A comparative study on glyoxalase II from vertebrata

S-2-hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) from the liver of animals belonging to the various vertebrate classes (Oryctolagus cuniculus, Gallus gallus, Python molurus, Rana esculenta, Esox lucius) have been purified from 100,000 g supernatants of liver homogenates, using acetone fractionation and affinity chromatography. Subsequent comparative studies were concerned with some molecular and kinetic properties. Isoelectric focusing gave evidence for a single form of liver glyoxalase II in O. cuniculus, P. molurus and E. lucius, while the enzyme from G. gallus and R. esculenta showed respectively two and three forms with different pI values. All studied enzymes are basic proteins. The relative molecular mass values range from 18,000 to 23,000. The various glyoxalases II do not display markedly different Kn or Ki values. Their stability behavior at different temperatures is also quite similar.     

Functional evolution: origin and problems

In the article the history of comparative and evolutionary physiology since the early XIX is given. The most substantial methods of evolutionary physiology are described. In the mid-50ies Orbely put forward the suggestion concerning two tasks facing evolutionary physiology, namely the study of evolution of functions and functional evolution. In the present work attention is given to the principles underlying evolution of functions on different levels of physiological systems. The main aspects of functional evolution are discussed.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎某些问题的认识

呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)作为一种特殊的重症医院内肺炎,是重症监护病房内主要死亡原因;急慢性呼吸衰竭接受机械通气治疗者易发生VAP.目前VAP诊断标准主要是根据症状及体症、胸部X线检查及呼吸道分泌物培养结果等指标,该VAP标准过度敏感,缺乏特异性且有局限性.人工气道内抽吸物(ETA)、支气管镜下通过保护性样本刷(PSB)或者支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)取材进行病原学定量培养的阈值分别为105 cfu/ml、103 cfu/ml及104 cfu/ml.但VAP的发生和病原菌的繁殖是一个动态过程,病原学定量培养定量值取决于患者是否抗生素、抗生素疗效、机械通气时间、混合感染及机体免疫功能状态等等.结合基础疾病、机械通气情况及呼吸道分泌物的培养病原菌等因素综合确定患者是否存在VAP是十分必要的,正确早期诊疗VAP对患者预后有重要意义.     

Some problems of industrial scale-up

There are problems associated with all stages of the scaling-up of biological processes developed on a laboratory scale. The large size of industrial fermenters required for commercial viability (up to 100 m³) gives rise to problems of mixing, heat transfer, and control as well as problems in physically handling large volumes of liquids and gases. The concentration of products obtained from biological processes is low (typically 10 per cent), so recovery processes require a large energy input. The optimization and integration of all parts of the process, from the initial fermentation to marketable product, is essential.     

Some problems of regressive evolution

The concept of morphophysiological regress as one of the main ways to biological progress, as well as its major factors (the sedentary and parasitic modes of life), are discussed. Some notions of regressive evolution are critically reviewed. Special attention is paid to evolutionary transformations of the nervous system, one of the main integrating factors in the body. All theories of evolutionary progress based on sedentary organisms are demonstrated to be untenable. The entire progressive evolution of Metazoa has been related to mobile life. Since regressive trends are common in the evolution, the phylogenetic tree of Metazoa requires serious revision.