic antigens of kidney origin on the surfaces of cultured rat hepatocytes under the influence of the narrow-band fractions of non-histone chromosomal proteins]

Narrow fractions of nonhistone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) eluted with 0.4-0.5 M NaCl from the phosphocellulose column stimulate expression of hetero-organic antigens of kidney origin on the membrane of intact hepatocytes cultured in suspension. These fractions of NHCP were isolated from the intact rats kidney, from cells of hepatoma 27 and Zajdela hepatoma, and from the carcinogenic liver after a single diethylnirozamine injection. The membrane hetero-organic antigens were identified by means of indirect immunofluorescence using specific immune serum.     

RIBOSOMAL ACTIVITY IN PRENATAL MOUSE BRAIN

Abstract— Regulation of protein synthesis is important for the proper growth and development of the brain. Our previous work on the regulation of protein synthetic activity in fetal mouse brain cell suspensions showed that the rate of protein synthesis decreased during the prenatal period. In the present study, ribosomal activity of cell-free homogenates and purified ribosomes obtained from fetal neural tissue was measured. The post-mitochondrial supernatant (PMS) fraction actively incorporated amino acids into polypeptides using either endogenous mRNA or polyuridylic acid as template. The protein synthetic activity was dependent upon the age of the fetus. Ribosomes purified from this fraction were also active in protein synthesis. Incorporation of phenylalanine was linear for 20 min, and dependent upon the concentration of ribosomes and the pH 5 enzyme fraction. The age dependent decrease in protein synthetic activity observed with the post-mitochondrial supernatant fractions was not found when these purified ribosomes were employed. Ribosomes obtained from fetal, newborn or adult neural tissue were compared and found equally active in their protein synthetic capacity.     

DISTRIBUTION OF POLYSOMES IN MOUSE BRAIN TISSUE

Abstract— Polysomes were isolated from several different fractions of mouse brain tissue. After homogenization, the extract was centrifuged to yield a post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction and a pellet fraction. Sucrose gradient analysis of the material in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction indicated that 80 per cent of the ribosomes were present in polysomes and that little, if any, of the pellet fraction was present. Sucrose gradient analysis of the solution obtained after washing the pellet showed that very little polysomal material was present. The remaining pellet fraction was resuspended in a detergent mixture of deoxycholate-Tween 40. Sucrose gradient analysis of the resulting detergent-soluble solution indicated that large amounts of ribosomal material, in which 60–70 per cent of the ribosomes were associated in polysomes, were present.
In brain tissue from young animals, 20 per cent of the polysomes were found in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction whereas 80 per cent of the polysomes were released from the pellet fraction by detergent treatment. In contrast, in brain tissue from adult animals, 40 per cent of the polysomes were found in the post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction, whereas 60 per cent of the polysomes were released from the pellet fraction by detergent treatment.     

Molecular characterization of non-histone chromatin proteins from experimental tumours

Using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, two non-histone chromatin protein fractions (NHCP1 and NHCP2) from three animal tumours (Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma, Morris hepatoma 7777 and Ehrlich ascites cells) and normal hamster liver were analyzed. Apart from many common components several tissue specific polypeptides of the NHCP1 and NHCP2 fractions were detected. It was found that some spots present in electropherograms of non-histone proteins of tumour cells (M X 10(-3)/pI): 17-24/4.9-6.5 (NHCP1 and NHCP2); 34-41/4.9-6.0 (HCP1 and NHCP2); 44-46/5.3-7.5 (HCP2); 46-49/5.0-7.5 (NHCP1); 49/5.9-7.5 (NHCP2) and 102-134/5.6-7.0 (NHCP1) were absent from normal liver.     

人脑胶质细胞瘤核染色质非组蛋白的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析

用不连续SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了人脑胶质细胞瘤与正常脑细胞核NHCP电泳图谱。从二者的NHCP电泳结果表明,脑胶质细胞瘤增加了一条表观分子量为3万的蛋白区带;表观分子量为1.75万～6.5万的蛋白区带染色明显加深。染色质紫外吸收光谱也有明显差异。总之,脑胶质细胞瘤核NHCP发生质与量的变化。     

Specificity of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma non-histone chromatin proteins: electrophoretic and immunological analyses

