Specific Features of Cultivation of Iris ensata Thunb. Callus Tissue

A continuous callus culture was obtained from zygotic embryos of Japanese iris (Iris ensata Thunb.) on Murashige–Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l -naphthylacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). It was found that successful callusogenesis required isolated embryos at the wax stage of endosperm development. The optimal combination of phytohormones for the growth of callus tissue was 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BAP. The pigment composition of I. ensata callus tissue was studied. It was demonstrated that subcultivated callus tissue contained red pigments of flavonoid nature. Under stress cultivation conditions, yellow pigments were formed and the content of red pigments increased.     

Features of Morphogenesis of Iris ensata Thunb. in vitro Culture

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - This paper presents a protocol for in vitro culture of Iris ensata Thunb. and the results of a histological analysis of subsequent morphogenesis stages. To...     

玉蝉花繁殖生态学研究

通过野外调查、人工授粉和室内种子萌发实验等,对天目山玉蝉花（Iris ensata）种群繁殖生态特征进行了研究。结果显示：玉蝉花自然种群呈聚集型分布,种群更新主要依赖贡献率为0.756的无性繁殖。人工同瓣和异瓣自花授粉座果率分别为10%和20%,结实数分别为0和4±1（n=2）粒/果;同株和异株异花授粉座果率分别为80%和100%,结实数分别为59±7（n=8）和64±9（n=10）粒/果,自交主要来自同株异花授粉,而同株花异熟、雌雄异位和异向等可有效降低自交。自然套袋不结实,不存在无融合生殖。花粉/胚珠比1277±270（n=10）,辅证玉蝉花为兼性异花授粉、异花授粉植物。有效授粉昆虫为蜜蜂（Apismellifica）,访花频率为0.019次.花-1.h-1,单只蜜蜂回访同朵花的比率为3.5%。自然种群立地种子数估算值为368粒/m2,种子宿存,具非深度生理休眠,萌发需光,低温层积60d萌发率达94.9±0.7%。玉蝉花种群繁殖适应对策为k对策,具备自我维持机制,但现正受人为干扰。     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in Iris ensata (Iridaceae)

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed in Iris ensata (Iridaceae) to provide polymorphic markers for further studies into population genetics. • Methods and Results: Thirteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated from I. ensata. These loci were successfully amplified in two natural populations of I. ensata from eastern China (Longwangshan, Zhejiang Province) and northeastern China (Jinchuan, Jilin Province). There was no significant linkage disequilibrium found for any pair of loci. These loci contained between two and 12 alleles per locus across all 48 individuals of I. ensata. The number of alleles per locus varied from two to 10 at the population level and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.167 to 0.958 and from 0.284 to 0.853, respectively. • Conclusions: These loci showed high levels of polymorphism and could be used to study the population genetic structure, genetic relationships, and phylogeography of I. ensata.     

Cytological features of developing embryogenic callus and somatic embryos of Iris pumila L. and Iris setosa Pall

Abstract

Cytological examination during somatic embryogenesis in Iris pumila L. and Iris setosa Pall, were performed using light and electron microscopy. The first sign of the cellular differentiation in the initial embryogenic callus (EC; stage 1) of both Iris species was the formation of short and elongated cell types. After the onset of embryogenesis, short cells divided producing a mass of densely packed meristematic cells, closely connected with numerous plasmodesmata. Further differentiation into globular embryos (GE) led to a loss of plasmodesmata and cell separation. In vacuolated elongated cells, cytoplasm was located near the wall and around the nucleus. In both cell types amyloplasts and small mitochondria with poorly developed crystae were abundant.

Cell of GE (stage 2) contained an increased number of mitochondria and plastids comparing to those from stage 1, indicating further differentiation. Thylakoids and starch grains were observed within the plastids, while the number of cristae within the mitochondria was increasing.

In cells of embryos with coleoptile (ECl) (stage 3), plastids differentiated into chloroplasts with thylakoids. In all stages of cell differentiation, short and long cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes were seen. Activity of dictyosomes was increased in stages 1 and 2, then reduced in stage 3.