The specificity of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and hamster liver non-histone chromatin proteins has been studied by comparing polypeptide patterns in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by their immunological activity in the complement fixation test. Non-histone proteins were separated from DNA with a polyethylene glycol-dextran mixture and fractionated by hydroxylapatite chromatography into three classes named NHCP1, NHCP2, and NHCP3. Electrophoretic analysis indicated that among the non-histone proteins of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and hamster liver differences mainly of a quantitative nature can be observed. However, the polypeptides with molecular weight 25 000, 31 000, 36 000, 73 000 in NHCP1; 20 000, 40 000 in NHCP2 and 20 000, 23 000, 32 000, 38 000, 44 000, 75 000, 80 000 in NHCP3 were found to be specific for hepatoma chromatin. Application of antibodies against NHCP1, NHCP2 and dehistonized chromatin of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma revealed that the highest specificity of NHCP2 eluted from hydroxylapatite with 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. The NHCP1 of hepatoma shares some common antigenic determinants with analogous proteins of liver. On the other hand non-histone proteins specific for hepatoma dehistonized chromatin can be localized in the NHCP3 and partially in the NHCP1 fractions.     

老年大鼠与断奶大鼠脑细胞核染色质的非组蛋白研究

用不连续盘状SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析并比较了老年大鼠与断奶大鼠脑细胞核NHCP,也比较了二者的组蛋白与DNA、NHCP与组蛋白、NHCP与DNA之比值。发现老年大鼠NHCP含量明显减少;断奶大鼠的NHCP与DNA、NHCP与组蛋白之比值明显高于老年大鼠,而组蛋白与DNA之比值却近于1。从二者的NHCP电泳图谱可见,老年大鼠丢失了表观分子量10万以上的两条蛋白区带及表观分子量3万以下的一条蛋白区带;老年大鼠与断奶大鼠比较,表观分予量6—9万的蛋白区带杂色浅,而表观分子量4.3万的蛋白区带染色深。总之,老年大鼠脑细胞核NHCP发生质与量的变化。     

Growth-related changes of non-histone chromatin proteins from Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma

1. Non-histone chromatin protein fractions NHCP1 and NHCP2 eluted from hydroxyapatite with 50 and 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) from nuclei of Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma from 4th, 7th and 9th day of growth were analysed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as well as Western blot technique in the presence of antibodies elicited against NHCP1, NHCP2 and dehistonized chromatin of hamster hepatoma and liver. 2. The presence of electrophoretically and immunologically specific components among NHCP1 and NHCP2 fractions during Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma growth was stated.     

DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOTHELIA AND ERYTHROID CELLS IN THE MOUSE METANEPHROGENIC MESENCHYME IN CULTURE WITH THE FETAL LIVER

Histogenetic response in vitro of cells of the mouse metanephrogenic mesenchyme to different kinds of tissues was studied by means of transfilter induction technique. When the metanephrogenic mesenchyme obtained from 11-day mouse embryos was cultivated for 7 days in combination with the fetal liver or the primary differentiated hepatoma tissue, cell islets in which cells were arranged in a pavement-like or radial fashion, sinusoid endothelia and erythroid cells were induced in the culture, while in combination with the adult liver, no particular structures were. The number of the cell islets, which were absolutely absent in the initial culture, increased with time of the fetal liver-combined cultivation.
When the mesenchyme was cultivated for 7 days in combination with the spinal cord and simultaneously with the fetal liver, new structures which were somewhat different from but faintly reminiscent of tubules and glomeruli were formed. Such structures seemed to be intermediate in appearance between the tubules and the sinusoids, and were formed largely at the expense of normal development of cell islets, sinusoid endothelia, erythroid cells, tubules and glomeruli.     

Comparison of transcription stimulating, phenol-soluble non-histone chromosomal proteins in normal rat liver and transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas.

The non-histone chromosomal proteins (NHCP) of a rapidly and slowly proliferating transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma (THC) were compared to those of normal and regenerating rat liver. The total quantity of NHCP is approximately threefold higher in the THCs than in either normal rat liver at 4 h and 44 h regenerating rat liver. Only those NHCP that can be extracted from chromatin by 0.35 M NaCl were further examined and it was observed that the proteins of this highly complex fraction could be further fractionated by their differential phenol-solubility. The phenol-soluble 0.35 NHCP contained protein(s) capable of stimulating the level of DNA-directed RNA synthesis in vitro. The total amount of this stimulatory activity was 5 times higher in the rapidly growing THC and 1.6 times higher in the slowly growing THC than in normal rat liver. In order to assess the contribution of cell-cycle dependent alterations on the increase in the amount of stimulatory activity in the THCs, 44 h regenerating rat livers were examined. This tissue represents a mix of cells in various stages of the cell cycle which is similar to that found in the THCs. It was found that the total quantity of NHCP in the 44 h regenerating rat liver was the same as in normal rat liver. The total amount of the stimulatory activity also was similar in both the normal and 44 h regenerating rat liver. The amount of the stimulatory activity was found to double in 4 h regenerating rat liver, however. These data suggest that the alterations observed in the NHCP of the THCs are not due solely to cell cycle dependent changes, but may represent malignancy dependent alterations.     

L-GLUTAMIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE IN NON-NEURAL TISSUES OF THE MOUSE

Abstract— Low levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) activity have been detected in mouse kidney, liver, spleen and pancreas. Quantitation of both ¹⁴CO₂ and [¹⁴C]GABA produced in radiometric assays from [U-¹⁴CJglutamic acid has shown that measurement of ¹⁴CO₂ evolution alone is not, in all cases, a valid estimate of true GAD activity. As evidenced by increased ^,14CO₂ production upon addition of NAD and CoA to assay mixtures, radiometric assay of GAD activity in crude homogenates may yield ¹⁴CO₂ via the coupled reactions of glutamic acid dehydrogenase and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The addition of 1 mM aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) to assays of kidney homogenates inhibited [^,14C]GABA production 92 per cent while ¹⁴CO₂ production was inhibited only 53 per cent. No evidence was found to confirm the reported existence of a second form of the enzyme, GAD II. previously described by Haber el al. (H aber B., K uriyama K. & R oberts E. (1970) Biochem. Pharmac. 19, 1119-1136). Based on sensitivity-to AOAA and chloride inhibition, the GAD activity in mouse kidney is. apparently, indistinguishable from that of neural origin.     

内质网分子伴侣GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中的时空表达

多细胞生物体发育的实质是基因的选择性表达,表达蛋白的成熟有赖于分子伴侣的协助,但迄今分子伴侣特别是内质网分子伴侣在脑发育过程中的作用尚不清楚。本文应用RT-PCR、蛋白质免疫印迹和免疫组织化学的方法研究了小鼠发育不同阶段的脑组织中GRP78的表达和定位分布随时间变化的情况。结果发现GRP78在小鼠脑发育过程中呈时空性表达:胚胎早期表达较高,胚胎发育末期逐渐下降,出生后逐渐升高,至生后一周时达到成年鼠的水平;在胚胎期GRP78蛋白在脑组织的表达呈现从端脑到后脑逐渐降低的趋势。研究结果还表明GRP78蛋白的免疫染色阳性产物在神经细胞中出现的时间早于神经胶质细胞。这些首次观察到的结果提示GRP78与脑的早期发生和形态建成有一定的关系。     

Molecular and functional diversity of non-histone protein fraction NHCP1 from hamster Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and liver

Non-histone protein fraction NHCP1 of micrococcal nuclease-sensitive and nuclease-resistant chromatin from Kirkman-Robbins hepatoma and hamster liver was studied by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by Coomassie and silver staining and by microcomplement fixation technique in the presence of antibodies elicited against NHCP1 of both tissues. Apart from many common spots several tissue specific components associated with either nuclease-sensitive or nuclease-resistant chromatin were found. The presence of tissue specific components among NHCP1 from hepatoma and liver was confirmed by immunological analysis. It was stated that these components are exclusively localized in nuclease-resistant part of chromatin from neoplastic and normal tissues thus suggesting their structural function.     

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF CEREBROSIDES IN MICROSOMES AND MYELIN OF MOUSE BRAIN

Abstract— The fatty acid composition of cerebrosides isolated from myelin and from light and heavy microsomes of adult mouse brain was determined. 2-Hydroxy fatty acids represented 80 per cent of the fatty acids in myelin cerebrosides and approximately 55 per cent of the fatty acids in both light and heavy microsomes. In myelin, the majority of the fatty acids, both normal and hydroxy, were of chain length > C-20; in microsomes, shorter chain acids (C-16 to C-20) predominated.