Ultrastructure of EC cells was identical to that of proembryogenic cells, i.e. of early GE. Ultrastructural appearance of GE cells was identical in both Iris species, but evident, and increasing, differences in mitochondria and plastids were observed between GE and ECl embryos.The presence of bi-, three- and eight- cell proembryos demonstrates that they originate from a single cell in both Iris species.     

枳椇的栽培及综合利用

枳木具(Hovenia dulcis Thunb.)是我国优良的林果药兼用型落叶乔木,是具有开发利用前景的乡土树种。对其育苗、栽培、产品采收与贮藏、利用等方面作了简单介绍。     

金丝梅培育技术试验研究

金丝梅具有药用、观赏、蜜源等多种利用价值。适生范围广,抗逆性强,是西部地区珍贵的野生观赏灌木,推广应用前景广阔。     

土壤养分对蝴蝶花的花形态可塑性的影响

为了研究土壤养分对蝴蝶花的花形态可塑性的影响,在田间实验中对蝴蝶花进行了高、中、低养分（N、P、K）水平处理。实验表明,随着土壤养分水平的增加,外轮花瓣长和宽、内轮花瓣长和宽、雌蕊长、雄蕊长、花冠直径均逐渐增加。花各组成部分的形态大小间相关性显著（P=0．05）。结合花部形态特征对环境异质性的生态适应意义,对实验结果进行了讨论。     

怀山药微型块茎愈伤组织的诱导形成及高频率再生

对怀山药微型块茎愈伤组织的诱导及高频率再生进行了研究。结果表明 :(1)光下诱导铁棍山药脱分化形成愈伤组织 ,6 -BA2 mg/L NAA2 mg/L 为最佳激素组合。KT2 mg/L 2 ,4 - D2 mg/L 有利于铁棍山药愈伤组织的增殖。附加 2 mg/L NAA能缩短 4 7号山药愈伤组织的诱导时间。KT2 mg/L NAA2 m g/L 有利于 4 7号山药愈伤组织增殖 ;(2 )不同光照条件对愈伤组织的诱导和增殖影响不同。光照是缩短 4 7号山药愈伤组织诱导时间的另一因素。暗培养有利于愈伤组织的增殖 ,对 4 7号山药来说 ,暗培养下诱导率也较高 ;(3)基因型不同 ,愈伤组织类型不同 ,诱导率和不定芽分化率也有差异 ,4 7号山药高于铁棍山药 ;(4 )KT对 4 7号山药愈伤组织分化形成不定芽起主要作用 ,2 ,4 - D2 mg/L KT2 mg/L 为最佳激素组合 ;(5 )光培养有利于不定芽的分化     

Effect of phytohormones on plant regeneration in callus culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Iris ensata</Emphasis> Thunb

The effect of phytohormones on plant regeneration in callus culture of Iris ensata Thunb. was studied. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) proved to be the most suitable auxin for the induction and subculturing of morphogenic callus. Organogenic calluses were induced from isolated embryos at the waxphase in MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.0–2.0 mg/l) and kinetin (0.2–0.5 mg/l). Changes in the medium hormonal composition favor the development of adventitious structures. The setting of adventitious shoot buds took place in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine, while the development of shoots and root primordia was observed after 2,4-D replacement with indoleacetic acid (2.0 mg/l). The root initiation in regenerating plants required a hormone-free medium. The development of intact seedling and regenerated plants of I. ensata were studied. Analysis of the shoot structure demonstrated that in vitro cultured plants are at the juvenile stage.     

A saponin from callus tissue of Stauntonia hexaphylla.

A new 30-nortriterpenoid saponin was isolated from the callus tissues of Stauntonia hexaphylla. The structure of the saponin (tentatively named mubenoside A) was elucidated as 3 beta,20 alpha-dihydroxy-30-nor-olean-12-en-28-oic acid 3-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1----2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1----3) ]-beta-D- glucopyranoside by means of spectral experiments.     

荷兰鸢尾(Iris xiphium L. var. hybridum)的组织培养

取荷兰鸢尾（ＩｒｉｓｘｉｐｈｉｕｍＬ．ｖａｒ．ｈｙｂｒｉｄｕｍ）鳞茎片不同部位外植体块,接种于附加不同激素配比的基本培养基上,其中取自鳞茎片基部外植体块２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ×２ｍｍ,培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ的不定芽诱导率为最高（７０％）;最理想的增殖培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ２．０ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ。不定芽直径４～５ｍｍ,培养基为ＭＳ＋ＢＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ有利于不定根的发生,诱导生根率达８３３％。试管苗不经练苗可直接出瓶,移栽于泥炭∶田土∶河沙＝１∶１∶１（Ｖ／Ｖ）的基质中。     

Cu污染土壤中溪荪和花菖蒲的生长状况及对Cu的积累及转运能力

采用土壤栽培方法,研究了在Cu添加量为0(CK)、200、400、600、800和1 000μg·g-1的土壤中溪荪(Iris sanguinea Donn es Horn.)和花菖蒲(I.ensata Thunb.var.hortensis Makino et Nemoto)叶和根的数量、长度及生物量(干质量)6个生长指标的变化趋势,并对叶和根中的Cu含量和积累量、全株的Cu积累量、Cu的富集系数及转运系数进行了比较分析.结果表明:随土壤中Cu添加量的提高,溪荪的根数逐渐降低且显著低于对照;而溪荪的其余5个生长指标和花菖蒲的6个生长指标均总体呈现出在Cu添加量较低的条件下逐渐增加并显著高于对照、在Cu添加量较高的条件下逐渐减小且显著小于对照的变化趋势;其中在Cu添加量1 000μg·g-1的土壤中2种植物的生长均受到显著抑制(P＜0.05);而添加400和600μg·g-1Cu则分别对2种植物的生长有一定的促进作用.随土壤中Cu添加量的增加,溪荪和花菖蒲叶及根中的Cu含量均逐渐提高;溪荪对Cu的富集系数和转运系数以及花菖蒲对Cu的富集系数均显著小于对照,而花菖蒲对Cu的转运系数则呈现在Cu添加量较低的条件下高于对照、Cu添加量较高的条件下低于对照并逐渐减小的趋势;在添加了Cu的土壤中,溪荪叶、根和全株对Cu的积累量均低于花菖蒲,但均显著高于对照,且2种植物根的Cu含量及积累量均大于叶片,表明溪荪和花菖蒲均具有一定的Cu积累能力,且主要积累在根中,花菖蒲对Cu的积累能力优于溪荪.综合分析结果显示:溪荪和花菖蒲不是Cu超积累植物,但对Cu胁迫均具有一定的耐性,且花菖蒲的耐性略强于溪荪;溪荪和花菖蒲分别适宜栽植于Cu含量400和600μg·g-1以下的土壤中,可用于轻度和中度Cu污染土壤的植物修复和环境美化.     

不同生境对蝴蝶花花部与果实特征的影响

通过对毛竹林(Bamboo forest,BF)与林缘旷地(Open area of forest edge,OAFE)两类生境蝴蝶花自然种群花部与果实(种子)特征及降雨干扰影响的研究,探讨不同生境中蝴蝶花花部特征适应性及有性各组分的差异。结果表明:(1)竹林生境相对于林缘旷地生境,蝴蝶花单花花冠的长、宽较大,子房、花部(除花柄)及单花总生物量较小,比花柄长较大;两类生境蝴蝶花花柄生物量与子房生物量呈正相关(P0.05),协方差分析表明,两类生境该直线回归的总体斜率间(F=18.420,P0.001)及总体截距间(F=3791.7,P0.001)均具有显著差异,竹林生境花柄生物量随子房生物量增大而增大的程度更强。竹林生境的蝴蝶花侧花花冠长与宽最高,竹林生境顶花次之,林缘旷地顶花与林缘旷地侧花最低;花部(除花柄)与全花重都表现为林缘旷地侧花最高,林缘旷地顶花次之,竹林侧花与竹林顶花最低。比花柄长随竹林侧花与竹林顶花-林缘旷地侧花-林缘旷地顶花依次降低;竹林顶花的花柄比率最高,竹林侧花与林缘旷地侧花最低。(2)林缘旷地生境中蝴蝶花的每花序花数、花序结果百分率、单花结果百分率、每结果花序果实数、每结果花序果实重与种子重及花期内每花序掉落花数都高于竹林生境。(3)林缘旷地生境大雨干扰的4个时段花朵掉落数显著高于竹林环境(P0.01)。不同生境花部形态结构特征表明其自身的生境适应性,林缘旷地生境蝴蝶花为抵御干扰及为获得有性繁殖成功,有性组分的投入更高。     

Regeneration of Lycium barbarum L. plants from leaf tissue,callus culture and callus protoplasts

The possibility of plant regeneration from leaf tissue, callus and callus protoplasts of Lycium barbarum L. has been studied. Leaf segments were cultured on B5 medium (Gamborg et al. 1968) containing 1.5 mg/1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg/1 -naphthaleneacetic acid. Regeneration of shoots was initiated after 30 days of cultivation. Callus was obtained from leaf and internode tissues on MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) containing 0.4 mg/1 of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Subsequently, callus was successfully subcultured on the same medium with 1 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.2 mg/l -naphthaleneacetic acid. Organogenesis in callus culture was obtained in the course of 40 days after transferring to TM-4 (Shahin 1984). Protoplasts were isolated from callus tissue grown in vitro using an enzymatic method. Cell colonies, minicallus formation and organogenesis were obtained. Shoots were rooted on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0..1 mg/l -naphthaleneacetic acid. Regenerated plants were transferred to soil and were grown to maturity. Regenerated plants carried normal morphological traits.Abbreviations BA 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - NAA -naphthaleneacetic acid - Zea zeatin - GA₃ gibberellic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - B5 Gamborg medium     

Triterpenoids of Akebia quinata callus tissue

From tissue culture of Akebia quinata, three new triterpenes were isolated together with two known triterpenes, oleanolic acid and mesembryanthemoidgenic acid. The new triterpenes were characterized by spectroscopic means as 3β-hydroxy-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid, 3-epi-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-28-oic acid and 3β-hydroxy-29(or 30)-al-olean-12-en-28-oic acid.     

Pb、Cd单一及复合胁迫对花菖蒲幼苗生长及部分生理指标的影响

采用液体培养法研究了Pb、 Cd单一胁迫及Pb-Cd复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、 25 mg·L-1Cd、 500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)对花菖蒲(Iris ensata Thunb. var. hortensis Makino et Nemoto)幼苗生长和部分生理指标的影响.结果显示,在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,花菖蒲幼苗地上部分(叶片)和地下部分(包括根茎和根系)的干质量及耐性指数与对照差异不显著(P>0.05);而在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫和500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗地上部分和地下部分的干质量及耐性指数显著下降(P<0.05), 其中耐性指数分别仅为0.86和0.79.在500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素(包括叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和地下部分的丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于对照,地上部分的MDA含量显著低于对照,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性则与对照差异不显著;在25 mg·L-1Cd单一胁迫条件下,叶片中的叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著低于对照,类胡萝卜素含量和地上部分的MDA含量以及地上部分和地下部分的POD活性均显著高于对照,而地下部分的MDA含量与对照差异不显著;在500 mg·L-1Pb-25 mg·L-1Cd复合胁迫条件下,叶片中的光合色素含量均显著低于对照,地上部分和地下部分的MDA含量和POD活性均显著高于对照,其中MDA含量分别是对照的1.7和2.7倍、POD活性分别是对照的2.5和3.4倍.研究结果表明,花菖蒲幼苗对500 mg·L-1Pb单一胁迫具有一定的耐受性;在复合胁迫条件下Pb和Cd具有协同作用,对花菖蒲幼苗的生长和代谢有显著的抑制作用.